GenSoc Study Material PDF

Group 4: Psychosocial Perspective on Gender and Sexuality Marginalized Identities: LGBTQ+ individuals who belong to racial or ethnic minorities often face additional layers of discri...

Group 4: Psychosocial Perspective on Gender and Sexuality Marginalized Identities: LGBTQ+ individuals who belong to racial or ethnic minorities often face additional layers of discrimination and Definition: "Psychosocial" refers to the influence of social factors psychosocial stress. on an individual's mind or behavior, and the interrelation of behavioral and social factors. It comprises two main aspects: Psychosocial Challenges and Mental Health 1. Psychological: The study of behavior and mental Internalized Stigma: Refers to how people with mental illness may processes. It involves three primary domains: affective view themselves negatively due to their condition. (emotions and feelings), behavioral (actions and reactions), and cognitive (thoughts and beliefs). Mental Health Implications for Gender Dysphoria: Individuals with gender dysphoria commonly experience emotional distress and a 2. Social: The study of the development, structure, and strong desire to transition. functioning of human society. This includes the influence of socialization, family, education, and media. Contemporary Issues and Debates Psychological Development and Identity Formation Gender Fluidity and Non-Binary Identities: Growing awareness of these identities challenges traditional norms, creating both Gender Identity Development: opportunities and challenges as society adapts to more inclusive views. o Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory: Suggests that children's gender development occurs in stages, The Role of Support Systems where they acquire information from the world and others. Importance of social support, including family, community, peer support, and LGBTQ+ organizations. Sexual Identity Development: Therapeutic Interventions: Affirmative therapy and counseling, o Cass’s Model of Homosexual Identity Formation: Outlines along with mental health services, can play a vital role in supporting a six-stage process, with each stage representing a individuals. different level of psychological and social development regarding sexual orientation. Gender-Fair Language: Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination Intersectionality and Identity Gender-Fair Language: Aims to reduce gender bias by using gender- neutral pronouns (like "they") and gender-inclusive phrases (like Definition: The concept that individuals experience gender and "he or she"). sexuality differently based on their race, class, and cultural background. These intersecting identities can lead to unique Violations of Gender-Fair Language (Sexist Language): Biased challenges like compounded discrimination or social language used to stereotype genders. marginalization.  o Examples in the Philippines: "Bakla" (derogatory term for o Examples of Prejudice: Racial prejudice, gender prejudice, gay men), "Tomboy" (woman with masculine traits), and homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia, classism, religious "Binabae" (insult for men with feminine traits). prejudice, and ageism. Invisibilization of Women: Language that downplays the o Three Types of Prejudice: importance of women, leading to the perception of women as less 1. Cognitive Prejudice: Beliefs considered true. significant than men. 2. Affective Prejudice: Likes and dislikes. Trivialization of Women: Despite National Women's Month in the Philippines (highlighting women's contributions), societal struggles 3. Conative Prejudice: Behavioral tendencies. faced by women often persist. o Theories About Prejudice: Stereotypes: Oversimplified and often inaccurate beliefs about typical gender characteristics, behaviors, and roles. 1. Social Identity Theory: People categorize themselves into groups, leading to potential o Four Types of Gender Stereotypes: prejudice against out-groups. 1. Sex Stereotypes: Unrealistic beliefs about 2. Realistic Conflict Theory: Prejudice arises from characteristics, behaviors, and roles based on competition for limited resources. sex. 3. Scapegoating Theory: Blaming innocent 2. Sexual Stereotypes: Harmful assumptions about individuals or groups for problems. sexuality that reinforce traditional and narrow views, promoting heteronormativity and 4. Authoritarian Personality Theory: Certain excluding LGBTQ+ individuals. personalities are more predisposed to prejudice due to rigidity and intolerance. 3. Sex-Role Stereotypes: Roles assigned to men and women based on their sex, dictating expected 5. Culture Theory: Prejudice is ingrained in society, behaviors. transmitted across generations through stereotypes and discrimination. 4. Compound Stereotypes: Assumptions about specific groups within a gender (e.g., young Discrimination: Unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on women, old men). perceived differences, including race, gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and other characteristics. LGBTQ+ Prejudice: Unfavorable feelings toward individuals or groups based students in the Philippines often experience discrimination and on preconceived notions about their characteristics, such as bullying. ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, age, disability, or religion. Freedom and Equality The Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasizes that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, regardless of their characteristics. Gender and Media Gender: Socially constructed characteristics associated with being a woman, man, girl, or boy, including norms, behaviors, and roles. Media: Communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information. Gender and Media: The relationship between mass media and gender, and how gender is represented within media platforms (film, radio, television, advertising, social media, video games). Media Representation: How media presents aspects of society, shaping audiences' knowledge, understanding, and attitudes. Media Stereotypes: Prevalent portrayals of women as homemakers, dependent on men, or objects of male attention, while men are often depicted as powerful, dominant, and breadwinners. Psychosocial Perspective on Gender and Sexuality in Media Internalization of Media Messages: Social Cognitive Theory suggests that individuals learn and internalize behaviors through observation, potentially emulating media representations of gender and sexuality. Impact on Self-Concept and Self-Esteem: Exposure to idealized or stereotypical gender images in media can affect self-concept and self-esteem, potentially leading to body dissatisfaction or feelings of marginalization. Group 5 : LGBTQIA Psychology, Men and Masculinities, Feminity, Feminism, expression are not limited to any specific gender. Everyone can & Women’s Agenda possess a unique blend of feminine and masculine qualities Femininity Feminism Definition: Femininity encompasses the qualities, behaviours, and Definition: Feminism is a multifaceted concept that can be roles traditionally associated with being female. It's crucial to understood as: understand that femininity is not fixed and varies across cultures o A social movement aiming to empower women by and time periods. identifying, confronting, and changing gender inequalities. Types of Femininity: o A pursuit of rights, opportunities, and identities that o Traditional Femininity: This focuses on traits like caring, women deserve. gentleness, and modesty, often associated with roles such Patriarchy: Feminism views patriarchy as a system where males as caregiving and homemaking. hold superior power and economic privilege. Radical feminists o Assertive Femininity: This combines kindness with argue that male violence, including rape, is used to maintain male independence and confidence, allowing women to be dominance. They reject any assistance from men, believing men are strong and advocate for themselves while remaining responsible for global issues like war and poverty. caring. Types of Feminism: o Empowered Femininity: This encourages women to define femininity on their own terms, taking control of o Radical Feminism: This branch places the blame for their lives and expressing themselves authentically. women's oppression on men and male dominance. o Marxist Feminism: This perspective argues that capitalism Examples: is the root cause of women's oppression, highlighting their o Maria, a stay-at-home mother who cooks and cleans, economic exploitation. They believe a communist society exemplifies traditional femininity. is the solution. o Sarah, a confident woman who speaks up at work but o Liberal Feminism: This type focuses on achieving legal and remains kind, represents assertive femininity. political rights for women, emphasizing that gender roles are learned rather than innate. o Emma, a business owner who makes her own decisions, embodies empowered femininity. o Black Feminism: This focuses on the experiences of African-American women, recognizing the Beyond the Binary: It is essential to acknowledge that men can also intersectionality of racism and sexism. They argue that express femininity. Traits like caring, gentleness, and emotional Black women face a double burden of oppression.  Women's Agenda: individual identity and utilized technology like the internet for activism. o The women's agenda aims to promote gender equality by addressing the psychological and social factors that o Fourth Wave (Contemporary): Characterized by online influence women's identities and societal roles. activism, a focus on intersectionality, and addressing issues like sexual harassment and violence against women. o It pushes for legal reforms to protect and empower women. LGBTQIA+++ Psychology o Key areas of focus include: Definition: LGBTQIA+ psychology focuses on the experiences of individuals within the LGBTQIA+ community, addressing issues like ▪ Health: Ensuring equal access to healthcare, prejudice, discrimination, and identity development. It arose to addressing high maternal mortality rates, and counter the historical pathologization of homosexuality. recognizing the mental health challenges faced by women. Importance: ▪ Work: Advocating for equal pay, safe working o Challenges heteronormative biases in mainstream conditions, recognition of women's unpaid labor, psychology. and protection from discrimination and harassment. o Helps psychologists address the unique challenges faced by LGBTQIA+ individuals. ▪ Education: Promoting female literacy and ensuring equal access to education for girls and Historical Context: Early researchers like Magnus Hirschfeld and women. Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs paved the way for scientific investigation and advocacy for LGBTQIA+ rights. Waves of Feminism: Contemporary Relevance: LGBTQIA+ psychology remains crucial o First Wave (19th Century and Early 20th Century): due to ongoing mental health disparities and the need for Focused on women's suffrage (the right to vote). Key affirmative therapy approaches that affirm LGBTQIA+ identities. events include the Seneca Falls Convention and the formation of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Key Researcher: Charlotte J. Patterson is a prominent figure in LGBTQIA+ psychology. o Second Wave (1960s-1990s): Addressed issues like reproductive rights, sexuality, and workplace equality, Challenges and Misconceptions: coinciding with the Civil Rights Movement. o Misunderstandings about LGBTQIA+ psychology and o Third Wave (1990s): Embraced diversity and challenged confusion surrounding terminology persist. the idea of a single feminist perspective. Emphasized  o Discrimination and hostility towards LGBTQIA+ individuals feminism, particularly in areas like divorce and child custody. This remain prevalent in some parts of the world, leading to viewpoint is just one perspective and not universally accepted mental health disparities. within feminist discourse. Legal Landscape: While progress has been made in legalizing same- Multiple Masculinities: This concept acknowledges that there are gender sexual activity and marriage, many countries still criminalize various ways to express masculinity, shaped by factors like culture, homosexuality. class, race, and personal experiences. Aims of LGBTQIA+ Psychology: o Hegemonic Masculinity: The dominant and idealized form of masculinity, often associated with power, control, and o Challenge the heteronormative focus in society and success. research. o Protest Masculinity: A reaction against hegemonic o Provide affirmative perspectives on the lives of LGBTQIA+ masculinity, often found in marginalized men, individuals. characterized by rebellion or aggression. o Address historical biases and promote inclusivity in o Caring Masculinity: Embraces traditionally feminine traits psychology. like nurturing and empathy, challenging traditional gender Masculinity roles. Definition: Masculinity refers to the attributes, behaviours, and Impact on Men's Well-being: roles typically associated with men. o Rigid masculine norms can lead to negative consequences, Common Traits: Include physical strength, muscularity, and such as: assertiveness, although these vary across cultures. ▪ Difficulty expressing emotions and seeking help. Origin: The term "masculinity" comes from the Latin word ▪ Increased risk of depression and suicidal masculinus, meaning "male." behaviour. Cultural Influences: Different societies have varying expectations of ▪ Higher rates of alcohol consumption and related what constitutes masculinity. Western societies often emphasize problems. strength, independence, and leadership. o Men also contribute significantly to caregiving and Machismo: A form of masculinity that emphasizes power and domestic responsibilities, despite less societal focus on dominance, often disregarding consequences. these roles. Warren Farrell's View: In his book "The Myth of Male Power," Farrell argues that men face disadvantages due to excessive Group 6: Political-Legal Perspective on Gender and Sexuality in the o RA 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995: Declared Philippines sexual harassment unlawful in employment, education, and training environments. The intersection of gender and sexuality within the political and legal landscape of the Philippines presents unique challenges for o RA 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Their women. Children Act of 2004: Penalizes physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse and recognizes violence Gender-based violence is a significant problem in the Philippines. against women and children as a public crime. It is defined as violence targeted at an individual because of their gender, or violence that disproportionately affects people of a RA 9262: A Closer Look particular gender. It stems from an imbalance of power and seeks Protection: The law protects wives, former wives, partners to humiliate and make the victim feel inferior. (including lesbian partners), and children. Forms of Gender-Based Violence: Accountability: Holds husbands, ex-husbands, boyfriends, ex- Sexual violence: Includes rape, sexual assault, and any non- boyfriends, live-in partners, and lesbian partners accountable. consensual sexual act. Public Crime: Anyone with knowledge of violence against women Physical violence: Hitting, beating, or any form of physical harm. and children can file a complaint. Verbal violence: Verbal abuse, insults, and hate speech (online or Types of Violence Covered: Physical, psychological, economic, and in-person). sexual violence. Psychological/Emotional violence: Manipulation, threats, Legal Remedies and Protection Orders: intimidation, and emotional abuse. o Barangay Protection Order (BPO): Issued by the village Socio-economic violence: Controlling someone's access to chief, effective for 15 days (renewable). finances, education, or employment. o Temporary Protection Order (TPO): Issued by the court, Legal Framework and Key Laws effective for 30 days. The Philippines has enacted various laws to address violence o Permanent Protection Order (PPO): Issued after a court against women and promote gender equality. hearing, provides long-term protection. Key Legislation: Challenges in Implementing RA 9262 o RA 8353: Anti-Rape Law of 1997: Expanded the definition Lack of Awareness: Many women are unaware of their rights under of rape and classified it as a crime against persons. the law.  