STS101 Midterm Exam Reviewer PDF

SCIENCE101 MIDTERM REVIEWER Science - refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. - “scientia” in Latin-knowledge - is a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natu...

SCIENCE101 MIDTERM REVIEWER Science - refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. - “scientia” in Latin-knowledge - is a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by principles and laws. - required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses and organizations to describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions. John Heilbron, American Science Historian, 2003 - “Modern Science is a DISCOVERY as well as an INVENTION” Technology - “techne”, Greek art, skill or cunning of hand - Is the application of scientific knowledge, laws and principle to produce services, materials, tools, machines, processes aimed at solving real world problems. (Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook CEO, 2014) - “Technology is something that takes human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful” Society - “societas/socius”, Latin-companion - designates persons belonging to a specific in-group. - In anthropology, the term is used to refer not only to a group of people but also to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. (Carl Sagan, American Scientist, (quoted in Tom Head’s Book,2006) - “We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and Technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That’s a clear prescription for a disaster.” Nature of STS - Concerned on how different aspects of society shape and influence the progression and further development of science and technology. - Its roots are from the interwar period and start of the cold war when historians and scientists found interest in the interconnections of scientific knowledge, technological systems and society. (Harvard University’s Kennedy Scool,2018) - Applies methods drawn from history, philosophy and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society. - Combines previously independent and older disciplines such as history of science, philosophy of science and sociology of science. - Seeks to bridge the gap between Humanities (interpretative) and natural Sciences(rational) so that humans will be able to confront the moral, ethical and existential dilemmas brought about by the continued developments in science and technology. Antecedents – Defined as a precursor to the unfolding or the existence of something. Antecedents of Science and Technology - Are factors that paved way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations which we are enjoying today. - We can use the historical developments of Science and Technology to come up with proper decisions and applications of science and technology to daily life. Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations changed the course of Science and Technology 1. Ancient Period 2. Middle Ages 3. Modern Ages 4. Inventions by Filipino Scientists Antecedents in the Ancient Period – Ancient Civilization paved the way for advances in Science and Technology. - These advances during the ancient period allowed civilization to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization and ways of living. Ancient Wheel – People from ancient civilization used animals as means of transportation, that is, wheels could be attached to a cart and the cart attached to animals. - The Invention of ancient wheel was credited to the Sumerians. The oldest known wheel found in an archeological excavation is from Mesopotamia, and dates to around 3500 BC. - It has been claimed that wheels were first used by potters. An example is a 5500-year- old wheel from Mesopotamia. - The use of wheels for pottery making may date even further back into the Neolithic. - The use of wheels for transportation only happened 300 years later. - Is a very important legacy the Mesopotamians have left us. Paper – In early as 3000 BC, the Egyptians had developed a technique for making paper from the pith of the papyrus plant. - By weaving together long strips and placing a weight on top to bind them together, they were able to create these long and durable, thin sheets of paper. - The English word ‘paper’ comes from the word ‘papyrus’ - The Egyptians found the need to create paper due to the fact that writing on stones, Ancient Temples, and caves was not fairly easy.  - They were able to transcribe messages and publish important documents that could be carried and transported. - Was better than learning how to write on potsherds, chunks of stone, and pieces of wood, which would have taken years to learn. - First uses included being used as a wrap for precious items in Ancient China, religious texts in Ancient Egypt, and government texts in Ancient Greece. - Is used in a much wider variety. It is found almost everywhere, such as in your bathroom, on newspaper stands, in classrooms. Papyrus Plant – This particular plant flourished along the bank of the Nile. Shadoof – Is a tool used and invented by Ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. - It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water. - It is a long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. - The bucket is filled with water and easily raised then emptied onto higher ground. - Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. Antikythera Mechanism – Is the oldest known mechanical calculator. - It was constructed around the second century BCE and lost in a shipwreck very close to the small Greek Island of Antikythera. - The Shipwreck was discovered 2,000 years later in 1900. - It was recognized in the spring of 1902 as a geared mechanical device displaying calendars and astronomical information. - Application