Study Guide #1 PDF

Exam #1 Study Guide Chapter One The different schools of thought Functionalism: focused on individual differences in and functions of the mind. Interest in evolutionary explanations of behavior. Behaviorism: focused on the study of observable behavior without interest in sex differences in behavior...

Exam #1 Study Guide Chapter One The different schools of thought Functionalism: focused on individual differences in and functions of the mind. Interest in evolutionary explanations of behavior. Behaviorism: focused on the study of observable behavior without interest in sex differences in behavior Psychoanalysis: approaches sex and gender differences in the context of personality development Social Learning Theory: belief that people learn through observation Cognitive Development Theory: emphasizes the development of cognition in childhood and adolescence, allowing for understanding of gender Sex defined at birth Sex: The biological and physiological characteristics that define a person as male or female Gender: a social construction and categorization of how you define yourself as male or female Interpreting behavior from our own cultural viewpoint Minimalists: people who believe that men and women are fundamentally the same Maximalists: fundamental differences exist, but can fall on either side of nature vs nurture debate Essentialists: differences are rooted in biological explanations Definitions/differences between cisgender, transgender, intersex, transexual, gender fluid and gender normative and gender consistency Cisgender: gender normative, your assigned sex at birth aligns with your identity Transgender: individuals who feel their biological, or assigned sex at birth does not match their gender identity Intersex: individuals who typically have ambiguous genitalia at birth (not considered male or female) Transexual: transgender individuals who have not medically transitioned to another gender, but appear as their chosen sex Gender fluid: not adhering or identifying as male or female Gender normative: adhering to or reinforcing societal standards of masculinity/femininity Gender consistency: ability to understand that gender is not changed by external factors (usually happens between ages 6 and 7) Video games and sexual harassment Video games exaggerate gender stereotypes. Female characters portrayed as hyperfeminine and sexualized. Males were powerful and aggressive, hostile and athletic. Video games present women as objects of pleasure for men. This can lead to cognitive biases against women and behavioral consequences in men toward women. Differences between the different types of feminism Liberal feminism: desire to end gender discrimination based on the sex of individuals Radical feminism: assumes that history has consisted of male dominance and female oppression Cultural feminism: celebrates traditional characteristics of women Locational feminism: understanding the interconnectedness of privileges associated with race, ethnicity, gender, and social status Chapter Two Emic perspectives: gaining an understanding of a culture from the insider’s perspective Etic perspectives: gaining understanding of a culture from an analytical distance approach Case study strengths: extensive information can be gathered, but just limited to one individual Statistical significance: probability of rejecting the null hyp to determine whether the findings are due to the independent variable or not The file drawer dilemma Studies that do not result in significant findings are less likely to be published Correlation between variables how an increase in one affects the other Closer correlation to one in a variable indicates that there is a relationship Scientists’ subjectivity and effects on results Subjectivity: personal biases influence the way researchers collect and analyze data Chapter Three Stereotypes: overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about people in a recognized category Stereotypes associated with women: women are emotional, submissive, subjective, collaborative, gentle, pious, tactful, reserved Sex stereotypes and exaggeration sex stereotypes are based on real differences between women and men, but have been overexaggerated and oversimplified Kernel of truth theory would say women are really emotional and men are really aggressive, but our stereotypes exaggerate these characteristics Differences between cross-sex typed, undifferentiated, androgynous and sex- typed Cross-sex typed: gender does not match your sex Undifferentiated: similar to androgynous, do not conform to gendered expectations Sex-typed: gender matches your sex Division of labor between men and women theory Social role theory: there are differences between men and women that attribute to the division of labor and social roles Measures of masculinity/femininity Masculine-feminine construct: sex differences and item response, things can be affected by education, age, and social class Bem-sex role inventory: individuals can possess varying degrees go masculinity and femininity Gender-role conflict Emotional expression based on ones sex assigned at birth, strain occurs when these roles have certain expectations that are violated. This causes a conflict between gender and negative consequences for oneself. Chapter Four Purpose of hormones They control and regulate physiological responses such as growth Aggressive behavior and testosterone Research shows that testosterone is associated with aggressive and impulsive tendencies Female vs male gonads Ovaries and Testes, the reproductive organs in the endocrine system that produce steroid hormones necessary for reproductive development and function Know differences between Klinefelter syndrome: a male condition where there is an extra x sex chromosome (more body hair, sex drive, high risk of social difficulties such as autistic traits) Triple X syndrome: there are three X sex chromosomes (females have no symptoms but are tall) Turner syndrome: A chromosomal condition that occurs before or at conception when there is complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome (rare, 1:2,0000, short - under 5’) 47, XYY: extra sex chromosome in males (most are taller) Androgen insensitivity and intersexed Androgen insensitivity