Soc 1000 Unit 3 Summary Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is emphasized in the provided text regarding understanding an individual's life?

Individual choices shape a person's life more than societal factors.

Economic factors have minimal impact on an individual's experiences.

Society and culture play a crucial role in shaping an individual's life. (correct)

An individual's experiences are primarily influenced by genetic factors.

What are some examples of 'cards' individuals are dealt with at birth according to the text?

Geographical location, economic status, and race (correct)

Hair color and height

Personality traits and education level

Socioeconomic status and political beliefs

Why does sociology emphasize the concept of 'cards' that individuals are dealt with in society?

To highlight the importance of individual choices over societal factors.

To ignore the influence of cultural context on individuals.

To show how societal factors shape life experiences and opportunities. (correct)

To emphasize the role of genetics in shaping an individual's life.

What is the main focus of sociology as described in the text?

Understanding societal patterns and social phenomena Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective in sociology is associated with Karl Marx?

Conflict theory Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Marx, what does historical materialism focus on?

Infrastructure and superstructure Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Karl Marx's philosophy of change, what is the primary driver of societal change?

Conflict and struggle Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to understanding social class according to Karl Marx?

Class struggle and exploitation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Marxist theory, what does the 'superstructure' refer to?

Political institutions and ideologies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of premature closure of inquiry?

A student decides to stop researching a topic after finding one article that supports their opinion. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of errors in reasoning, which choice below represents illogical reasoning?

Expecting to win a poker game based on past losses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates fabricated information as explained in the text?

A politician makes up statistics during a speech to support their argument. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is exemplified when individuals selectively observe information based on their existing beliefs?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is demonstrated when individuals use mystical experiences to justify their beliefs, as mentioned in the text?

Magical thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the flaw in the cultural notion of 'thinking outside the box' as discussed in the text?

It paradoxically becomes a form of conformity when widely adopted. Signup and view all the answers

How does the book 'Technopoly' by Neil Postman suggest technology influences culture?

By monopolizing all components of culture through rapid advancements. Signup and view all the answers

What does the disparity in dietary restrictions between different societies illustrate?

The influence of cultural norms on eating habits. Signup and view all the answers

What does the different expression of affection between Westerners and the Tonga of Southeast Africa exemplify?

Cultural diversity in demonstrating emotional attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anticipatory socialization from primary socialization?

Anticipatory socialization involves preparing for future roles, while primary socialization focuses on early childhood learning. Signup and view all the answers

How does re-socialization differ from secondary socialization?

Re-socialization involves a complete change in established behaviors, while secondary socialization reinforces existing behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes total institutions from other forms of socialization environments?

Total institutions control all aspects of an individual's life under a single authority system. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can involuntary re-socialization impact an individual's worldview?

It can fundamentally change a person's self-perception and outlook on life. Signup and view all the answers

How do micro examples of involuntary re-socialization differ from macro examples like concentration camps?

Micro examples occur in less extreme settings like attending a religious camp, while macro examples involve drastic environments like concentration camps. Signup and view all the answers

In a bureaucracy, what is the main focus of relationships?

Impersonal relationships between offices Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature that separates offices in bureaucracies according to the text?

Technical competence Signup and view all the answers

How does a bureaucracy ensure objective and impersonal responses?

By having extensive written communication Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates hiring, firing, and promotion in bureaucracies from other forms of organizations?

Achievement-based criteria Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best encapsulates the principle of 'we salute the rank, not the person' in bureaucracies?

'Impersonal relationships' Signup and view all the answers

What potential impact does the consumption of pornography, as discussed in the text, have on consumers?

Increase risk of engaging in violent behavior Signup and view all the answers

How does the addictive nature of pornography, mentioned in the text, affect consumers' behaviors over time?

Consumers seek more extreme and violent forms of porn Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest pornography consumption can impact relationships?

It may lead to lower attractiveness ratings for real-life partners Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect can excessive pornography consumption have on young men?

Higher likelihood of developing performance anxiety Signup and view all the answers

In what way can the portrayal of violence in pornography affect consumers' perception of reality?

It desensitizes individuals to violence Signup and view all the answers

According to the structural functionalist perspective, deviance in society is considered:

A natural part of society that serves a purpose Signup and view all the answers

In the context of informal negative sanctions, which of the following is a common example?

Shunning or social exclusion Signup and view all the answers

How does deviance contribute to the functioning of society according to the structural functionalist perspective?

By reaffirming societal norms and values through reaction to deviant behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of deviance aligns with the idea that it can serve as a safety valve for societal discontent?

The containment of social upheaval Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Weber's concept of social class from Marx's?

Weber's concept includes prestige and power in addition to property or wealth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the 'lower-upper' social class according to the text?

They tend to flaunt their status and wealth. Signup and view all the answers

How does status inconsistency manifest, as described in the text?

