Science, Technology and Society PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY BY: RIZALYN JOY I. BESA,LPT  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history 2. Discuss how scient...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY BY: RIZALYN JOY I. BESA,LPT  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment 3. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society What is Science? What is Technology?  INTRODUCTION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What is Science? 1.'Science' is a body of knowledge that seeks to understand the natural world. Science seeks to understand and explain natural things and phenomena such as pollination, volcanic eruptions, and constellations. INTRODUCTION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What is Science? 2. 'Science' is an intellectual activity. It refers to the process of systematic and objective investigation or understanding of the natural world. This process includes observation, and experimentation. 3. 'Science' is a personal and social activity. This makes science a way for humans to understand themselves and their world. It also means that science is connected with everyone's life and the society.  INTRODUCTION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What is Technology? 1. 'Technology' as artifacts ‘Technology' refers to products, inventions and outputs such as the microscope, solar panel and light bulb.  INTRODUCTION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What is Technology? 2. 'Technology' as a technique ‘Technology' refers to practices, methods or steps such as genetic engineering, rice planting and welding. 3. 'Technology' as a personal and social activity This makes technology a tool for humans to improve themselves, and their everyday life. It also means that technology is connected with the society and everyone's life.  INTERACTION AMONG SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Science and Technology Science and technology have a dual interaction which means that they influence each other. Science is required in the development of technologies. In the same way, technology is needed to advance science. Science, Technology and Society Given that both science and technology are social activities, they also have dual interactions with society. HISTORY OF SCIENCE ? AND TECHNOLOGY  ANCIENT WORLD No one exactly knows where and when science and technology began. However, the earliest known technology are the stone tools (i.e. scrapers, hammers) used by humans during the Stone Age.  ANCIENT WORLD Later, early hunters, gatherers and foragers developed skills and techniques to use tools and make weapons, to use fire, and to identify edible plants and animals. The knowledge and practice spread as they migrated across continents.  ANCIENT WORLD Nearly 10,000 years ago, as the population grew and naturally available food sources declined, humans started to domesticate plants and animals. This preceded the Agricultural Revolution which started somewhere in the Middle East. Early Babylonian plough  ANCIENT WORLD Agricultural Revolution led to the development of towns. New plants and animals were being grown for consumption. In this period, humans started to develop sun-dried bricks, ceramics, mortars and even metal products. The first known metal used by man is copper (6500 BCE).  ANCIENT WORLD By the end of the Agricultural Revolution, many products made from copper, bronze and iron have been developed. Development of ceramics also prospered. Wheels were developed for transportation. Writing was invented.  ANCIENT WORLD After the Agricultural Revolution, scientific knowledge and technological advancements led to the rise of civilizations. These civilizations paved the way for more advancements in science and technology. Evidences of these are the many infrastructures built such as irrigations, roads and bridges.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY The next period is called 'Classical Antiquity’, Dominated by the Greek and Roman civilization It was during this period when the current concept of science began. It started with the Ionian School of philosophy, which introduced the earliest form of scientific method, based on reasoning and observation.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY The most notable Greek philosophers of this period are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They laid the foundation of modern-day science. They initiated the discipline of understanding of the universe and the natural world using the earliest form of scientific method.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Socrates (470 - 399 BC) Socrates is known for his method of inquiry called elenchus. Using this method, a problem must be broken down into a series of questions that need to be answered. This is the basis of the current concept of making hypothesis for a specific research problem.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Plato (427-347 BC) Plato is a student of Socrates. Plato believed that all substances are made up of earth, air, water and fire. He always emphasized the concept of 'proof' and insisted on having concrete and clear hypothesis in understanding nature.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) Aristotle is a student of Plato. He is known for his deductive method of scientific inquiry. He believed that natural principles can be identified through careful observation, which is another foundational component of the scientific method.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY In Egypt, the city of Alexandria became a center of scientific knowledge. Edwin Smith Papyrus. One of the first important scientific text from Africa It is a medical text about ancient surgery methods. Also, knowledge on chemistry was applied in ancient cloth tanning, indigenous distillation and fermentation.  CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY In China, scientific knowledge and technological advancements were also increasing. Compass, ships, ceramics, and metal products were developed. The greatest construction achievement of China at the time was The Great Wall (220-206 BC).  MIDDLE AGES Around 530 AD, the development of science and technology declined as it was affected by wars, famine, diseases, piracy, and poverty which were rampant at the time.  