Science Technology and Society Past Paper PDF

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the course of Science and Technology ANCIENT TIMES  TRANSPORTATION During these times people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. Reason for travelling: search for food Find b...

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the course of Science and Technology ANCIENT TIMES  TRANSPORTATION During these times people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. Reason for travelling: search for food Find better locations for their settlements Trade their surplus in exchange for goods TRANSPORTATION Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar places. It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or make trades with other group of people.  COMMUNICATION In ancient times, communication is also essential. They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited and facilitate trade and prevent conflicts.  COMMUNICATION The increased in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities. They needed form of technology that would enable them to increase food supply and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder.  WEAPONS AND ARMORS Conflicts were very common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources. Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. Armors and weapons are developed for security and protection. It is also considered as a major achievement during those times. CONSERVATION OF LIFE The primary challenge they face was the conservation of life. Different illness and diseases both natural and man-made hampered the full potential of the human being. Science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures and prevention of illness. ARCHITECTURE ⦿ The development of engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. ⦿ Others see architecture as a mere style but during ancient times, elaborate architectural design were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. SUMERIA ⦿ Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. CUNEIFORM ⦿ Cuneiform was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). ⦿ Cuneiform is the earliest writing system. ⦿ It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instrument and left to dry. ⦿ Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value of their everyday life. URUK CITY ⦿ It is considered as the first city in the world. ⦿ Uruk, also known as Warka or Warkah, was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia) situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates River on the dried-up ancient channel of the Euphrates 30 km (19 mi) east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq. URUK CITY ⦿ The Sumerians were able to build the city using mud or clay from the river which they mixed with reeds, producing sun- baked bricks. ⦿ They used the bricks to build houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall that would protect them from animals and evaders. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR ⦿ Ziggurat is also called the mountain of God ⦿ It served as the sacred place of their chief God where only priest are allowed to enter. IRRIGATION AND DIKES ⦿ The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the floods from their fields and cut canals to channel river water to the fields. The use of levees and canals is called irrigation, another Sumerian invention. ⦿ The Sumerians enjoy year long farming and harvesting which increase their food production. SAILBOATS ⦿ The Sumerians were credited in the invention of sailboats. ⦿ During these times, wheels were not yet invented, the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as the rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances. WHEEL ⦿ In the later part the Sumerian was able to invent the wheel. ⦿ They were first used for farm work and not for transportation. ⦿ Farmers were able to mill grain with less effort and time. PLOW ROADS ⦿ In order to facilitate faster travel the Sumerians develop the first roads. ⦿ With this work the flow of traffic is organized. ⦿ They used sun-baked bricks in making the roads and poured asphalt to smoothen the roads. BABYLONIAN ⦿ The Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. ⦿ Babylonians were great engineers and architects. HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON ⦿ One major contribution of the Babylonians was the hanging garden of Babylon which is one of the 7 wonders of the world. HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON ⦿ They were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks. ⦿ King Nebuchadnezzar II built the garden for his wife, Queen Amytis. ⦿ The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established. ⦿ There are no extant Babylonian texts that mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ⦿ Ancient Egypt was a civilization in ancient Northeast Africa, situated in the Egyptian Nile Valley in the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC. ⦿ The Egyptians have contributed other practical and essential things that we still use as of today. PAPER OR PAPYRUS ⦿ Egyptians used tablets and clay before the invention of paper. Since clay are very fragile and heavy to carry, bringing them in different places were a challenge to them. PAPER OR PAPYRUS ⦿ Papyrus plant grew abundantly in the Nile river in Egypt. ⦿ The ancient Egyptians used the stem of the papyrus plant to make sails, cloth, mats, cords, and, above all, paper. PAPER OR PAPYRUS ⦿ This invention was a major accomplishment in keeping records and communication during the Egyptian Civilization. ⦿ People were able to send letters. ⦿ Since the paper is light, they could be carried by birds. ⦿ Record keeping does not take huge storage space. INK ⦿ Ancient Egyptians began writing with ink—made by burning wood or oil and mixing the resulting concoction with water ⦿ Typically, scribes used black, carbon-based ink for the body of text and reserved red ink for headings and other key words in the text HIEROGLYPHICS ⦿ Like the Sumerians, Egyptians developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics. ⦿ Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their Gods. ⦿ The word hieroglyph literally means "sacred carvings". The Egyptians first used hieroglyphs exclusively for inscriptions carved or painted on temple walls. This form of pictorial writing was also used on tombs, sheets of papyrus, wooden boards covered with a stucco wash, potsherds and fragments of limestone. COSMETICS ⦿ The Egyptian invented the use of