of modern imaging methods to the surviving fragments has led to general agreement on the basic structure of the device and its solar and lunar astronomical functions - The reading of the remains of its extensive inscriptions has shown that it was also intended to display the shifting position of the planets in the zodiac. Aeolipile – A steam engine, a steam powered device that is either called ‘Heron Engine’. - The name comes from the Greek word ‘Aiolos’ who was the Greek god of the winds. - Is a sphere that is positioned in such a way that it can rotate around its axis. - Nozzles that are opposite to each other would expel steam and both of the nozzles would generate a combined thrust resulting in torque, causing the sphere to spin around its axis. - The rotation force speeds up the sphere up to the point where the resistance from traction and air brings it to a stable rotation speed. Heron Alexandrinus or Hero of Alexandria - was the First inventor of the Steam engine (Aeolipile). Antecedents in the Middle Ages Heavy Plough - Turned European agriculture and economy on its head. - Suddenly the fields with the heavy, fatty and moist clay soils became those that gave the greatest yields, explains Professor Thomas Barnebeck Andersen of the University of Southern Denmark. - It made it possible to harness areas with clay soil, and clay soil was more fertile than the lighter soil types. This led to prosperity and literally created a breeding ground for economic growth and cities - especially in Northern Europe. Gunpowder - In Chinese, is called Huo Yao, meaning flaming medicine. - The birth of gunpowder was quite accidental. - It was first invented inadvertently by alchemists while attempting to make an elixir of immortality. - It was a mixture of Sulphur, saltpeter, and charcoal. - At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was being used in military affairs. - During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, frequent wars spurred the development of cannons, and fire-arrows shot from bamboo tubes. Paper Money - Is an invention of the Song Dynasty in China in the 11th century CE, nearly 20 centuries after the earliest known use of metal coins. - It was certainly easier to carry in large amounts. - During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), merchants began to leave those heavy coins with a trustworthy agent, who would record how much money the merchant had on deposit on a piece of paper. - A sort of promissory note, could be traded for goods, and the seller could go to the agent and redeem the note for the coins. - With trade renewed along the Silk Road, this simplified cartage considerably. These privately-produced promissory notes were still not true paper currency. - At the beginning of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE), the government licensed specific deposit shops where people could leave their coins and receive notes. - In the 1100s, Song authorities decided to take direct control of this system, issuing the world's first proper, government-produced paper money. - This money was called jiaozi - This invention is one of the wonders that Marco Polo brought back to Europe in his travel journal in the late 13th Century. Mechanical Clock - During most of the Middle Ages, from roughly 500 to 1500 A.D., technological advancement was at a virtual standstill in Europe. Sundial styles evolved, but they didn't move far from ancient Egyptian principles. - In the early to mid-14th century, large mechanical clocks began to appear in the towers of several Italian cities. There is no record of any working models preceding these public clocks that were weight- driven and regulated by verge-and-foliot escapements. - Verge-and-foliot mechanisms reigned for more than 300 years with variations in the shape of the foliot. - Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, made the first pendulum clock in 1656. It was regulated by a mechanism with a "natural" period of oscillation. Although Galileo Galilei is sometimes credited with inventing the pendulum and he studied its motion as early as 1582, his design for a clock was not built before his death. - Huygens pendulum clock had an error of less than one minute a day, the first time such accuracy had been achieved. His later refinements reduced his clock's errors to less than 10 seconds a day. Spinning Wheel - Is an ancient invention used to transform various plant and animal fibers into thread or yarn, which are subsequently woven into cloth on a loom. - No one knows for certain when the first spinning wheel was invented. Historians have come up with several theories. - In "Ancient History of the Spinning Wheel," German author and science historian Franz Maria Feldhaus traces the origins of the spinning wheel back to ancient Egypt, however, other historical documentation suggests that it debuted in India between 500 and 1000 A.D., while other evidence cites China as the point of origin. - For those who accept the latter theory, the belief is that the technology migrated from China to Iran, and then from Iran to India, and finally, from India to Europe during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Antecedents in Modern Ages - Historical period when people realized the importance of the efficiency of transportation, communication and production. - Industrialization took place but with greater risk on human health, food safety, and environment. Compound Microscope - The invention of the light microscope: an instrument that enables the human eye, by means of a lens or combinations of lenses, to observe enlarged images of tiny objects. It made visible the fascinating details of worlds within worlds - About 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, discovered