MIDDLE AGES The rise of Christianity in Europe was also considered a factor in the decline of science. The Church questioned many teachings and ideas of early philosophers and scientists. In addition, the Roman Empire from 530 AD to 1000 AD seemed less interested with theoretical science.  MIDDLE AGES As science seemed to decline in Europe, the field of medicine remained and grew due to an important need. The deadly plague ravaged Europe and Christians felt the need to further their knowledge in medicine in order to develop a cure.  MIDDLE AGES From Europe, the center of science and technology shifted to China and nearby areas. In India, mathematics, medicine and astronomy were well-advanced. One of their greatest discovery is the importance of zero in mathematics, which prior to that time is not well- understood.  MIDDLE AGES The science of Islamic civilization was also well-developed. They developed astronomical tables, new chemicals such as borax, and new techniques. In medicine, they led the development of new instruments and humane treatments. However, they failed to advance further their study of anatomy as Islam prohibits body autopsy at that time..  MIDDLE AGES Science was revived in Europe by Emperor Charlemagne. He ordered the establishment of schools which became centers of knowledge and discovery. The Middle Ages brought many advancements such as the utilization of water and wind as source of energy and the development of moving objects and clocks.  MODERN AGE At the latter part of the Middle Ages, the Age of Discovery and Exploration started. The explorations were made possible by advancements in science and technology. The two most important were the development of ships that can withstand long voyages and the invention of the compass. Advancements in geography and cartography also helped significantly.  MODERN AGE After the Black Death, the societies in Europe became much smaller and disarrayed. Hence, people must find new ways to live. This led to the development of new tools, new techniques and discoveries. The revived Europe became more conducive for science and technology. This marked the end of the Middle Age and the start of the Modern Age.  MODERN AGE The states in Europe encouraged technological advancements, primarily for defense and trade. Technology was taught in universities. Many artists also became scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci. This period is known as Renaissance. Renaissance is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, a system of thought that gives more importance to humans than supernatural powers.  MODERN AGE In the latter part of Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution emerged. It started at the same time as the foundation of England's Royal Society which paved the way for a more organized scientific community. Sir Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin are two notable members of the Society.  MODERN AGE At the beginning of the Revolution, the invention of the telescope advanced the field of astronomy. Among the astronomers, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) became the center of controversy due to his heliocentric view of the Universe, an idea that was opposed by the Church. This marked the so-called Copernican revolution, which was a shift from the geocentric view of the universe.  MODERN AGE Another technology that significantly advanced science during the Renaissance is the microscope. The invention of the microscope paved the way for the understanding of microorganisms and the many types of diseases associated with them.  MODERN AGE Perhaps, the leading figure of the Scientific Revolution is Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). He introduced experimentation using the scientific method. He also developed many mathematical explanations to many natural concepts. He invented many equipment and devices. His works led to the development of modern science.  MODERN AGE From 17th to 18th century, science and technology further developed. Another period emerged starting from the publication of Carolus Linnaeus' works on biological classification. This period is also known as the 'Enlightenment', which emphasized logic and reasoning. It was a shift from the Renaissance which was dominated by the teachings of the Church and of the early Greek and Roman Philosophers.  MODERN AGE The leading figure of the 'Enlightenment' is Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727). His work, Principia, established the foundation of modern-day physics. He also led the use of scientific method in the understanding of the natural world. He developed theories from observations and experiments and used them to predict other phenomena.  MODERN AGE Due to society's demand to make things more efficient and faster, machines were developed. The most revolutionary of them is the steam engine. was invented by James Watt (1736- 1819) in 1765. The steam engine made many industrial processes possible. This is part of the Industrial Revolution.  MODERN AGE While the Industrial Revolution led to progress, it also marked the beginning of the rapid destruction of the environment. Many forests were destroyed to obtain wood, minerals and other resources. Rivers and other bodies of water were being polluted by the industrial wastes.  MODERN AGE During this period, the science community and the society had some conflicts and controversies. One specific controversial theory was the Theory of Evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. It was opposed by the Church and the general public at that time. However, the theory is considered a milestone in the field of biology.  MODERN AGE From 19th century, science advanced at a much rapid rate than any other period before. Science also emerged as a communal effort, wherein more collaborations among scientists occurred. More inventions and discoveries happened in this century. Scientific and technological advancements heavily impacted the society. New lifestyle, hobbies and habits emerged due to advancements in communication, clothing technology, transportation and entertainment. Demand for more technologies grew. Many people migrated to cities. More skilled and knowledgeable workers emerged.  MODERN AGE Scientific and technological advancements paved the way for the invention of atomic bombs, dynamites and other explosives and weapons. In Germany, laboratories were dedicated to the development of weapons in preparation for the World War. These developments led to more casualties in the wars to come.  