Individuals having high prestige, average income, and little property. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the 'upper-middle' class from the 'lower-middle' class according to the text?

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is encouraged and rewarded in boys according to the text?

Aggressive behavior and competitiveness Signup and view all the answers

How are boys expected to deal with emotions like sadness or fear according to societal norms?

Suppress them and pretend to be tough Signup and view all the answers

What kind of skills are girls more encouraged to develop compared to boys?

Verbal and interactive skills Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are girls judged more harshly compared to boys, according to the text?

For showing anger or aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is typically discouraged in boys based on societal expectations?

Gentleness and empathy Signup and view all the answers

What potential negative effects can the glass ceiling concept have on women in the workplace?

Limiting their career growth opportunities Signup and view all the answers

How does the glass elevator phenomenon impact gender inequality in the workplace?

More challenges for women to break into leadership roles Signup and view all the answers

How does the representation of women in politics challenge gender stereotypes and societal norms?

It highlights women's capabilities in leadership roles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of gender inequality in the workplace arising from biases against hiring women without families?

It reinforces stereotypes about women's commitment to work Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ethnicity from race based on the text?

Ethnicity focuses on shared culture and identity, while race emphasizes hereditary physical traits. Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest ethnicity may evolve over time?

Ethnicity can emerge as a new identity over time. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the boundaries of ethnic groups according to the provided text?

Cultural standards and norms of membership Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sociological inquiry when assessing allegations of deviance?

The specific actions being alleged Signup and view all the answers

How might being labeled as deviant lead to secondary deviation?

By causing the individual to exhibit abnormal behavior due to feeling predetermined to break rules Signup and view all the answers

In what way might labeling someone as deviant contribute to their identification with deviant behavior?

By prompting them to associate with other rule-breakers in a deviant subculture Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequences can labeling someone as deviant have according to the text?

Enduring and detrimental outcomes Signup and view all the answers

How does secondary deviation differ from primary deviation in the context of deviance?

Primary deviation occurs first and secondary deviation follows later Signup and view all the answers

What were three standard ethical research practices violated in the Facebook experiment mentioned in the text?

Participants were not provided with an information letter, no informed consent was obtained, and no debriefing occurred. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in research involving human participants?

To ensure that research studies adhere to ethical guidelines set forth by the Tri-Council Policy Statement. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is a crucial step for every study conducted at higher education institutions, including class exercises, according to the text?

Undergoing review by a Research Ethics Board (REB). Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Facebook experiment's violation of standard ethical research practices mentioned in the text?

An outcry in the media regarding ethical practices of big data analytics. Signup and view all the answers

What guiding values of modern science are represented by the acronym CUDO according to Robert Merton?

Communism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, Organized Skepticism Signup and view all the answers

How does Merton view the rise of scientific thinking in terms of establishing a new social institution?

As governed by social norms and cultural values Signup and view all the answers

What does Merton's concept of the scientific culture emphasize in relation to objectivity and truth?

Socially organized and culturally specific method of pursuing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In what century did the institutionalization of science as a sustained social practice primarily begin?

Seventeenth century Signup and view all the answers

How does Merton suggest science is not just a mode of thinking but also a collection of social practices?

By highlighting communal sharing of knowledge and social norms Signup and view all the answers

Which scholar argued that individuals have multiple selves expressed in different social contexts?

Coser Signup and view all the answers

How does the self evolve, according to the information provided?

By integrating new life experiences into the self-concept Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the self reflects a person's moral values, as described by Higgins (1987)?

'Ought to be' self Signup and view all the answers

In what way does social media, such as LinkedIn and Facebook, influence identity formation?

By highlighting distinct aspects of an individual based on the platform Signup and view all the answers

Why are trends in severe crimes considered more reliable indicators of actual changes in criminal activity?

Because they are less influenced by law enforcement discretion compared to nonviolent crimes. Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest the occurrence of violence is linked to maintaining peace?

By the absence of stable, accepted, nonviolent methods for maintaining peace. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of demographics, who is more prone to committing violent acts according to the text?

Young men. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to fostering civility and reducing violence according to the text?

Strengthening of the state and social welfare net. Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in society's crime rate often correspond according to the text?

With shifts in population demographics, especially young men. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the biopsychosocial model in relation to health?

It recognizes the influence of social factors on overall well-being Signup and view all the answers

How can sociodemographic factors impact exposure to stressors according to the text?

They interact to affect individuals' exposure to stressors Signup and view all the answers

Why is there resistance from political leaders and the public to address inequality as a health promotion strategy?

As a result of differing views on structural factors contributing to poor health Signup and view all the answers

Why are British Columbia and Ontario mentioned as being less proactive in addressing structural factors contributing to poor health?

