course unit- HIstorical antecedents.pdf

Science, Technology and Society COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT Session 2 2 1 Historical Antecedent  Read course and unit objectives ...

Science, Technology and Society COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT Session 2 2 1 Historical Antecedent  Read course and unit objectives  Read study guide prior to class attendance  Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons  Proactively participate in classroom discussions  Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)  Answer and submit course unit tasks At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: 1. Trace the history of Science and Technology from ancient times up to the present. 2. Identify the inventions and discoveries of different time periods. 3. Describe the development of inventions. Ancient Times 1. Sumerian Civilization Significant Contributions  Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.  Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.  Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god  Potter’s wheel.  Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all time.  materia medica -made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients.  seed plow  sail boat  intricate system of canals, dikes and reservoir.  the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world  Divided the circle into 360 degrees.  Developed advances mathematical functions to permit accurately plot and forecast.  Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.  Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text  Fabrication of copper 2. Babylonian Civilization Babylonia- ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)  Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction of the famous “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” and the Isthar Gate.  They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform.  Their measurements made use of fractions, squares and square roots.  book-keeping, a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.  Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope  Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.  Jewelry making originated from the Babylonians  Code of Hammurabi  The Babylonian Map of the World- first map  Astrology, the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.  3. Egyptian Civilization Egypt- located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy.  The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing individual objects or actions.  They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds.  Ancient Egyptians studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river.  The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile river.  Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days.  The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by IMHOTEP.  They calculated the time by means of waterclock- a conical earthen vessel with hours equally marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom.  Nobles, men and women wore wigs, they used a variety of preparations for the hair such as henna.  They used tweezers and razors to remove unwanted body hair.  Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.  They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion’s boy to guard the pharaoh’s tomb..  The ancient Egyptians knowledge of human anatomy, physiology and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming the dead.  From the Hyksos, they learned military technology and system- horse driven light war chariots manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords and lances.  The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines such as ramp and lever, to aid construction processes.  They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships  In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the Lighthouse of Alexandria- a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.  Library of Alexandria  Obelisks and pillars 4. Greek Civilization Greece- is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe. - Known as the birthplace of western philosophy. - Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. - Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena. - Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age  They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions and mechanical systems to explain the planetary positions and movements on geometrical determinations and logical deductions.  Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock- used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water ( or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.  Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing. Greek Philosophers  Galen made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.  Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine” First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion. He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing itself.  According to Empedocles nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.  Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy, taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water.  Anaxagoras- argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.  Aristotle- proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms.  Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid- perfected geometry, as a single logical system.  Archimedes- performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley. – invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement and use of water-power. - made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets around the stationary earth. - discovered the concept of gravity  Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek astronomers about the universe. -postulated the geocentric theory of the universe. 5. Roman Civilization - The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. - Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.  One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes-contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.  The ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.  They introduced the Roman numeral.  They constructed the Pantheon as one of the world’s greatest domed buildings and Colosseum, Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.  Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus Maximus, which accommodated some 300,000 people.  Roman government were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses.  Vitruvius first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.  Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.  Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian Gods. 6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization Arabia- is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia. - The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to the modern world was their synthesis of the scientific and technological knowledge they learned from and transmitted to the various cultures they encountered.  They introduced the Arabic system of numbers  The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience of alchemy encouraged them to mix and manipulate chemical elements and conduct experiments to transform base metals into gold.  