Cultural Barriers: Traditional gender roles and stigma may prevent o Development models often stem from Western histories reporting of abuse. of exploitation and have negatively impacted women. Limited Resources: Inadequate funding for shelters, legal aid, and o Women often face the burden of child-rearing while enforcement. working low-wage jobs. Role of Government and NGOs o The dominant economic system forces women to conform to its values, often leading to subordination and difficult Government Agencies: choices between economic success, family, and o Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): community. Provides shelters, counselling, and support services. Women in Food Production: o Philippine National Police - Women and Children o Play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and cultivating Protection Desk (PNP-WCPD): Specialised law nutritious food. enforcement unit. o Often lack access to land and land rights. o Judiciary: Issues Protection Orders and handles VAWC cases. Feminist Perspectives on Development Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): Emphasize women-led projects based on their experiences and aimed at emancipation. o Organizations like Gabriela and the Women’s Legal Bureau provide legal assistance, advocacy, and awareness Highlight the negative impacts of economic development on campaigns. women. Women's Rights and Development Critique economic systems focused on growth and accumulation as inherently anti-women and anti-environment. 1987 Philippine Constitution: Known for its progressive stance on gender equality. Article II, Section 14, recognizes the role of women Women, Culture, and Development (WCD) Approach in nation-building and guarantees equal rights for women and men. Offers a new model for empowering women as agents of change. Women's Right to Vote: Granted in 1937 following a national Supports women's self-liberation without imposing external ideas. plebiscite. Women and the Dominant Economic System: o Women are disproportionately affected by environmental destruction. Group 7: Laws and Policies on the Violence and Discrimination of the for harassment and violence against LGBTQIA+ Members of LGBTQIA individuals. I. Legal Framework Protecting LGBTQIA+ Rights in the Philippines o Republic Act No. 11166 (Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act): Strengthens the national response to the HIV/AIDS 1987 Philippine Constitution: The Constitution is the bedrock of all epidemic by protecting people living with HIV (PLHIV) laws in the Philippines. It upholds the dignity of every person and from discrimination in workplaces, schools, and other guarantees full respect for human rights and equal protection institutions. under the law for all citizens. These provisions are fundamental in protecting the rights of LGBTQIA+ individuals. o Republic Act No. 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013): Protects students from all forms of bullying, including SOGIE Equality Bill: This bill aims to criminalise discrimination gender-based bullying, making it a punishable offence. based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity or Expression (SOGIE). It promotes respect, protection, and fulfilment of rights o DepEd Child Protection Policy: Requires educational and dignities for all, regardless of SOGIE. However, it has faced institutions to foster an environment of respect for human challenges in its passage in the Senate. rights, protecting children from all forms of violence, abuse, neglect, and exploitation. It specifically includes o Key Points: protection from sexual abuse and gender-based ▪ Recognises that inequalities stemming from discrimination. prejudice and discrimination disproportionately o Presidential Decree No. 442 (Labor Code): Guarantees affect LGBTQIA+ individuals. equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race, or creed. ▪ Affirms fundamental rights for everyone, This protects LGBTQIA+ individuals from employment irrespective of SOGIE. discrimination. ▪ Ensures equal opportunities in social services, o Administrative Disciplinary Rules on Sexual Harassment employment, education, healthcare, legal Cases (Resolution No. 01-0940): Promotes a safe working protection, and justice. environment by enforcing laws and policies against gender-based sexual harassment, requiring authorities to ▪ Aims to break down barriers faced by vulnerable prevent and take action against such harassment. groups. o Republic Act No. 7877 (Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of Specific Laws Addressing Violence and Discrimination: 1995): Defines and penalises sexual harassment in work, education, or training settings, holding individuals in o Republic Act No. 11313 (Bawal Bastos Law): Covers all positions of authority accountable for such behaviour. forms of gender-based sexual harassment, including those based on SOGIE, in public spaces, educational institutions, workplaces, and online. It provides penalties II. Existing Challenges and Discrimination o Physical Harassment: Involves unwanted physical contact, such as obstructing someone's path, The sources highlight that despite legal protections, LGBTQIA+ inappropriate touching, kissing, hugging, patting, or individuals in the Philippines continue to experience discrimination. stroking. A 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United States Agency for International o Non-Verbal Harassment: Includes offensive gestures, Development (USAID) identified several areas of concern: sexually suggestive facial expressions, stalking, and sending sexually explicit emails, texts, or pictures. o Discrimination in educational institutions. o Visual Harassment: Involves the use of visual materials o Lack of access to resources and knowledge about like posters, drawings, pictures, and screensavers of a sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). sexual or harassing nature. o Sexual harassment in the workplace. The Victim/s: Anyone can be a victim or perpetrator of sexual o Stereotyping of gay men and underrepresentation of harassment, regardless of gender. lesbian and transgender people in media. IV. Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Harassment o Neglect and limited participation in politics. Natural/Biological Theory: This theory, criticised for perpetuating The sources also mention discrimination from the Catholic Church harmful stereotypes, suggests that men are biologically and in the military, although they do not provide further details on predisposed to pursue women sexually due to stronger sex drives. these issues. Sex Role Spillover Theory: Posits that inappropriate gender-based III. Sexual Harassment: Understanding the Issue assumptions influence how individuals interact with women in the workplace, contributing to sexual harassment. Definition: Sexual harassment encompasses unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, and other verbal or physical Organisational Theory: Focuses on how power dynamics within acts of a sexual nature, whether direct, indirect, or subtle. These hierarchical organisational structures create opportunities for acts can be a one-time occurrence or repeated. sexual harassment to occur. Forms of Sexual Harassment: Socio-cultural Theory: Argues that pre-existing societal sexism and gender imbalance make sexual harassment an expected outcome. o Verbal Harassment: Includes remarks about attire, demeanor, physical appearance, jokes of a sexual nature, Feminist Theory: Views sexual harassment as a consequence of a persistent requests for dates or sexual favours, sexual patriarchal system that upholds a dominant, conventional innuendos, spreading rumours about someone's sexual definition of masculinity, leading to the subjugation of women. life, threats, and sending suggestive messages. Group 8: Cross-Cutting Issues in Gender and Society ▪ Intersectionality: This concept underscores the interconnectedness of social categories such as Understanding "Cross-Cutting": In the context of gender and race, gender, class, sexuality, and ability, all of society, "cross-cutting" signifies examining how different facets of which contribute to an individual's lived society, particularly gender, intersect and influence one another. It experiences and opportunities. Analysing media involves comprehending the interconnectedness of these elements through an intersectional lens allows for a deeper and their collective impact on individual experiences. understanding of how individuals with Importance of Recognition: Recognising these cross-cutting issues intersecting identities are represented. is crucial as they highlight the multifaceted nature of gender ▪ Representational Intersectionality: This focuses inequality and its pervasive presence across various societal specifically on how cultural representations and domains. stereotypes within media content can either Key Areas of Cross-Cutting Issues: bolster or challenge intersectional discrimination. Examining this aspect helps Gender and Media: reveal how media can perpetuate or subvert existing inequalities. o Stereotyping: Media frequently perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes that restrict opportunities and fuel ▪ Dominant Ideologies: It is crucial to acknowledge discrimination. One instance is the portrayal of women that media texts are often battlegrounds for primarily in domestic and nurturing roles, contrasting with different ideological perspectives, each men depicted as strong and autonomous figures. representing distinct interests and wielding varying degrees of power. The dominant o Objectification: This involves diminishing individuals to ideologies reflected in media influence the types mere objects or commodities, disregarding their inherent of representations that gain prominence. value and complexity as human beings. Media often objectifies individuals, especially women, by fixating on ▪ Political Intersectionality: This dimension their physical attributes and sexual appeal while explores instances where political movements or neglecting their intelligence and personality. agendas might fall short of addressing the multifaceted needs and concerns of individuals o Media Representation: The manner in which individuals, with intersecting identities. It highlights the institutions, occurrences, and facts are depicted in the importance of inclusivity and representation in media significantly shapes public perception and political discourse. comprehension. Understanding the nuances of media representation is vital to analyse its role in shaping gender ▪ Tokenism: This refers to a superficial attempt at perceptions. diversity that merely creates an illusion of equality without enacting genuine inclusivity. Tokenistic representation in media often fails to  address the systemic issues that underlie gender-based harassment and violence, inequality. disproportionately affecting girls. This can manifest as physical violence, bullying related to o Progression of Media Representation: While media gender identity, and sexual harassment from representation has seen some positive shifts over time, peers or authority figures. challenges remain. For instance, coverage of the LGBTQ+ community in the Philippines has evolved from non- ▪ Teacher Training: Teachers play a crucial role in coverage and ridicule to limited portrayal, indicating shaping students’ perceptions of gender, progress but also highlighting the need for further highlighting the importance of equipping them inclusivity. with the tools and knowledge to address gender- related issues effectively. Insufficient training in Education, Health, and Mental Health: gender-sensitive pedagogy can contribute to o Educational Disparities: Unequal access to quality unconscious bias in