They prioritize economic growth over public health Signup and view all the answers

How does persistent discrimination contribute to poor health outcomes according to the text?

It can lead to anxiety, poor sleep, and depression Signup and view all the answers

According to Judith Butler, gender is primarily shaped by:

Societal norms and expectations Signup and view all the answers

In the context of feminist sociology, what does Judith Butler challenge in her work 'Gender Trouble'?

The notion of gender as a binary construct Signup and view all the answers

According to feminist philosopher Judith Butler, the act of assigning a newborn's gender by a doctor is considered:

An imposition of gender norms Signup and view all the answers

Judith Butler's concept of gender as 'impersonation' suggests that gender performance is:

Ingrained through language and social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What does Judith Butler propose as the primary influencer of gender according to feminist standpoint theory?

Repetition of oppressive gender norms Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of scientific racism on society according to the text?

Influences the well-being and opportunities of racialized minorities Signup and view all the answers

How did Francis Galton contribute to the concept of scientific racism?

Linked undesirable traits to specific races through eugenics Signup and view all the answers

In what way does institutional racism manifest in Canada's criminal justice system?

Through discriminatory practices that disadvantage racialized minorities Signup and view all the answers

What is the flawed foundation of scientific racism as described in the text?

False claim supporting genetic differences between races Signup and view all the answers

How does racial profiling manifest itself within individual police agencies based on the text?

As a systemic form of discrimination influenced by social factors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Here are the study notes for the provided text:

Sociological Perspectives

Structural Functionalism:
- Focuses on the functions of social institutions and how they maintain social order
- Analyzes social order and static aspects of society
- Falls short in analyzing change and conflict
Conflict Theory:
- Built on the work of Karl Marx
- Focuses on power struggles and social inequality
- Conflicting interests between different groups in society
Symbolic Interactionism:
- Focuses on individuals' everyday interactions and the meanings they attach to these interactions
- Sees individuals as active creators of society

Sociology Matters

Studying sociology provides new perspectives and tools for analysis
Helps navigate and understand social dynamics more effectively
Important in various fields such as nursing, law, government, social work, and urban planning

Key Concepts

Manifest Functions: Intended consequences of a social institution or practice
Latent Functions: Unintended consequences of a social institution or practice
Dysfunctions: Negative consequences of a social institution or practice

Research Methods

Field research: Observing life in its natural habitat
Types of questions in surveys:
- Fixed, Forced, or Closed Questions
- Rating Questions
- Ranking Questions
- Semantic Differential Questions
- Open Questions
Avoiding bias in constructing survey questions
Common errors to avoid in research:
- Leading or Loaded Questions
- Threatening Questions
- Double-Barreled Questions

Cultural Relativity and Relativism

Cultural relativity: Empirical fact of cultural diversity
Cultural relativism: Metaphysical assumption that all cultures are equally valid and deserving of respect
Types of cultural relativism:
- Absolute cultural relativism
- Cultural universals (e.g., language, art, religion, law)

Cultural Identity and Diversity

Cultural identity: Sense of belonging to a particular culture
Culture shock: Feeling of disorientation, anxiety, and frustration when exposed to a different culture
Cultural diversity: Different practices and norms across various societies
Influence of technology on culture

Socialization

Primary Socialization: Occurs in childhood, focuses on basic values and norms
Secondary Socialization: Occurs in adulthood, focuses on specific behaviors required in different settings
Anticipatory Socialization: Adapting to the norms of a group before joining it### Types of Socialization
Primary Socialization: occurs in childhood, where individuals learn language, identity, cognitive skills, self-control, and values; shapes a person's fundamental understanding of the world
Secondary Socialization: occurs in adulthood, where individuals learn new rules and behaviors associated with new roles and environments; requires learning new skills and ways of living to adapt to these changes

Resocialization

Re-socialization: a process where established patterns of behavior are replaced due to a new role or situation; can be voluntary (e.g. religious conversion, gender transition) or involuntary (e.g. imprisonment, military recruitment)
Total Institutions: set up to socialize individuals under a single authority system that controls all aspects of their life; examples include concentration camps, religious cults, mental hospitals, and boarding schools

Theories of Socialization

Looking Glass Self: Charles Horton Cooley's theory from a symbolic interactionist perspective; suggests that our sense of self is shaped by how others perceive us
Awareness Contexts: can shape interactions within a scenario; examples include open, closed, suspicion, and pretence contexts

Social Roles: the smooth functioning of society depends on everyone playing their roles properly; examples include African youths and North Americans in a subway
Definition of the Situation: an interpretation or perception of a situation that influences how people respond; can be authentic or inauthentic

Interaction and Communication

Territoriality: a form of nonverbal communication; about the control of space and includes public, interactional, home, and body territories
Formal Organizations: large secondary groups that aim to achieve a common goal efficiently; characterized by specialized roles, division of labor, communication, and leadership

