Philippine Architecture During Spanish Colonial Era PDF

Philippine Architecture during the Spanish Colonial Era T-ARCH315 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PRESENTED BY: AR. GIDEON T. BAUTISTA, UAP By the end of the lecture, students will be able to critically analyze and articulate the distinctive features, influences, and evolution of Philippine architecture d...

Philippine Architecture during the Spanish Colonial Era T-ARCH315 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PRESENTED BY: AR. GIDEON T. BAUTISTA, UAP By the end of the lecture, students will be able to critically analyze and articulate the distinctive features, influences, and evolution of Philippine architecture during the Spanish Colonial Era, understanding its socio-cultural, religious, and political significance, as well as its lasting impact on the country's architectural heritage. Course Objective 1.Colonial Urbanism in the Philippines 2.Manila as the Colonial Intramural City 3.The Great Urban and Architectural Transformation 4.Arquitectura Meztiza 5.Intramuros: The Bastion of Authority 6.Extramuros: Living Beyond the Walls 7.Military Architecture and Defense Installations 8.Edifices for Religious Conversion 9.Edifices for Colonial Administration 10.Educational and Scientific Facilities 11.Bahay na Bato: The Realm of Aristocratic Domesticity 12.Infrastructure and Industrial Course Overview COLONIAL URBANISM IN THE PHILIPPINES Colonial Urbanism refers to the design, development, and organization of cities and towns during periods of colonial rule. It is characterized by the imposition of the colonizers' urban planning practices, architectural styles, and socio-political structures onto the colonized regions. PART 1: The story of architecture under Spain begins with the permanent occupation of the island in 1565. The arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s expedition in Cebu that year ushered in an important phase in developing architecture and urbanism in the Philippines. In 1571, the Spaniards successfully occupied Manila. They established Colonial Settlements, Chapels and Forts. Spanish colonialism had changed the face of the built environment in the Philippines as much as it had altered the social and economic conditions. The main ingredients in the urban transformation of the Philippine colonial landscape included the following: 1. The establishment of Reduccion Reduccion is a forced urbanization program and resettlement. The colonial space was redesigned according to the urbanizing program. Resettlement of indigenous lowland population in larger urban communities to accelerate the process of politico-religious transformation. They were forced to consolidate into compact villages. The villages were literally in Bajos dela Campanas (under the bells). This sanctioned control of natives’ everyday lives by allowing the clergy to wake the villagers daily, summon them to mass, and subject them to catechism. There were natives who resisted and fled to the mountains. 2. The creation of land-use patterns through the Encomienda system. Encomienda refer to as where the concept of land as a private property and capital was introduced. 3. The institution of a hierarchical settlement system. Pueblos – capitals or towns Cabeceras – (head) the core of the municipality or poblacion Barrios – adjacent barangays Estancias – large ranches or first haciendas 2. The creation and structuring of towns according to Cuadricula model of planning. Cuadricula is a system of streets and blocks laid out with uniform precision in a hierarchical fashion where the Central Plaza or Plaza Mayor sympolizes power. Intramuros was the capital of the colony and the Plaza Mayor was at its center. As such, we can say that the Plaza Mayor was the heart of the entire Philippines. The Laws of the Indies were a set of laws and regulations issued by the Spanish Crown (Philip II in 1573) in the 16th century to govern the colonies in the Americas and the Philippines. These laws included guidelines on many aspects of colonial administration, including the establishment and planning of new towns and cities, and are one of the earliest examples of formal urban planning. Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias) 1851 Plan of the walled city of Manila (Instramuros) with elements of colonial planning present following the Laws Of The Indies. Town Planning and Layout: The laws prescribed a standardized grid layout for new towns, with streets running at right angles to form square or rectangular blocks. A central plaza, or Plaza Mayor, was to be the town's focal point, surrounded by the most important buildings, such as the church, government offices, and residences of prominent citizens. Key Aspects of the Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias) Hierarchy of Spaces: The plaza was considered the heart of the city, symbolizing the power and order of Spanish rule. Surrounding the plaza, the most important institutions