the classroom. education based on gender remains a pressing concern. ▪ Challenges Faced by Transgender and Non- These disparities arise from barriers such as limited access Binary Students: These students encounter to schools and discriminatory practices within classrooms, unique challenges including discrimination, hindering educational attainment for certain groups. exclusion, lack of gender-neutral facilities, and ▪ Access to Education: Globally, gender parity in stigma impacting their mental well-being. They primary education has been achieved in only 49% also face legal hurdles in accessing healthcare of countries, and girls from low-income and obtaining recognition of their gender households often face diminished educational identity. opportunities due to family preferences o Deficient Access to Healthcare: Obstacles to healthcare favouring boys. access stem from factors like financial limitations, ▪ Curriculum Bias: Educational materials can discrimination, and a shortage of culturally competent perpetuate gender stereotypes and exclude the healthcare providers. The COVID-19 pandemic experiences of marginalised groups, shaping exacerbated these issues, further hindering access to students’ perceptions and reinforcing societal essential healthcare services, equitable job opportunities, inequalities. For example, textbooks often and mental health support, while also contributing to an portray men in positions of leadership and increase in domestic violence. innovation, while women are either absent or ▪ Access to Healthcare: Factors such as financial relegated to subservient roles. constraints, inadequate transportation, and ▪ School Environment and Safety: Schools, ideally restrictive cultural norms contribute to limited safe spaces for learning, can become sites of access to healthcare for women and other marginalised genders. Access to crucial services  such as contraception, prenatal care, and safe internalized stigma stemming from societal perceptions of childbirth remains a challenge for many women mental health. The internalization of negative stereotypes globally. about mental health can lead to feelings of shame and self-blame, further complicating the process of seeking ▪ Gender Differences in Health Outcomes: help and recovery. Maternal mortality remains a pressing global health concern, particularly in low-income ▪ Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders: Societal countries. In 2020 alone, 287,000 women died gender norms can exacerbate mental health during or following pregnancy and childbirth. issues. While men may be more likely to engage Furthermore, there are distinct patterns in in substance abuse and antisocial behaviour, chronic diseases, with men more susceptible to women are statistically more prone to mood heart disease while women are more prone to disorders like anxiety and depression. autoimmune disorders. ▪ Access to Mental Health Services: Stigma ▪ Health Education and Awareness: Health surrounding mental health presents a significant education programs often fall short of addressing barrier to accessing care, particularly for men and the specific health needs of diverse genders. other marginalised groups who may face societal While women’s health issues rightfully receive pressures to conceal their struggles. significant attention, men’s health concerns are ▪ Lack of Gender Sensitivity in Mental Health often overlooked, indicating a need for more Care: Mental healthcare services often lack the inclusive and comprehensive health education necessary gender sensitivity, and many initiatives. professionals are not adequately trained to ▪ Violence and Health: Gender-based violence, address the unique needs of diverse genders. encompassing domestic abuse, sexual assault, This lack of awareness and specialized training and female genital mutilation, can have severe can hinder effective treatment and support. and lasting health consequences for survivors. ▪ Impact of Gender-Based Violence: Gender- These experiences can also lead to negative based violence, including sexual assault, health behaviours, including substance abuse, harassment, and domestic abuse, has profound unsafe sexual practices, and avoidance of and lasting consequences for mental well-being. healthcare services. Survivors of such violence are at a heightened risk o Stigma and Shame: Individuals, particularly those of developing mental health conditions, grappling with mental health issues, face significant highlighting the need for trauma-informed care stigma, hindering their willingness to seek help or disclose and support systems. their concerns. This reluctance can be attributed to fear of judgment from healthcare providers and others, as well as  ▪ Impact of Gender Norms on Mental Health: o Unequal Pay: Women globally earn, on average, 23% less Internalized gender norms can lead to self-doubt, than men for comparable work, demonstrating a anxiety, and depression, negatively impacting persistent gender pay gap. self-esteem, relationships, and overall well- o Unequal Division of Unpaid Care and Domestic Work: being. The pressure to conform to societal Women bear a disproportionate burden of unpaid care expectations regarding gender roles and and domestic work, limiting their time and opportunities behaviours can be a significant source of stress for economic participation. Girls aged 5-14 globally spend and mental distress for individuals. 