They were the first to use glass lens for magnification  First to manufacture the black powder  They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black powder to shoot an arrow. 7. Chinese Civilization - It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. - It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia.  People learned the technology of silk production  The outstanding contribution of the Shang included the creation of magnificent bronze vessels, discovery of lacquer, the development of the horse-drawn war chariots and the first known Chinese writing which was discovered incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoises shells called “oracle bone”.  Chopsticks came into use.   They invented the escapement, the basic device used to regulate clocks.  They constructed the Great Wall of China and the great palace of the first emperor.  The Chinese had one of the most advanced systems of pharmacology- discovery of healing drugs and herbs.  They also practice apothecaries and acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient’s body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain.  They invented the “earthquake weathercock” to detect earthquake occurrence  The use of toilet paper was also traced in China back to the sixth century.  Development of calligraphy, water color, painting and block printing were invented.  The first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by Pi Sheng.  Chinese had an outstanding contributions such as the invention of gunpowder, a naturally magnetic iron ore used to magnetize a floating needle (prototype of the magnetic needle in compass) to indicate location, the use of coal as fuel, water wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the flexible bamboo pole that speedily enchanted the transport of heavy loads, the technology of copper coinage, the artistry of wallpaper and porcelain.  Tea production was developed. 8. Indus-Hindu Civilization India- mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.  Considered the most remarkable accomplishment of the Indus civilization was the construction layout of its cities which featured water wells (that piped water supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in nearly every house.  They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics.  Traditional Indian medication had a very extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of herbal remedies and drugs.  Indian surgeons successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs, complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian section.  They introduced the negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations, mathematical implications of zero and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal places.  They also developed the steps in sine functions, spherical geometry and calculus  Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar.  Stupa was used as commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.  Great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. 9. Persian Civilization  Introduction of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage.  The first regular postal system in the world   Taxation system, an important component of the Achaemenid state administration.  Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops.  Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi. Medieval Times The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D is generally known as the period of history between Ancient Times and Modern Times. This is usually divided into the so called Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages. The Age of Exploration. The start of the middle ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations. The Islamic world had become a civilization of colossal expansive and had imposed a unity of religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa. Technological advances during the Middle Ages include the following: 1. Printing press- After the Chinese, Johann Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of printing using a cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an extract impression on paper. 2. Gunpowder and Canon- appeared around the 9th century A.D, followed by vigorous development of explosive weapons from 1040 A.D about three centuries before it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using a rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat weapon, all barrier guns and cannon were constructed at the beginning of the 12th century A.D. 3. Water mill – it was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power. 4. Windmill was used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing. 5. Mechanical clock- tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace. 6. Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed the horse to increase its” attractive” effort five times and for protection. This innovation came from the 7th century A.D china reaching Europe early in the eleventh century, resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the introduction of the horses’ modes put the horse on the road for pack and wagon. 7. Distillation and Alcohol- the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th century. As the distillation of perfumes and oil was already known, alcohol was probably produced by accident in the course of some medical preparation. 8. Universities and Scholastics- By the twelfth century, these schools swelled to become universities with set of courses and teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In the eleventh century A.D, medical school had been existence in Salermo.  9. Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain suspension bridges, segmental arch structures were built. 10. Canon of Medicine- authored by Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a good summary of the period’s medical knowledge and accurate descriptions of meningitis, tetanus and other diseases. 11. War Weapons such as cross bows, long bows was developed so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers wear body armors and chainmail to protect themselves. 12. Lenses with spectacles- The discovery of lenses resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy around 1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the study of light or optics. Grosseteste, Dietrich and Roger Bacon explained how a lens could focus light rays and magnify things. The demand for spectacles gave rise to lens grinding/trading and spectacle-makers. 13. The sternpost rudder apparently came also from China. This led to the development of the sail that could be adjusted such that ship voyages could be made in rougher weather. 14. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability of a natural magnet to show direction was known o the Chinese several centuries ago or about sixth century A.D before it passed to the West or Europe. 15. Flying Buttress- one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings and larger windows. 16. Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena- considered to be first ever public library in the world. 