that nearby objects appeared greatly enlarged. That was the forerunner of the compound microscope and of the telescope. - In 1609, Galileo, father of modern physics and astronomy, heard of these early experiments, worked out the principles of lenses, and made a much better instrument with a focusing device, that is, the telescope. Telescope - Phoenicians cooking on sand first discovered glass around 3500 BCE, but it took another 5,000 years or so before glass was shaped into a lens to create the first telescope. - Hans Lippershey of Holland is often credited with the invention sometime in the 16th century. He almost certainly wasn't the first to make one, but he was the first to make the new device widely known. - It was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, the first man to see the craters on the moon. - He went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. His telescope was similar to opera glasses. It used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. - This provided up to 30 times magnification and a narrow field of view, so Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moon's face without repositioning his telescope. Jacquard Loom - Most people probably don't think of weaving looms as a forerunner of computers. But thanks to French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, enhancements to automated weaving helped lead to the invention of computer punch cards and the advent of data processing. - In Lyon, France, Jacquard was employed in a factory and used his spare time in constructing his improved loom. In 1801, he exhibited his invention at the industrial exhibition at Paris. - In 1803 he was summoned to Paris to work for the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. A loom by Jacques de Vaucanson (1709- 1782), deposited there, suggested various improvements in his own, which he gradually perfected to its final state. - Joseph Marie Jacquard's invention was an attachment that sat on top of a loom. A series of cards with holes punched in them would rotate through the device. Each hole in  the card corresponded with a specific hook on the loom, which served as a command to raise or lower the hook. - The position of the hook dictated the pattern of raised and lowered threads, allowing textiles to repeat complex patterns with great speed and precision. - The loom was declared public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine. - Joseph Marie Jacquard died at Oullins (Rhone) on the 7th of August 1834, and six years later a statue was erected in his honor at Lyon. Airplane - Orville and Wilbur Wright were the inventors of the first airplane. - On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers launched the era of human flight when they successfully tested a flying vehicle that took off by its own power, flew naturally at even speeds, and descended without damage. - Even before the Wright brothers took their first flight in 1903, other inventors had made numerous attempts to make like the birds and fly. - Among these earlier efforts were contraptions such as kites, hot air balloons, airships, gliders and other types of aircraft. - While some progress was made, everything changed when the Wright brothers decided to tackle the problem of manned flight. - After the Wright Brothers, inventors continued to improve airplanes. - This led to the invention of jets, which are used by both the military and commercial airlines. Jet - is an airplane propelled by jet engines. - Jets fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes. - Two engineers, Frank Whittle of the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain of Germany, are credited with the development of the jet engine during the late 1930s. - Since then, some firms have developed electric aircraft that run on electric motors rather than internal combustion engines. - The electricity comes from alternative fuel sources such as fuel cells, solar cells, ultracapacitors, power beaming and batteries. - While the technology is in its infancy, some production models are already on the market. Television - John Logie Baird was born on August 13th, 1888, in Helensburgh, Dunbarton, Scotland and died on June 14th, 1946, in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England. - Baird is best remembered for inventing a mechanical television system. During the 1920s, John Baird and American Clarence W. Hansell patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television and facsimiles respectively.  - It pioneer created the first televised pictures of objects in motion (1924), the first televised human face (1925) and a year later he televised the first moving object image at the Royal Institution in London. - His 1928 trans-Atlantic transmission of the image of a human face was a broadcasting milestone. - Color television (1928), stereoscopic television and television by infra-red light were all demonstrated by Baird before 1930. He successfully lobbied for broadcast time with the British Broadcasting Company, the BBC started broadcasting television on the Baird 30-line system in 1929. - The first simultaneous sound and vision telecast was broadcast in 1930. In July 1930, the first British Television Play was transmitted, "The Man with the Flower in his Mouth." Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines 1. Pre- Colonial Period – Even before Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology has already existed with regards ds to agriculture like farming, animal-raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. - The use of technology is evident in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday lives. - Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and also of fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. - The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now considered as indigenous science or folk science. 