were placed, including the church, town hall, and the homes of officials, while residential areas for ordinary citizens and indigenous populations were located further out. Proportions and Dimensions: The laws specified the sizes of streets, blocks, and the central plaza to ensure uniformity and order. Streets were to be wide enough to allow for the passage of carriages and the transport of goods, reflecting the commercial and administrative needs of the colony. Key Aspects of the Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias) Orientation and Climate Consideration: The orientation of streets and the placement of buildings were designed with the local climate in mind. For example, streets were aligned to allow for optimal air circulation, reducing heat in hot climates. Defense and Accessibility: The layout also considered defense against attacks, with towns often located on elevated terrain and fortified with walls or other defenses. Moral and Religious Order: The placement of churches and religious institutions near the center of the town emphasized the role of the Catholic Church in daily life and governance. The laws were also intended to promote a moral and disciplined society, according to Spanish Catholic values. Key Aspects of the Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias) The Cuadrícula (Spanish for "grid") refers to the grid-like layout that was a fundamental aspect of urban planning in Spanish colonial cities, particularly as outlined in the Laws of the Indies. This urban design concept emphasized a highly organized and orderly approach to city planning, reflecting both practical and symbolic goals of colonial rule. It was a consequence of the ideal Greco-Roma city concept. Cuadricula 5. The introduction of building typologies and construction technologies through colonial infrastructures. Colonial infrastructures were constructed of sturdier and more permanent building materials. Distinguish itself from the flimsy indigenous architecture. MANILA AS THE INTRAMURAL COLONIAL CITY June 24, 1571: Legazpi officially inaugurated a municipal council and proclaimed Manila as the capital of the new territories under the Spanish crown. King Philip II of Spain awarded the city the coat of arms as Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City). PART 2: New activities were introduced which necessitated the creation of novel institutions and characterizing urban life. Slowly a city was created in accordance with Hispanic Law and urban heritage - the new capital, Manila City. Founded in 1571 by the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, Manila was established on the site of a pre-existing settlement. The old Manila, then Intramuros, was then under the rule of Governor-General Santiago de Vera and was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno and was designed according to the Laws of the Indies. The city was strategically located along the Pasig River and Manila Bay, making it an ideal site for trade, defense, and governance. The succeeding governor-general, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas brought with him from Spain the royal instructions to carry into effect the said decree stating "to enclose the city with stone and erect a suitable fort at the junction of the sea and river". Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls. THE GREAT URBAN & ARCHITECTURAL TRANSFORMATION The progressing colonial Manila. PART 3: After a decade, Manila could claim to possess urban elements common with most established Spanish cities - a Central Plaza, a Cabildo (Municipal Building), a general market, wooden ports, a garrison for Soldiers, the residence of the Governor-General, the residence of Bishops, Cathedral and townsfolk houses. Yet, Manila was not spared its share of disasters and tribulations, persistently preyed upon by pirates of the sea and earthquakes and conflagrations. The City quarter has to be surrounded spiked log palisades. Most of the early settlements were constructed using wood, bamboo, and nipa thatch. Edifices built by Spaniards were non-permanent, abundant, and highly combustible materials. A fire from the vigil candles that rapidly reduced the entire city to ashes reinforced the need to utilize more durable building materials. It prompted the next Governor-General, Santiago De Vera, to order that all buildings of the city be constructed of stone and tiles. B r i c k s o r L a dr i l l o s ( U s e s Kil n s o r H o r n o s ) B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s Tej a D e C u r va o r V - s h a p e d R o o f T i l e B a l d o s a s ( s q u a r e f l o o r til e s ) B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s A d o b e S t o n e ( v o l c a nic s o f t s t o n e ) S i l l e r i a o r D e C a l y C a n t o ( e dific e s o f c u t s t o n e s ) B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s P l a c u ñ a P e l u c i d a ( c a piz s h e l l s ) Madera (hard wood) Building Materials