cosmetics. ⦿ Their function in ancient Egypt was for health and aesthetic. ⦿ Egyptian wore Kohl in their eyes to prevent and cure eye disease. COSMETICS ⦿ Kohl is a black powdery substance made from galena, an ore that is the source of the mineral lead. Galena ore was found near the Nile River at the city of Aswan, in present-day southeast Egypt, and on the banks of the Red Sea, among other places. COSMETICS ⦿ The dark eyeliner gave some protection from the bright Egyptian sun, and the galena also helped to keep insects away from the eyes. Kohl had a religious purpose, too. Ancient Egyptians used large drawings of an eye to symbolize the eye of the god Horus—the Egyptian god of healing, among other things—and believed that the drawings would protect them. WIG ⦿ The earliest Egyptian wigs (c. 2700 b.c.e.) were constructed of human hair, but cheaper substitutes such as palm leaf fibers and wool were more widely used. They denoted rank, social status, and religious piety and were used as protection against the sun while keeping the head free from vermin. WIG ⦿ In ancient Egypt, both males and females wore wigs made either from human hair, sheep's wool or vegetable fibers, depending upon their social status. There were a number of benefits for Egyptians from shaving their heads. First it was more comfortable in the hot Egyptian climate not to have hair. WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA ⦿ For a more exact measurement of time, the ancient Egyptians developed a water clock made from stone, copper, or pottery. The Greeks referred to it as a klepsydra (the Latinized variant is clepsydra), literally a “water thief”. WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA ⦿ These simple water clocks, which were of the outflow type, were stone vessels with sloping sides that allowed water to drip at a nearly constant rate from a small hole near the bottom. There were twelve separate columns with consistently spaced markings on the inside to measure the passage of "hours" as the water level reached them. GREEK CIVILIZATION ⦿ Greece is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe. ⦿ Known as the birthplace of western Philosophy ⦿ Some of the major achievement of Greeks include works on philosophies and mathematics. ALARM CLOCK ⦿ The first alarm clock was created in Ancient Greece by Ctesibus, a Hellenistic engineer and inventor. ⦿ Ctesibus made a system of dropping peddles on a gong to make a sound which is the first alarm clock. The dropping peddles were set to end at a specific time. WATER MILL ⦿ Watermills were an important piece of mechanical equipment first built in the ancient Greek hilly areas around the 3rd century B.C. It helped in the process of milling and graining whole grains in a larger-scale supply model, replacing the human force to accomplish such a task. ⦿ It used a relatively small amount of water, a big wheel that used the water to roll it on its axis and to mechanically move the grinding stone. NEWSPAPER ⦿ Acta Diurna (Latin: Daily Acts, sometimes translated as Daily Public Records or poetically as Daily Gazette) were daily Roman official notices, a sort of daily gazette. ⦿ They were carved on stone or metal and presented in message boards in public places such as the Forum of Rome. ⦿ They also were called simply Acta. In many ways, they functioned like an early newspaper for the Roman citizenry. The Acta were begun in 59 BC and continued until AD 222. NEWSPAPER ⦿ When paper was invented, it become easier for the Romans to “publish’ matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizen. BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX ⦿ A codex is essentially an ancient book, consisting of one or more quires of sheets of papyrus or parchment folded together to form a group of leaves, or pages. ⦿ This form of the book was not widely used in the ancient world until around the second century AD, when it slowly but steadily began to replace the traditional book form, the papyrus roll. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ⦿ Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek Architecture because of the resemblance. ⦿ The Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural design established in the past. ⦿ The Roman government implemented major projects such as churches, coliseum, amphitheater and residential houses that withstood the time and harsh elements of the environment. ROMAN NUMERALS ⦿ The old number system could not keep up with the high calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communication and trade among nations and Roman empire was expanding. ⦿ The Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. CHINESE CIVILIZATION ⦿ Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. ⦿ Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. SILK ⦿ Naturally the silk is produced by the silk worm, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. TEA PRODUCTION ⦿ Tea production was developed when an unknown Chines inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. ⦿ This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden ceramic pot. TEA PRODUCTION ⦿ Because of this invention, Chinese were able to increase their production of tea and trade with other nations. ⦿ China has become an exporter of tea aside from silk. ⦿ Tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world today.  GREAT WALL OF CHINA ⦿ The Great Wall of China is an ancient series of walls and fortifications, totaling more than 13,000 miles in length, located in northern China. ⦿ The best-known and best-preserved section of the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th centuries A.D., during the Ming dynasty. Though the Great Wall never effectively prevented invaders from entering China, it came to function as a powerful symbol of Chinese civilization’s enduring strength. GUNPOWDER ⦿ “Gunpowder,” as it came to be known, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal. Together, these materials will burn rapidly and explode as a propellant. ⦿ Chinese monks discovered the technology in the 9th century CE, during their quest for a life-extending elixir. The key ingredient, saltpeter, had been in use by this same culture since the late centuries BCE for medicinal purposes. It was found to be incendiary and immediately applied to warfare. MIDDLE AGES MIDDLE AGES ⦿ In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. PRINTING PRESS ⦿ During the early 15th century, movable type printing was already in practice in Europe before Gutenberg’s invention. Methods of printing books were already