MODERN AGE Plastics were invented in the 1940s and 1950s. This led to the development of new appliances, materials, and products. However, in recent times, plastics pose a problem to the environment due to its very low biodegradability. It is now one of the main environmental pollutants.  MODERN AGE The structure of the DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick with the aid from studies of other scientists such as Rosalind Franklin. This discovery further advanced the field of genetics and molecular biology leading to the development of gene therapy, genetic engineering, among others.  MODERN AGE In the 1940s, the development of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, more commonly known as DDT, as well as the invention of fertilizers, hybrid seeds and farm equipment, led to a new agricultural revolution. This led to increased food production. However, when it was found that DDT has negative effects on biodiversity and health, the movement of environmentalism emerged as society's response.  MODERN AGE The development of computers, Internet, software and other digital technologies paved the way for the 'Digital Revolution' or 'Information Age'. These technologies also paved the way for e-commerce, cyber warfare, distance learning and crowdsourcing. The Digital Revolution has greatly affected the society. Nowadays, many people are hooked to electronic games, social media and "selfies".  IN THE PHILIPPINES The history of science and technology in the Philippines has no clear beginning. Based on archaeological findings, prehistoric Filipinos have simpler technology compared to neighboring countries such as China and Japan. They used simple stone and metal tools. Later, they developed potteries, ceramics, weavings, and other tools.  IN THE PHILIPPINES By 1000 AD, Filipinos have developed good ship building technology. They used these ships for fishing, trade and transportation, given that early societies were located near bodies of water.  IN THE PHILIPPINES By 16th century, Spaniards observed that some Filipino communities know artillery. They have many good weapons such as bows, spears and swords. Agricultural practices such as rice farming, livestock raising, and fishing were also existing.  IN THE PHILIPPINES University of Sto. Tomas The beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines was brought by the Spaniards. They established schools, hospitals and research facilities that were usually controlled by religious orders. Science as a profession was established. However, the researches and technologies at that time were for the benefit of the colonial government and Spain, not for the Filipinos.  IN THE PHILIPPINES There were only few science courses available for the Filipinos during the Spanish time. Usually, the Filipinos who became scientists went to Europe for training and study. Some of those scientists were Anacleto del Rosario, Leon Ma. Guerrero and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. The profession of science did not grow well as the colonial government preferred Spanish scientists over Filipinos  IN THE PHILIPPINES As the Spanish regime ended, only two science professions were relatively more developed - medicine and pharmacy. The Philippines became a predominantly agricultural country. Due to the entry of foreign technology and investments, some sectors, such as the sugarcane and tobacco industry, were modernized.  IN THE PHILIPPINES After the First Republic, science and technology in the Philippines rapidly advanced due to the Americans. Secularized public schools were established. Universities, such as the University of the Philippines and the Philippine Normal College (now the Philippine Normal University), were established. The early educators were predominantly Americans. They brought with them rich scientific knowledge and many technological advancements.  IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1905, the Bureau of Science was established. It was the main research facility in the country until World War I Most of the researches done were on leprosy, cholera, dengue and malaria which, at the time, were the most dominant diseases among Filipinos. In 1906, the Philippine Journal of Science was established to report scientific findings and observations.  IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1933, the Philippine Legislature passed an Act establishing the 'National Research Council of the Philippines', which was tasked to promote scientific research. Despite the increase in the number of scientists and engineers, the Philippines still relied heavily on agriculture. During the Commonwealth, more industries were established with government support. Scientific productivity increased. Many Filipinos were sent abroad to do post-graduate studies. However, scientific and technological development stopped during World War II.  IN THE PHILIPPINES After the War, scientific and technological development was revived. More higher education institutions were established which paved the way for more scientists, scientific researches and scientific organizations. In 1947, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In 1952, the Science Foundation of the Philippines was established to promote science among Filipinos.  IN THE PHILIPPINES In 1957, a study was done to determine the sudden decline of science and technology in the Philippines. Four key reasons. 1. There is lack of government support. 2. Many excellent scientists have died or went abroad. 3. There is low morale among local scientists. 4. The general public has low awareness about science  IN THE PHILIPPINES Science and technology in the country further developed due to increased government support and higher public awareness.  CONCLUSION/SUMMARY The development of science and technology was borne out of the needs of society. For instance, the development of machines was driven by society's desire to make things easier and faster. On the other hand, science and technology also influenced the society. Today, in the age of information technology, new habits, lifestyles and activities such as social networking have developed.  IN THE PHILIPPINES Scientific and technological developments affected the environment. These developments required a lot of raw resources, resulting to massive activities that exploited the natural resources. On one hand, this challenged the scientific and technological communities to find ways to save the environment.