ARQUITECTURA MEZTIZA In 1645, a devastating earthquake shattered the ambitious plans of the Spaniards and it marked a turning point in the development of architecture in the Philippines - the birth of Arquitectura Mestiza. PART 4: Arquitectura Mestiza refers to a unique architectural style that emerged in the Philippines, as a result of the blending of indigenous, European (primarily Spanish), and sometimes Asian influences. The term "mestiza" reflects the concept of "mestizaje, " or cultural mixing, which is a hallmark of colonial societies where diverse cultural, social, and artistic traditions came together. Arquitectura Mestiza Arquitectura Mestiza is a term coined by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina in 1688 with the structures built partly of wood and partly stone - used wood and wooden frames on the upper floor and stone on its ground floor to make it resistant to earthquakes. Indigenous building techniques, materials, and decorative motifs were often integrated into structures designed by European architects. The Cathedrals exceeded more than two floors and had walls of about three meters thick. The interiors often featured a mix of European religious iconography with local artistic expressions, such as indigenous floral and geometric patterns carved into altars and retablos (altarpieces). San Agustin Church, Intramuros The character was then partly influenced by amateurs and artisans but mainly executed by the Maestros de Obrad or Master Builders. Buildings were adapted to the local climate, with features like thick walls to keep interiors cool, large windows for ventilation, and wide eaves or arcades to provide shade from the sun and rain. Wood joineries like dovetails were used in the construction process INTRAMUROS: THE BASTION OF AUTHORITY The historic walled city of Manila and the center of Spanish colonial power and authority in the Philippines. As the fortified heart of Spanish rule, Intramuros was more than just a city; it was a symbol of Spanish dominance, religious influence, and administrative control over the archipelago for over three centuries. PART 5: A 1734 map of Intramuros, from the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas 1851 Plan of the walled city of Manila (Instramuros) with elements of colonial planning present following the Laws Of The Indies. Founded in 1571 by the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, Manila was established on the site of a pre-existing settlement. The old Manila, then Intramuros, was then under the rule of Governor-General Santiago de Vera and was planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno and was designed according to the Laws of the Indies. The city was strategically located along the Pasig River and Manila Bay, making it an ideal site for trade, defense, and governance. The succeeding governor-general, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas brought with him from Spain the royal instructions to carry into effect the said decree stating "to enclose the city with stone and erect a suitable fort at the junction of the sea and river". Leonardo Iturriano, a Spanish military engineer specializing in fortifications, headed the project. Chinese and Filipino workers built the walls. Intramuros Patterned after the medieval city fortress of Europe, Intramuros was called the “Spanish Walled City” or “Manila Walled City. ” With an overall 3,916 meters of pentagonal perimeter walls of volcanic tuff (adobe) and brick filled in with earth, native labor (Filipino and Chinese) was used to build the walls. Intramuros: Bastion System Style The Walls or Cortinas: Intramuros was enclosed by massive stone walls, built to protect the city from foreign invaders, particularly Dutch and Chinese pirates. The walls, which were up to 6.7 meters (22 feet) thick and 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) long, included several bastions, gates, and a moat. Entry to the city was controlled through 8 gates (puertas): The Gates Facing WEST Puerta de Banderas: This gate was built in 1662 as the Governor-General's gate when the first Governor's palace was still located in Fort Santiago. It was destroyed during an earthquake and was never rebuilt. Puerta de Postigo: Postigo means "postern" or a small gate in Spanish. This gate was named after the nearby Palacio del Gobernador. The gate was then renovated in 1782 under the direction of military engineer Tomás Sanz. Puerta de Santa Lucia: The gate is one of the original entrances to Intramuros when the walls were built in 1603. It underwent improvements in the late 18th century under Governor-General José Basco y Vargas in 1787. (see right photo) The Gates Facing SOUTH Puerta Real: The original Real Gate (Royal Gate) was built in 1663 at the end of Calle Real de Palacio (now General Luna Street) and was used exclusively by the Governor-General for state occasions. It was located west of the Baluarte de San Andrés and faced the old village of