2. Colonial Period - Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. - Roads, bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. - In addition, Spanish colonizers developed the health and educational system in the country. - The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in the field of science and technology. 3. Post – Colonial Period - After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology, each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. - However, it is important to note that some Philippines presidents introduced more developments in the field than others. Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) – Lack of experimental work - Marginal budget for scientific research - Low Salaries of scientists employed by the government - Established the National Science Development Board. Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1956-1986) - Directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools. - Channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education. - He proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal site of the Philippines Science Community. - Scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography. - Added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB (National Science Development Board) to modernize the coconut industry. - Support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972, also known as the "Decree on Intellectual Property". - He enacted a Law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and Technology. - He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982). - He established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippines Science High School to encourage careers in Science and Technology. - Established other research institutes Like PAGASA, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company, among others. Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology. - Science and Technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. - Created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP). - Executive Order No. 128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the "Philippine Investors Incentive Act". - Gave assistance to Filipino investors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and to help investors market their products domestically and abroad.  - R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary Level. - "Science for the Masses Program" which aimed at scientific and technological Literacy among Filipinos. Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) - Significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field. - Addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao. - Government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to science and technology. - Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-tech equipment for students. - Priority for Science and Technology personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (R.A. No. 8439) was established. - Award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of Science and Technology (Investors and Inventions Incentives Act or R.A. No. 7459). - Programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology. Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies. - Establishment of one science high school in every province. - Advancement of industries and schools into the Internet Age. - Passage of the e-Commerce Act Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010) - Science, Technology, and Innovations (STI) was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology, and mathematics in their curriculum. - Imposes R.A. No. 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech). Inventions by Filipino Scientists 1. Ejeepneys - Are like standard jeepneys, with the only difference that it runs on electricity instead of diesel fuel. These vehicles are the brainchild of Green Renewable Independent Power Producers (GRIPP), and in partnership with Solar Electric Company. 2. Erythromycin - Is an antibiotic used in treating infections of the respiratory tract, Legionnaire's disease, and diphtheria, as well as urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar. In 1949, via soil samples he obtained from his backyard, Dr. Aguilar stumbled upon Streptomyces erythraeus (now Saccharopolyspora erythraea), the bacteria that would lead to the discovery of erythromycin. 3. Incubator - Fe del Mundo, the first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard University's School of Medicine. She was also credited for her studies that lead to the invention of the incubator (Bamboo Incubator) and jaundice relieving device 4. Mole Remover - The inventor Rolando C. Dela Cruz is an award-winning Filipino scientist and inventor. In 2000, he developed a patented formula that allows the removal of deep growth moles or warts. His formula was extracted from the Filipino cashew tree (Annacardium occidentale), which is common in the Philippines and is known as "kasoy”. 5. Banana Ketchup - María Orosa e Ylagan (Nov. 29, 1892-Feb. 13, 1945) was a Filipino food technologist, pharmaceutical chemist, humanitarian, and war heroine. - She experimented with foods native to the Philippines, and during World War II developed Soyalac la nutrient-rich drink from soybeans) and Darak (rice cookies packed with vitamin B-1, which could also prevent beriberi disease), which she also helped smuggle into Japanese-run internment camps which helped save the lives of thousands of Filipinos, Americans, and other nationals. She introduced to the public the - well-known banana ketchup. -