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy: a rational organizational model designed to perform complex tasks efficiently; characterized by specialization, hierarchy of positions, top-down chain of command, impersonality, and high regulation
Coercive Power: used in organizations where membership is forced, leading to low commitment and high alienation
Utilitarian Power: used in organizations that offer material rewards, leading to medium commitment and alienation
Informal Organization: not codified or charted, often plays a significant role in how the organization operates on a day-to-day basis

Sociology

The Beginnings of Sociology: the modern study of sociology began during the Age of Enlightenment (1650-1850); promoted secular institutions, the rule of law, free economic markets, and mass literacy
Sociological Imagination: connecting personal troubles to public issues; can be enhanced by experiences like traveling abroad, which expose us to different social and cultural norms

Hate Crimes and LGBTQ+ Community

Hate Crimes: violent crimes targeting sexual orientation make up a significant portion (53%) of hate crimes
Homophobia: the irrational fear of homosexuality in others or oneself, leading to self-loathing and directed at others or oneself
Homopression: the use of social power, moral codes, and legal codes to strip LGBTQ+ individuals of their dignity and freedom to express their sexuality

Sexual Socialization

Sexual Socialization: the process of internalizing cultural beliefs and norms about human sexuality; emphasizes that sexual arousal is not purely natural, but influenced by cultural scripts and meanings
Maltz Hierarchy: describes three negative levels of sexual interaction: impersonal, abusive, and violent
Pornography: widely consumed and easily accessible, does not reflect real-life sex, and can skew reality and make violence invisible by sexualizing it

Deviance

Deviance: can serve positive functions in society by enhancing efficiency, relieving social pressure, and clarifying norms
Structural Functionalist Perspective: deviance can unite a group, reinforce conformity, and act as a warning signal that something is wrong with the system
Conflict Theory: views social control as a problem, where those with disproportionate power define what is deviant and label those who obstruct their interests as deviant### Deviance and Social Structure
The structural functionalist perspective views deviance as a necessary part of society, as it serves a function to maintain social control and order.
Social values and norms shape our reactions to social issues, such as homelessness and elder care, and can vary across different cultures.
Examples of cultural differences in values, norms, and perceptions of deviance include child labor and treatment of the elderly.

Marx focused on economic wealth as the basis of social class, considering property and money as the objective measure of social class.
Weber expanded on Marx's view, adding two more dimensions: prestige and power.
Prestige is a subjective form of social class, a symbolic resource of social honor, and is not necessarily tied to wealth.
Power refers to the ability to make decisions that impact others, regardless of property or prestige.

Middle Ground between Capitalism and Communism

Social democratic parties or welfare state parties represent a middle ground between capitalism and communism.
These parties advocate for a slow, gradual transformation of the system rather than a radical upheaval.
Sweden is an example of a social democratic state that embodies the middle ground between capitalism and socialism.

Upper-upper class: less than 1% of the population, has inherited wealth, and is accustomed to affluence.
Lower-upper class: newly rich, flaunt their status, and are also less than 1% of the population.
Upper-middle class: highly educated, often the target class for most Canadians.
Lower-middle class: technical workers and lower management who follow orders from upper-middle-class professionals.

Gender Socialization

Gender roles are shaped by societal norms and expectations.
Boys are encouraged to be independent, emotionally suppressive, and achieve, while girls are taught empathy and communication skills.
Girls are often socialized to be caregivers and supporters, while boys are expected to be earners and providers.
Gender socialization is pervasive and often unconscious, starting from prenatal contexts and continuing through childhood.

Gender Barriers and Advantages

Glass ceiling: an invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the highest executive levels.
Glass elevator: the fast-tracking of men in women-dominated occupations.
Glass cellar: the tendency of men to work in more dangerous jobs, leading to a higher risk of occupational deaths.

Violence and Gender

90% of violent crimes are committed by males in Canada.
Females are more likely to be victims of common assault, while males are more likely to be victims of weapon assault and aggravated assault.
Masculinity and cultural expectations can contribute to physical violence.

Ethnicity and Nationalism

Ethnic identity and community networks can be used to personal advantage.
Biological assimilation involves the blending of genetic patterns through long inter-breeding.
Factors influencing assimilation include residence, ethnic identification, endogamy, ethnic religious affiliation, in-group interaction, and ethnic language retention.

Group Mobilization

Six main factors influence the success of racial/ethnic groups in resisting assimilation and maintaining their identity:
- Geographical concentration
- Modernity and postmodernity
- Ethnicity and identity
- Cultural boundaries
- Language and communication
- Group power and mobilization

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts covered in Unit 3 of Soc 1000, focusing on psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Explore the sociological perspective and the influences that shape individual identity.