Bagumbayan. The Gates Facing EAST Puerta del Parián: The gate was named after the "Parián de Arroceros" , one of the earliest concentrations of Chinese merchants located across the city where the Metropolitan Theater now stands. Built in 1593, it is one of the earliest entrances to Intramuros. The Gates Facing NORTH Puerta de Almacenes: It was built in 1690 for trading with the other side of the river and continually renovated until its completion in 1739. The gate lasted until 1903 when American military engineers demolished the walls for widening the river wharves along Intramuros. Puerta de Isabel II: The last gate to be built in Intramuros was opened in 1861 as a solution to the heavy pedestrian traffic outside Parian Gate to the Puente de España (Bridge of Spain) and Binondo. In front of it is the Queen Isabel II statue honoring the then-reigning Spanish monarch. Puerta de Santo Domingo/Puerta de Aduana: This gate is named after the nearby old Santo Domingo Church, and was built in the 18th century during the renovation of the riverside defenses. It opened to the river wharves, but American engineers tore down the gate and fortifications in 1903 to open a road to Intramuros from Magallanes Drive. Fort Santiago: Fort Santiago, built in 1571, is a citadel or castle built by Spanish navigator and governor Miguel López de Legazpi for the newly established city of Manila in the Philippines. Fort Santiago forms one fortification of the walled city of Intramuros. Now declared it as “Shrine of Freedom” in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal. Stone landings artillery or Casa Matas: Stone landings on top of cortinas of which artillery weapons were propped up. Baluarte De San Diego (Bastion): Bastions are four-sided bulwarks skirting cortinas on both ends. A fortified bastion is shaped like an ace of spades with Baluarte De San Diego dating back to 1586, making it one of the oldest stone fortifications in Intramuros. Garita or Watch Tower: Little sentry boxes or turrets rested on corners where sentinels kept watch. R e b e l in : M a s siv e s t r u c t u r e b rid g e a t t h e e n t r a n c e. Fo s o o r M o a t : Wid e t r e n c h a r o u n d t h e w a l l s t h a t is u s u a l l y fil l e d wit h w a t e r. EXTRAMUROS: LIVING BEYOND THE WALLS Life and communities that developed outside the fortified boundaries of Intramuros. The areas outside its walls—referred to as "Extramuros"—were home to a diverse and vibrant mix of people, cultures, and activities that were crucial to the overall life of the city and the colony. PART 6: Spanish term for “outside the walls, ” Extramuros includes other villages, towns, and arrabales (suburbs) located beyond the walls of Intramuros - some are Pueblo de Tondo, Pueblo de Quiapo, Pueblo de Binondo, Isla de Binondo, Pueblo de Malate, Ermita and Sta. Cruz Dilao Church authorities began to expand its mission into Binondo, Quiapo, Ermita, and Malate. Extramuros Pueblo de Malate: Home of ambitious maharlika (nobleman), tradesman amassed their wealth from the new imperial order. Pueblo de Tondo: Was identified as unprivileged natives who regularly provided fresh foodstuff for the market of Manila. It is the oldest recorded settlement in Manila. Tondo was ruled by Lakan Dula when Miguel López de Legazpi reached Manila, during which the great Lakan made pact with the Adelantado to submit to colonial powers. Pueblo de Quiapo: The town of Quiapo was officially established by Governor General Santiago de Vera in 1586 coinciding with the establishment of the parish of San Juan Bautista. In 1639, the church was destroyed during the Chinese uprising but was rebuilt in stone in slow intervals. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE AND DEFENSE INSTALLATIONS The building of garrisons, naval constructions, and fortresses was a military strategy to safeguard and protect the Spanish colonial possessions. Patterned to European Style and characterized by heavy stonewalls, moats, and grid road layouts. PART 7: Fort San Pedro, Cebu (1565): Was built under the command of Miguel López de Legazpi, the first governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines. Initially a wooden fortification, it is the oldest triangular bastion fort in the country. It served as the nucleus of the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. Fort Santiago, Manila (1590): Forms one fortification of the walled city of Intramuros, it was named after the Saint James (Santiago in Spanish), the patron saint of Spain. Approximately 600 American prisoners of war died of suffocation and hunger in its dungeons after being caged in extremely tight quarters. The filthy water of the nearby Pasig River also seeps in during high tide leaving its ground damp most of the time. Fort Santiago, Manila (1590): Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, spent his last days holed up in Fort Santiago before being marched off to Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) where he was executed by firing squad. Fort San Felipe, Cavite (1617): Fort San Felipe (Spanish: Fortaleza de San Felipe; Filipino: Moog ng San Felipe Neri) is a military fortress in Cavite City made for its protection. As early as 1591, Gov. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas recognized the strategic importance of Cavite Puerto as the gateway to the City of Manila and moved toward its fortification. Fort San Felipe, Cavite (1617): The structure is made of granite blocks, with walls approximately 30 feet high. A wide stairway leads to the top of the port where a concrete house can be found. The fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri, known as the "Second Apostle of Rome, " in the 16th century. Fuerzade Nuestra Senora del Rosario, Iloilo (1617): Fort San Pedro, also called Fuerza de la Nuestra Señora del Rosario when an image of the Our Lady of the Holy Rosary or Nuestra Senora del Rosario was found, was a military defense structure in Iloilo City, Philippines. It was built in 1602 by Pedro Bravo de Acuña to protect the city from Moro and Dutch attacks and was destroyed during World War II. Fuerzade Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Zaragoza, Zamboanga (1635): A stone fort in defense against pirates and raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and Jolo. The cornerstone of the fort, originally called Real Fuerza de San José (Royal Fort of Saint Joseph), was laid by Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit priest-engineer, on June 23, 1635, which also marks the founding of Zamboanga as a city. EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION On 14 April 1521, Rajah Humabon was christened Carlos in honor of Rei Carlos I de España. While his chief consort, Hara Humamay was given the name Juana, after Charles' mother, Reina Juana del Castillo. PART 8: The Baptism of Humabonand Humaymay and Image of The Holy Child is the beginning of the oldest-founded church in the Philippines, the Basilica de Sto.Niño de Cebu in 1565. Then, families, dependents, and relatives met for some special rituals in private places called Simbahan according to Padre Francisco de San Antonio, OFM. Order of St. Augustine or Augustinians (1565): Establishment of the oldest stone church, the Iglesia-Monasterio de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita (now San Agustin Church in Intramuros). Order of Friar Minor or Franciscans (1578): Establishment of the Iglesia de Nuestra Señorade Los Angeles y San Fransisco de Asis (later San Francisco Church in Intramuros). Was destroyed during World War II. The site has been occupied by Mapúa University since the war. Order of Friar Minor or Franciscans (1578): Establishment of the Iglesia y Convento de la Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de los Padres Franciscanos Descalzos (just beside the former church). Was also destroyed during the World War II. Order of Society of Jesus or Jesuits (1581): Establishment of the Iglesia de San Ignacio that was designed for the Jesuits by architect Félix Roxas Sr.. It was known as their "Golden Dream" but was destroyed during World War II. Its interiors, embellished with carvings, had been designed by Isabelo Tampinco. Order of Preachers or Dominicans (1587): Establishment of the Santo Domingo Church and Convent of the Dominican Order. First built in 1588. The fifth church was inaugurated in 1868 and was designed by the first Filipino architect Felix Roxas Sr. in neo-Gothic design. Destroyed again in 1941 towards the end of World War II. Order of Augustinian Recollects or Recoletos (1606): Establishment of the San Nicolas de Tolentino Recoletos. The church was bulldozed after World War II, and Manila Bulletin currently occupies its place. Order of Friar Minor Capuchin (late 18th century): Establishment of the Lourdes Church and Convent. The first chapel was built in 1892. Dedicated to our Lady of the Divine Shepherd (Divina Pastora) and was the last major church ever to be constructed inside the walls of Intramuros. Destroyed towards the end of World War II. Adobe and Volcanic Tuff (Central Parts of Luzon) Building Materials Coralline and Lime Stone (Visayas and Mindanao) S a n d s t o n e ( P a n a y I s l a n d ) B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s B r i c k s ( N o r t h e r n L u z o n ) Levels of the Roman Catholic church: 1.Basilica 2.Cathedral 3.Parish 4.Chapels Monastic/Religious Congressional (Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery, etc.) 5. Iglesia Cathedral The principal church of a diocese housing the cathedra or bishop throne. In every cathedral, there is a Bishop and a Bishop’s Palace called Arzobispado or Obispado. Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia, Vigan Archdiocese of Nueva Caceres, Naga Archdiocese of Manila, Manila Archdiocese of Palo, Leyte Church Characteristics and Features Highest Terrain in the community. Dominican Cagayan Valley’s exposed bricks with ascending or undulating volutes are topped with Finials and detailed kilned ornaments. Church Characteristics and Features Churches are also Fortresses. Churches has unrelated and eclectic styles. Church Characteristics and Features Churches have locally mediated ornaments. Twin churches. Church Characteristics and Features Churches uses steel. Parts of the Church Facada Prinicipal y Facada Postigo or the main facade. Contra Fuerte or butresses. Parts of the Church Zaguan or narthex (enclosed porch). Pilade Agua Bendita or Holy Water Stoup. Parts of the Church Coro or choir loft. Campanario or Bell tower/ Belfry. Parts of the Church Retablo Menor or minor altarpiece. Baptisterio or baptistery. Parts of the Church Retablos, the decorative altarpiece that serves as the backdrop for altars and table called Retablo Mayor Pulpito or pulpit. Parts of the Church Bangko or pews (long bench with a back. Tribuna or tribune meaning “raised platform” serves as the seat for official functions. Parts of the Church Prybesterio/Santuario or sanctuary. Comulgatorio or communal rail. Parts of the Church Sacristia or sacristry (room where priests change into their vestments). Camarin or pilgrim’s area. Parts of the Church Convento or convent ( residence of a parish priest, or house in which a group of nuns live). Cementerio/Osuario or cemetery. Parts of the Church Campo Santo or burial grounds. Mortuario or mortuary (a funeral home or morgue). Parts of the Church Beaterio or nunnery convent (meant for orphaned girls who could not afford to educate themselves). The oldest Nunnery Convents: the Beaterioy Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena (top) and Monasteriode Santa Clara (left) EDIFICES FOR COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION The architecture for Spanish colonial administration in the Philippines reflects the blend of European styles with local influences, designed to assert authority, facilitate governance, and support religious and military functions. The Spanish colonial administration's architectural legacy is evident in government buildings, churches, schools, and military fortifications across the archipelago. PART 9: Located in Intramuros, Manila, the Ayuntamiento was the seat of the colonial city government. This building housed the Real Audiencia (the high court) and other government offices. Its architecture featured neoclassical elements, with symmetrical layouts, columns, and a formal, imposing appearance to symbolize the power of the colonial administration. Casa del Ayuntamiento Also in Intramuros, this building served as the residence and office of the Spanish governor-general, the highest colonial official in the Philippines. The building's architecture was influenced by Spanish Baroque and Renaissance styles, characterized by grand facades, arched windows, and ornate detailing. Palacio del Gobernador General Is the headquarters of Customs and Finance House known for its Classicist style. Real Casa de la Aduana EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, educational and scientific facilities played a significant role in shaping the intellectual and cultural development of the colony. These institutions were primarily established by religious orders, particularly the Dominicans, Jesuits, and Augustinians, and were instrumental in the spread of Catholic education, European scientific knowledge, and colonial ideology. PART 10: The missionary task of bringing education, health care, and social welfare to the Indigenous subjects was zealously fulfilled by the various religious orders. Two types of school buildings surfaced during the Spanish period: 1. “Colegio” or “Universidad” found in urban areas 2. “Escuela Primaria” found in different pueblos Colegiode San Ildefonso (1595-1769) Located in Cebu City and is known as the first educational institution established in Asia by Europeans outside Manila. Currently, the University of San Carlos, CEBU under SVD fathers. Founded Padre Antonio Sedeño, SJ. Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571) 1910 restoration of the Escuela under Jesuits. The oldest existing Seminary is now part ADMU Katipunan. Founded by Padre Pedro Chirino, SJ. Universidad de Santo Tomás (1611) Or the La Pontificia y Real Universidad de Santo Tomás, Universidad Católica de Filipinas. It was founded by the Dominicans (Fray Miguel Binavides, OP, Primera Obispo de Nueva Segovia). On January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain granted the title “Royal” to the University of Santo Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s defense from the British forces. Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran (1620) Founded by Don Juan Geromino Guerrero, Spanish military captain and was administered by the Dominican Friars. It is the oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest secondary institution in Asia. It was originally an orphanage for Spanish boys. Ateneo de Manila (1859) Ateneo de Manila began in 1859 when Spanish Jesuits established the Escuela Municipal de Manila, a public primary school established in Intramuros for the city of Manila. However, Ateneo's educational tradition embraces the much older history of the Jesuits as a teaching order in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila is exclusive school for boys with bachelor degree in Arts. Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de Manila, Manila Observatory (1865) Exemplified the effort of Jesuits in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and was established by the Jesuits in 1865 at the tower of San Ignacio Church, Intramuros. In 1878, Padre Fedirico Faura, SJ, inventor of the Faura Barometer, became the director. Cable connections had been established with other countries overseas to request typhoon warnings received and granted by the observatory. In 1884, the Spanish Government declared Father Faura’s Weather Bureau as a state institution to be known as Manila Observatory. It was relocated to a new building in Ermita as a normal Jesuit School. Escuela Publica/Escuela Normal In 1900 the first private school to offer an academic title for Maestro de Obras was the Liceo de Manila. BAHAY NA BATO: THE REALM OF ARISTOCRATIC DOMESTICITY The traditional Filipino house, "bahay na bato" (literally "house of stone"), became the epitome of aristocratic domestic architecture in the Philippines, particularly among the colonial elite, or principalia. , combining indigenous Filipino design with Spanish and Chinese influences to create a unique and enduring style. PART 11: An evolved form of the traditional bahay kubo of the Christianized lowlanders (Austronesian House). It is a new type of domestic architecture that emerged from two centuries of gestation combining the elements of the indigenous and Hispanic building traditions keeping in mind preventing the dangers posed by fires, earthquakes, and cyclones evident in the country. Bahay na Bato or Casa Mestiza Plano de Casa: Ground Floor Plan Two storeys, at times, three. The ground floor is made of cut-stone or bricks. The upper floor is made of wood. Grillwork that protects the ground floor windows. Second-storey windows are broad with sliding shutters whose latticework frames either capiz shells (placuna placenta) or glass panels. Bahay na Bato Essential Features Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary windows called ventanillas, (small windows), reach to the floor. They are protected with either iron grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and sliding wooden shutters. The house is capped by a high hip roof with a 45-degree-angle points to repel rain and discharge warm air. Puerto Postigo (entrance gate), door of the entrada principal (main entrance) Za g u a n ( v e s tib u l e ) , v e s tib u l e a n d l o w e r p a r t a s s t o r a g e a r e a f o r t h e c a rr o z a S i l o n g , f o r s t o rin g liv e s t o c k Azulejo, Expensive, patterned handpainted tiles imported from Spain used to decorate the stair landings or descanso Bastonero, a hat and cane rack placed at the caida (anteroom or lobby) or the staircase landing Escalera (wooden staircase), led to the upper floor and directly onto the caida (anteroom or lobby). Entresuelo (mezzanine area), means “intermediate floor” or “between floors” , a mezzanine for waiting Plano de Casa: Second Floor Plan Caida (anteroom or lobby), upper entrance hall and the most immediate room from the stairs for entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even dining Sala (living room), dances and balls were held during fiestas and special occasions. European influence was evident in the furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars, or piano adorning the sala. Comedor (dining room), well-furnished with a silverware collection of the family displayed in vitrina; and glass paneled cabinets of porcelain plates and glassware that is used everyday or vajilera or platera. Oratorio (prayer room), divider between comedor and volada (hallway) and mostly used to hide the servants pulling the punkah fan Punkah Fan, suspended from the ceiling pulled by a rope and pulley by servants or slaves Pam Oratorio (prayer room) inggalan (food cabinet) Calado, pierced wooden panels above doors or walls of each room that allow light and air to circulate in the house Batibot, chairs meaning 'small but strong and sturdy' Concha, latticework panels that framed the translucent capiz shells used to completely shut windows at night or during a storm Columnilla, a decorative colonette that divides a window nto two sides Espejo, transoms above windows to allow more daylight in Cocina (kitchen), with its distinctive banggerra (slatted wooden stick dishrack used for air-drying) and dapugan (platform in the kitchen where the "Kalan" or clay stove is placed) Banyo or paliguan (bathroom), adjacent to the kitchen. It was often built separately from the latrina (toilet). B a l o n ( w e l l ) o r