160 million more hours each day on unpaid care and The Gender Bread Person domestic work than boys of the same age, underscoring the early socialization into gendered roles. Purpose: This visual and conceptual tool elucidates the complexities of gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, Lack of Autonomy and Control: and sexual orientation, emphasizing that these elements exist on a o Limited Decision-Making Power: Only 52% of women and spectrum rather than as rigid binary categories. girls in East and Southern Africa have decision-making Components: power regarding their sexual and reproductive health and rights, highlighting a lack of bodily autonomy. o Gender Identity (Head): Represents an individual's internal perception of their own gender and how they o Harmful Traditional Practices: Practices such as female label themselves. genital mutilation and early marriage violate women’s and girls’ rights and jeopardize their health and safety. These o Gender Expression (Outward Appearance/Clothing): practices are deeply entrenched in some cultures and Reflects the external presentation of gender through require sustained efforts to eradicate. clothing choices, behaviours, hairstyles, and other social cues. ▪ Prevalence of Harmful Practices: In East and Southern Africa, 35% of girls aged 15-19 have o Sexual Orientation (Heart): Encompasses a person's undergone female genital mutilation, and 31% enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction were married by the age of 18. Additionally, the to others. region has an unintended pregnancy rate of 101 o Biological Sex (Genital Area/Reproductive Anatomy): per 1,000 women aged 15-49, underscoring the Refers to the physical traits, such as chromosomes, need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive hormones, and anatomy, typically associated with male, health education and services. female, or intersex bodies. Gender-Based Violence: Gender Inequality as a Cross-Cutting Issue o Prevalence: Gender-based violence is a global pandemic Economic Disparities: with devastating consequences. In 2018, 24% of women  and girls in East and Southern Africa experienced intimate SDG 4 (Quality Education): Education is a fundamental human right partner violence. and a key driver of sustainable development. Gender parity in education is crucial for empowering girls and ensuring their full o Global Reach: In nearly half of the 67 countries with participation in society. Barriers to education for girls, such as early available data, over 20% of ever-married adolescent girls marriage, discrimination, and lack of resources, perpetuate cycles have experienced physical or sexual violence inflicted by a of poverty and inequality. Educating girls has far-reaching positive husband or partner within the past year, highlighting the impacts on their health, economic prospects, and overall societal widespread nature of this issue. This pattern is observed progress. across regions, from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, emphasizing the need for SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth): Gender equality is a global action to address gender-based violence. prerequisite for inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Enabling women to participate fully in the workforce, with equal Slow Pace of Progress: Achieving gender equality is a long-term pay and opportunities, not only empowers women but also boosts endeavour. At the current rate of progress, it is estimated that it will productivity and reduces overall inequality. Removing take approximately 300 years to end child marriage, 286 years to discriminatory practices and promoting women's economic close legal protection gaps and eliminate discriminatory laws, 140 empowerment are essential for achieving sustainable and years for women to attain equal representation in positions of equitable economic growth. power and leadership in the workplace, and 47 years to achieve equal representation in national parliaments. SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities): SDG 5 directly addresses a core component of SDG 10, as gender discrimination is a major Interrelationship of SDG 5 (Gender Equality) with Other SDGs contributor to social and economic disparities. Reducing gender- SDG 1 (No Poverty): Gender inequality significantly contributes to based inequalities fosters fairness, strengthens social cohesion, and poverty. Women face higher poverty risks due to unequal access to promotes inclusive growth, benefitting all members of society. economic resources, education, and opportunities. Empowering SDG 13 (Climate Action): Climate change has disproportionate women economically is crucial to breaking cycles of poverty and impacts on women, particularly in vulnerable communities. improving the well-being of families and communities. Women often have fewer resources to adapt to environmental SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Gender equality is changes and play vital roles in managing resources sustainably. intrinsically linked to health outcomes. Women and girls often Integrating gender perspectives into climate action strategies is encounter barriers to healthcare access, especially regarding essential for building resilience and crafting effective responses to reproductive and sexual health services. Achieving SDG 5 would the climate crisis. Empowering women to participate in climate contribute to reduced maternal mortality rates, improved policy and decision-making processes can lead to innovative and reproductive health, and a decrease in violence against women, all sustainable solutions. of which are essential for overall well-being. SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions): Gender equality is a cornerstone of peaceful and just societies. Gender-based  violence and discrimination undermine justice, stability, and social