syndrom (AIS): unresponsive to androgenic hormones, males are unable to respond to the male sex hormones, developing the external sex characteristics of females but having internal male genitalia (infants are identified as female. Because these individuals are genetically male and have masculine internal genitalia, they are considered intersexed. Intersexed: a condition where an individual either possesses sexual anatomy that is ambiguous or the external genitalia do not match their internal organs Female infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia at birth CAH: disordered adrenal cortex, meaning the outer part of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones and mineralocorticoid hormones (increased androgens making the body retain sodium, females have ambiguous genitals) Chromosomes x and y and sex at birth Mullerian ducts: Two x chromosomes produce a female. Wolffian: X and Y chromosome produce a male. Embryo has both until hormone production begins. Differentiation depends on the presence or absence of testosterone. Differences have researchers identified between female and male human brains Caden 2012 found that male brains are larger overall. Considering overall body size, brain size is not meaningful. Women have thicker cortical area and greater cortical activity connections. The corpus callosum receives the most attention from women. Increased direction of independence of diffusion in CC explains sex differences in communicate cognitive, motor, and sensory info. Chapter Five Freud’s psychosexual stages Oral: birth-18 mnths - babies receive gratification from eating, biting, speech Anal: 18-3 yrs - children receive pleasure from retaining and releasing bowel movements, demonstrating independence, if parents are too controlling kids will imitate Phallic: 3-6 yrs - boys and girls become attracted to their other gender parent, resolution comes from repressing this attraction and identifying their same-sex parent Latency: 6 yrs-adolescence - focal point for sexual gratification. Children focus on sam- gender friendships Genital: adolescence-adulthood - puberty, sexual desires, and genitals seeking gratification, pleasure seeking Critiques of Freud’s understanding of women Freud is critiqued for being androcentric: written from a male model perspective. He acknowledged basing his findings of girls on what we know about boys. Portrayed women as lesser than men. Social learning theory and gender development Bandura suggests that children do not need to directly experience the reinforcement or punishment for gendered behavior, but observe others being re/pun to learn how to behave. Gender development occurs from direct experiences of re/pun and through observation and repeating models of gender behavior of others in the environment. Beginning of shaping gendered behavior Begins before the child is born if parents know the sex, they start buying things deemed gender appropriate for that sex. Womb envy Jealousy of women’s ability to reproduce. To combat this, men seek success Reason target has removed boys and girls signs They want to phase out gender-based signage to help strike better balance. Ex: kids bedding will not be for boys or for girls, just kids. When children understand that gender, or sex, is a permanent attribute Gender constancy: when children understand that gender or sex is a permanent attribute tied to biological characteristics Chapter Six The basic universally recognized emotions Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness Families raising a gender non-conforming child Transformer family: parents who worked through their own identity and are able to handle the anxiety they have experienced by having a child who is gender non- conforming, or does not adhere to traditional gender stereotypes or expectations associated with sex assigned at birth. Gender identity disorder" shifted to "gender dysphoria” in the new DSM Gender dysphoria: a diagnosis not restricted by age parameters, involving distress associated with misalignment with sex assigned at birth or gender. They wanted to move away from the word disorder. Gender intensification A time when adolescents feel pressure to further conform to gender role expectations and reinforce traditional behaviors. In the past treatment of individuals who were non gender conforming Individuals who were non-conforming tend to suffer from bullying from peers. Strong adherence to gender-stereotypical behaviors Gender role stress: the degree to which an individual experiences stress when adhering to roles of their sex Chapter Seven Examples of physical aggression and Relational aggression Physical aggression: more common in boys (punching, play fighting, etc) Relational agression: more common in girls (covert behaviors, social exclusion, establishing rules in friend groups) sex differences in aggression first appear In early childhood like pre-school proactive aggression Proactive: Goal-directed, lack of emotion or physical arousal Reactive aggression: defensive response to being provoked gender role ideologies IPV: intimate partner violence: physical or psychological mistreatment to gain control, power, or authority in an intimate relationship IPV is caused by gender roles; more women are at risk than men Those who held traditional gender ideologies would be more accepting of IPV Fill in the Blanks, make sure to know these! Two short answer questions. This is not an essay be clear and concise and do so within 100 word count or less. 1. The four components of gender identity The four components of gender identity are the gender typicality, contentedness, conformity, and intergroup bias. Typicality is knowing your gender category and feeling that you are a typical member of that category. Connectedness is the feelings of compatibility and contentment between your biological sex and gender category. Conformity is feelings of pressure for gender conformity. Intergroup bias is preferential attitudes toward one’s gender group. 2. Two types of aggression Two types of aggression are submissive and disharmonious emotions. Submissive emotions are sadness and anxiety, needing comfort from others. Disharmonious emotions are anger and disharmonious happiness, meaning pleasure from success over others.