17. Coffee House became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands. Renaissance ( 14th century -16th century)  The period of rebirth  Beginning of the cultural movement  Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.  Technology for printing books was regarded as the most important invention that facilitated dissemination of knowledge and new ideas.  Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with two main elements: Sulphur and mercury.  The astronomy was based on geocentric model (earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy.  Nicolas Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”.  Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy of the brain’s function. He wrote the book “On the Fabric of the Human Body”. Modern Times The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to established connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. 1.Pasteurization- invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. 2. Petroleum Refinery- is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants. Kerosene was referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting homes. It was invented by Samuel M. Kier. 3. Telephone- invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain connection and communication with each other in real time. 4. Calculator- a faster way to compute more complicated equations. 5. Electricity- the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with presence and motion of electric charge. 6. Electric power- where electric current is used to energize equipment. 7. Electronics- which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. 8. Smartwatches- a variation of regular watches but coming with a whole bunch of features as your smartphone. 9. Robotics- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science and others. It deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback and information processing. 10. Incandescent light bulb- is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence). It is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and flashlights and for decorative and advertising lighting. 11. Airplane- is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine. The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as “the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. It is used to transport parcels as well as people to other side of the world in less than a day or weeks. 12. Computer- is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming. It is also used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. 13. Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive- also known as thumb drive pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, jump drive, disk key, disk on key- is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. 14. Cellphone or mobile phone- a device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is smaller and more mobile. 15. Internet- is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It carries a vast range of information resources and services such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic mail, telephony and file sharing. 16. Television- is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment and news. 17. Veterinary medicine was for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761, when French Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat founded the world’s first veterinary school in Lyon, France 18. Penicillin- discovered by Alexander Fleming in September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics. 19. Genomics- is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping and editing of genomes- is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. 20. Biotechnology- is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use. 21. Automobile ( car)- is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation 22. Nuclear weapon- is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions. 23. Nuclear power- is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuc;ear power plant. 24. Satellites- is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. They are used for many purposes such as military and civilian Earth observation, telecommunication, navigation, weather forecast and space telescopes. 25. Vaccine- is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. 26. telegraphy-is the long distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. 27. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner- is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease. 28. Computed tomography (CT) scan- makes use of computer-processes combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of scanned object, allowing the user to see the object without cutting. 29. Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)- is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. 30. Bluetooth- is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks. 31. Wi-Fi- is a technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices. 32. Printer- is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper. 33. Camera- is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location or both. 34. Closed-circuit television (CCTV)- also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.  35. Submarine- is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It is used in military, marine science, search-and-rescue and tourism. 36. Stethoscope- is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. 37. Laptop or notebook computer- is a small, portable personal computer with a “clamshell”form factor having typically a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the “clamshell”and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. 38. Credit card- is a payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services. 39. Steam engine- is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. 40. Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (Laser)- is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. Study Questions 1. State a brief history or discovery that brought about the invention or discovery of the things stated below. State their contribution in our scientific development. A. wheeled vehicle B. internet C. telephone D. clock E. guns F. electricity G. printing press H. paper I. telescope J. car Sumerian: Science& Technology- Fathis. February 2, 2013. www. fathis.com Saugat Adhikari.Ancient History Lists Top Ten Sumerian Inventions and Discoveries. Novemeber 20, 2019. https://www.ancienthistory.com Baylonian Empire (CIRCA 1790-1595 B.C.E). Science & Technology. https: Babylonianempire8c.weebly.com Saugat Adhikari.Ancient History Lists Top Ten Egyptian Inventions and Discoveries. Novemeber 20, 2019. Saugat Adhikari.Ancient History Lists Top Ten Inventions and Discoveries of Persian Civilization. March 18, 2019. Borbon SV., Dela Cruz ME., Flores R.,Medina-Gerona Z., Lee A. College Science, Technology and Society. First Edition 2000. Chapter 1 pp.7-63. ISBN 971-23- 2860-0 MacNamara DJ., Valverde VM., Beleno III, R. Science, Technology and Society. C&E Publishing Inc. 2018. Chapter 1 pp. 2-32. ISBN:978-971-98-0935-7 Ten Medieval Inventions that Changed the World. Medievalists.net. August 31,2014. https://ww.medievalists.net. https://en.m.wikipedia.org