available. But the traditional printing techniques were slow, cumbersome, and highly expensive, making it virtually impossible to print books in bulk. ⦿ Gutenberg had an experience in metalwork, goldsmithing, gem-polishing, and later as a publisher and printer as well. It was drawing on his vast skill set that Gutenberg endeavored to create a printing press that was more rapid. PRINTING PRESS ⦿ The Printing press was a new mode of printing texts and books Gutenberg's invention proved critically significant for the Renaissance that was taking place across Europe. MICROSCOPE ⦿ The history of microscopy begins in the Middle Ages. As far back as the 11th century, plano-convex lenses made of polished beryl were used in the Arab world as reading stones to magnify manuscripts. However, the further development of these lenses into the first microscopes cannot be attributed to any one person. It took the ideas and designs of many scientists and scholars to produce instruments capable of strong magnification. MICROSCOPE ⦿ Although the idea of magnifying objects with two glass lenses positioned one in front of the other originated as early as the beginning of the 16th century, it was some time before such an instrument was built. The Dutch spectacle maker Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias are generally credited with creating these compound microscopes. TELESCOPE ⦿ The invention of the telescope played an important role in advancing our understanding of Earth's place in the cosmos. ⦿ Early telescopes were primarily used for making Earth-bound observations, such as surveying and military tactics. TELESCOPE ⦿ Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was part of a small group of astronomers who turned telescopes towards the heavens. After hearing about the "Danish perspective glass" in 1609, Galileo constructed his own telescope. He subsequently demonstrated the telescope in Venice. His demonstration of the telescope earned him a lifetime lectureship. WAR WEAPONS ⦿ During these many conflicts, new ways of waging war were developed across fronts ranging from China to England and beyond. Many of these new weapons not only help to turn the tide of battle, but changed the way that warfare was fought, in many cases forever. WAR WEAPONS ⦿ One of the most widely used types of helmet was the Spangenhelm. Body armor was usually either a short-sleeved mail shirt (byrnie), made up of interlocking iron rings, or a garment of overlapping scales of iron, bronze, or horn. Shields were oval or round and made of light, tough wood covered with leather. Metallic mountings lined the rims. A hole in the center of each shield was bridged by a hand grip inside and a shield boss outside. Weapons were the spear, sword, ax, and the bow and arrow. MODERN TIMES MODERN AGE ⦿ The Modern Age is a period in human history which spans from the 20th century beginning with the period after the end of First World War and ending with the advent of the Digital revolution. This period saw the improvement of contemporary weapons and technologies. PASTEURIZATION ⦿ Pasteurization or pasteurization is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. PASTEURIZATION ⦿ The method was developed by French chemist Louis Pasteur during an 1864. ⦿ To remedy the frequent acidity of the local aged wines, he found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60 °C (122–140 °F) for a short time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could subsequently be aged without sacrificing the final quality. In honour of Pasteur, this process is known as "pasteurization". PETROLEUM REFINERY ⦿ Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstock's for making chemicals. PETROLEUM REFINERY ⦿ Samuel Martin Kier (July 19, 1813 – October 6, 1874) was an American inventor and businessman who is credited with founding the American petroleum refining industry. ⦿ He was the first person in the United States to refine crude oil into lamp oil. ⦿ Kier has been dubbed the Grandfather of the American Oil Industry by historians. TELEPHONE ⦿ A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. ⦿ In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. ⦿ This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. CALCULATOR ⦿ The Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator (by Wilhelm Schickard and several decades later Blaise Pascal), a device that was at times somewhat over-promoted as being able to perform all four arithmetic operations with minimal human intervention. ⦿ The first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early 1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom.  PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRYCYCLE ⦿ A Filipino-made amphibious tricycle was introduced to the market last week in answer to the needs of thousands Filipino residents living in perennially flooded areas as well as low-lying communities near bodies of water. The floating trike, fittingly called the “Salamander” was launched by H2O Technologies recently at the Capitol Commons Center in Pasig City. SALT LAMP ⦿ Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno when she made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. ⦿ The SALt Lamp is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those who live in coastal areas. ⦿ With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for eight hours. MEDICAL INCUBATOR ⦿ Fe del Mundo is credited with studies that led to the invention of an improved incubator and a device to treat jaundice. E JEEPNEY ⦿ As the U.S. withdrew from the Philippines after World War II, a large number of jeeps were sold or given to Filipinos. WWI and II destroyed the country's public transportation system and soon, Filipinos began to modify jeeps into a sort of minibus to accommodate more passengers and shelter them with a roof. ⦿ Today, the Jeepney is a symbol of Filipino pop culture. They are often painted in bright, flamboyant colors and feature lights, loud horns and large, ornate hood ornaments. The government began to regulate Jeepney transportation once it established itself as a functional, inexpensive way of public transportation. ⦿ The (e-jeepney) was made by the engineers of EVAP, while the research and development MOSQUITO OVICIDAL-LARVICIDAL (OL) TRAP SYSTEM ⦿ Garbo, and Josie L. Pondevida, was awarded for developing the Mosquito Ovicidal-Larvicidal (OL) trap system. The OL trap's major accomplishment is that it “significantly reduced mosquito densities and dengue virus transmission in various schools and communities nationwide.