A lj ib e ( c i s t e r n ) , b e sid e t h e a z o t e a f o r f o o d p r e p a r a tio n a n d l a u n d r y a c tivitie s A z o t e a o r b a t a l a n , a n o u t d o o r t e r r a c e w h e r e t h e r e sid e n t s a n d t h eir g u e s t s u s u a l l y r e l a x e d C u a r t o ( b e d r o o m ) , wit h it s dis tin c tiv e A h Tay B e d ( b e d wit h e l a b o r a t e h e a d b o a r d a n d a c a n o p y s u p p o r t e d b y f o u r in t ric a t e p o s t s ) Vo l a d a , a c a n til e v e r e d g a l l e r y e x t e n din g f r o m t h e e x t e rio r o f a b uil din g A p a r a d o r d e Tr e s L u n a s , t h r e e d o o r A lm a r i o , v e r tic a l pil l o w r a c k c a bin e t in m a s t e r's b e d r o o m M e d i a A g u a o r Tap a n g c o s , m e t a l win d o w a w nin g s o r c a n o pie s d e c o r a t e d wit h c u t o u t s B a l c o n aj e ( b a l c o n y ) Piedra China, blocks of white stone paved the zaguan of houses near the port. They are originally used as counterweights of Spanish galleons. Mirador, a small room at a tower that is in highest floor in the house and is used as a lookout INFRASTRUCTURE AND INDUSTRIAL Infrastructure and industrial development were largely driven by the needs of the colonial administration, the Church, and the growing economy. The focus was on building roads, bridges, ports, and other public works to facilitate trade, communication, and the movement of military forces. Industrial activities, although limited compared to modern standards, were centered around agriculture, mining, and basic manufacturing, often utilizing local resources and labor. PART 12: Officially initiated in 1875 by the royal order issued by King Alfonso of Spain. Planned by Royal engineer Eduardo Lopez Navarro (General Plan for Railways on the Island of Luzon), it aims to construct a line network totaling 1,730 km until Cagayan Valley, Central Plains and Bicol. Ferrocarril (Railway) T u t u b a n R a i l S t a t i o n , M a nil a t o D a g u p a n lin e d e sig n e d b y J u a n H e r v a s. Tr a n vi a , a s t r e e t c a r s y s t e m t h a t s e r v e d M a nil a f r o m M a nil a t o t h e M a l a b o n lin e a n d it s s u r r o u n din g citie s s p o n s o r e d b y J o c o b o Z o b e l d e Z a n g r o niz a n d d e sig n e d b y L u cia n o B r e m o n a n d A d o l f o B a y o. Puente Grande, a ten-span bridge that opened in 1630 is the first to ever cross the Pasig River. Puentes (Bridge) Puente de España, opened in 1875 and designed by Jose Echevarria spans the Pasig River connecting the areas of Binondo and Ermita Puente de Claveria, constructed in 1852 with a toll basis and designed by French engineer M. Gabaud connects Arroceros to Quiapo Puente de Convalencia y Ayala, constructed in 1880 by French engineer M. Gabaud connects Malacañang to Convalencia San Nicolas Light House (Pasig Farola), designed in Renaissance Revivalist style Farolas (Lighthouse) Carriedo Water Works, a piped-in water system that opened in 1882 Waterworks Calle Escolta, the Premier Business district in the Philippines in 1809. Some of the entrepreneurs are European commercial, British, French, German and other expatriates. Commercial District Market, Mercado Drugstore, Botica Commercial building, Alcalferia Warehouse, Almazen Storehouse, Camarin Factory, Fabrica Oil house, Acieteros Silk house, Alciacera Rice dealers, Arroceros Soap makers, Jaboneros Silver and Goldsmiths, Platerias Salt maker, Salinas Sugar house, Azucarera Open-air Theatre, Teatro de A lai Libre Cockfighting Arena, Sabungan en Rueda Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila (Manila Bilibid Prison), radial configuration with a central panopticon tower. Designed by Emilio Diaz and Armando Lopez Ezquerra Celda or Calabozo (Jail) Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna Isabela II, the oldest existing bank in the country located in Casa Aduana (Intramuros) owned by the family Zobel de Ayala Banco (Bank) In conclusion, the architecture of the Philippines during the Spanish Colonial Era is a profound reflection of the country's complex history, where indigenous traditions, European influences, and local adaptations converged to create a unique architectural identity. From the grand churches and fortified cities like Intramuros to the elegant bahay na bato, these structures not only served practical and religious purposes but also symbolized the power and cultural aspirations of the colonial period. The lasting legacy of this era is evident in the preservation of many of these architectural treasures, which continue to influence contemporary Filipino architecture. Understanding this period allows us to appreciate the depth of cultural exchange and the resilience of Filipino identity, as it was expressed and shaped through the built environment. Conclusion Fin de la conferencia T-ARCH315 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PRESENTED BY: AR. GIDEON T. BAUTISTA, UAP ( End of Lecture )