Inequalities in Education and Employment: Discrimination based cohesion. Inclusive governance that values and incorporates on gender and sexuality creates significant disparities in access to women's voices is essential for fostering peace, transparency, and education and employment opportunities. Girls, particularly in accountability. marginalized communities, may face barriers to education due to poverty, early marriage, or restrictive gender norms that prioritize Challenges to Building a Just, Equitable, and Inclusive Society boys’ education. LGBTQ+ individuals often encounter workplace Gender Norms and Stereotypes: Traditional gender roles and discrimination, wage gaps, and limited career advancement due to expectations act as barriers to achieving societal equity. These prejudice and bias. stereotypes prescribe rigid behaviours and responsibilities based Legal and Policy Gaps: In many societies, laws and policies either on gender and sexual orientation, limiting opportunities for fail to adequately protect marginalized genders and sexualities or personal and societal growth. For instance, women are often actively discriminate against them. This can manifest as a lack of confined to caregiving roles while men are expected to dominate anti-discrimination legislation leaving LGBTQ+ individuals public and professional spheres. Similarly, LGBTQ+ individuals face vulnerable in public and private spaces, or laws that restrict pressure to conform to heteronormative standards, leading to women’s property ownership, inheritance rights, and access to exclusion and discrimination in workplaces and communities. reproductive healthcare. Intersectionality and Multiple Forms of Discrimination: Exclusion from Leadership and Decision-Making: Power Intersectionality recognizes that overlapping identities, such as imbalances persist in leadership and governance structures, with race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic women and LGBTQ+ individuals remaining underrepresented in status, create compounded layers of inequality. For example, political and corporate leadership roles. This exclusion stems from women of color often experience a convergence of biases that systemic biases and limits the diversity of perspectives in decision- restrict their access to education, healthcare, and economic making processes, hindering progress toward more equitable and resources. Similarly, LGBTQ+ individuals from minority just societies. communities face heightened vulnerability to violence and discrimination. Healthcare Disparities: Marginalized genders and sexualities continue to face unequal access to quality healthcare. This can Gender-Based Violence: Violence rooted in gender and sexuality is include inadequate access to reproductive health services and a persistent and widespread challenge that undermines individual maternal care for women in many regions, as well as stigma and safety and well-being. Women and LGBTQ+ individuals are discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ individuals in healthcare disproportionately affected by domestic violence, sexual settings, limiting their access to appropriate care. harassment, and hate crimes, highlighting the urgent need for prevention and support systems. Fear of stigma often prevents Cultural and Social Resistance: Efforts to advance gender and survivors from seeking justice or support, further perpetuating the sexual equity often encounter resistance rooted in entrenched cycle of violence. cultural beliefs and power dynamics. Conservative ideologies may oppose progressive policies, framing them as threats to traditional  values. Similarly, advocacy for LGBTQ+ rights can be met with imbalances and promoting diverse perspectives in decision- hostility, further marginalizing these communities. making. Positive and authentic portrayals of diverse identities in media play a crucial role in shaping public perceptions and Addressing the Challenges challenging harmful stereotypes. Promote Gender-Sensitive Education: Incorporating gender and sexuality education into school curricula from a young age is crucial for challenging stereotypes, fostering understanding and respect, and promoting equality. Comprehensive education can equip individuals with the knowledge and skills to critically examine gender norms and advocate for a more just society. Strengthen Legal Protections: Governments have a responsibility to enact and rigorously enforce laws that protect individuals from gender-based violence, workplace discrimination, and hate crimes. Robust legal frameworks that explicitly prohibit discrimination and provide mechanisms for redress are essential for holding perpetrators accountable and deterring future violations. Foster Community-Led Advocacy: Empowering grassroots organizations and community leaders to advocate for gender and sexual equity is critical. These groups often have deep understanding of local contexts and can effectively mobilize communities to demand change. Engaging allies from dominant groups to support these movements can amplify their impact and broaden their reach. Enhance Access to Inclusive Healthcare Services: Ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all genders and sexualities requires a multifaceted approach. This includes developing inclusive healthcare policies, training healthcare professionals to provide culturally competent care, and expanding access to gender- affirming and reproductive health services. Increase Representation in Leadership and Media: Encouraging the representation of women and LGBTQ+ individuals in leadership positions across sectors is essential for challenging power