ARC 1447_Week 6_Lecture Presentation.pdf

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ARC 1442 History of Architecture 1 Ar. Ma. Antonia Jennifer E. Nardo, M.Arch, uap Architectural Typologies During the Spanish Colonial Period (Secular and Ecclesiastical/Religious Architecture) Ne...

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ARC 1442 History of Architecture 1 Ar. Ma. Antonia Jennifer E. Nardo, M.Arch, uap Architectural Typologies During the Spanish Colonial Period (Secular and Ecclesiastical/Religious Architecture) New building typologies and construction technology was introduced. Churches Fortresses Institutional Buildings Educational and Scientific Buildings Industrial Buildings Commercial Buildings Domestic Structures  Churches Edifices for religious conversion Churches Basic Parts and Plan Types Churches Plaza Complex The layout and placement of both civic and ecclesiastical buildind around a central plaza based on the Ordinanza of 1573 (Prescription for he Foundation of Hispanic Colonial Towns) or commonly referred to the Laws of Indies Traza The gridiron plan that defines the layout of the city Church Typology Cathedral Fortress Funerary Chapel Monastic Parish Pilgrim Church Typology Cathedral Churches The principal church of a diocese housing the cathedra or bishop's throne. Epdipisyo, Edificio, edifice a building, usually large in size, with massive structure and an imposing appearance Church Typology Cathedral Churches Church Typology Fortress Church A church built with fortification for defensive Purpose in times of strife. Example is Miagao Church Church Typology Funerary Chapel A chapel, conspicuously built inside a campo santo (cemetery), for the funeral ceremony or service. Church Typology Funerary Chapel Church Typology Funerary Chapel Church Typology Monastic Church The principal church of a religious order built beside their monastery complex.  Church Typology Monastic Church Churches Pilgrim Church A church built to house a miraculous image with a passageway behind the altar for the veneration to the image of the devotees. Church Typology Pilgrim Church Church Architectural Style Earthquake Baroque Fil-Hispanic Baroque Gothic Revival High-renaissance Romanesque Revival Church Architectural Style Earthquake Baroque - Coined to refer to the massive Filipino churches with thick walls and elements of Baroque. style such as scrolled buttress, volute, plain facade with pilasters, and ornamental urns. Fil-Hispanic Baroque - Filipino churches which combine fancifuI and elegant designs of shellwork and foliage of Rococo Architecture with scrolls, rocaille, and Philippine flora and fauna as ornamental motifs. Gothic Revival - Philippine churches reviving the spirit and form of Gothic Architecture, late 12th to mid of 16th century characterized by Pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttress, traceries window, slender Pier and column, and lofty steeple. High-renaissance - Italian Renaissance Architecture, late 15th to early 16th century, typified by heavy rustification, façade filled with classical elements, and illusion of sculptural volume in design. Romanesque Revival - Style in the late 19th century applying the elements of the Romanesque style including round arch, thick wall, small window, and division of interiors into compartment bays. Church Arch'l Style Earthquake Baroque Coined to refer to the massive Filipino churches with thick walls and elements of Baroque. scrolled buttress, volute, plain facade with pilasters, ornamental urns. Church Arch'l Style Earthquake Baroque Paoay Church Church Arch'l Style Fil-Hispanic Baroque Combine fancifuI and elegant designs of shellwork and foliage of Rococo Architecture with: scrolls, rocaille, and Philippine flora and fauna as ornamental motifs.  Church Arch'l Style Fil-Hispanic Baroque Miagao Church Church Arch'l Style Gothic Revival late 12th to mid of 16th century characterized by Pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttress, traceries widow, slender Pier and column, and lofty steeple. https://hechoayer.wordpress.com/2010/12/05/remembering-pre-war-santo-domingo-a-beautiful-church/  Church Arch'l Style Gothic Revival Old Sto. Domingo Church in Intramuros Church Arch'l Style High Renaissance Italian Renaissance Architecture, late 15th to early 16th century, typified by heavy rustification, façade filled with classical elements, and illusion of sculptural volume in design. Church Arch'l Style High Renaissance Binondo Church Church Arch'l Style Romanesque Revival Style in the late 19th century applying the elements of the Romanesque style including round arch, thick wall, small window, and division of interiors into compartment bays. Church Arch'l Style Romanesque Revival Manila Cathedral Notable Spanish Colonial Churches in the Philippines http://www.thefunsizedtraveller.net/a-heritage-walk-discover-the-old-cebu/final-cebu-photos-with-watermark-95-of-188/ Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; Cebu. (Oldest church in the Philippines.)  https://intrepidwanderer.com/2012/05/saint-augustine-parish-the-shrine-of-our-lady-of-charity/#.XxFE5CgzaMo Bantay Church (Shrine of Our Lady of Charity); Ilocos Sur. (Belfry served as a watchtower for pirates; Neo-Gothic.)  https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/St-Catherine-of-Alexandria-Church-of-Carcar-Cebu Carcar Church (Church of Sta. Catalina de Alexandria); Cebu. (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-Mudejar.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila) San Sebastian Church, Manila. (The first and only all-steel church in Asia; Neo-Gothic.) https://thegate.boardingarea.com/manila-metropolitan-cathedral-basilica-my-visit/ Manila Cathedral; Intramuros, Manila. (Restoration, Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque) Baroque Churches of the Philippines, UNESCO World Heritage Sites. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/san-agustin-church-manila-adrian-evans.html San Agustin Church; Intramuros, Manila. San Agustin Church Intramuros, Manila. The Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustín. First church to be built in Luzon. Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII. High Baroque style retablo. Ceiling paintings in the trompe l’oeil style. Chinese fu dogs at the entrance. https://www.flickr.com/photos/storm-crypt/2233066144 Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte.  Paoay Church Paoay, Ilocos Norte. Saint Augustine Church. Most outstanding example in the Philippines of 'Earthquake Baroque'. Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the pyramidal finials of wall facades. Massive coral stone belltower. https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/St-Augustine-Church-in-Paoay  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miagao_Church Miag-ao Church; Miag-ao, Iloilo.  Miag-ao Church Miag-ao, Iloilo. Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers serving as lookouts against Muslim raids. It is the finest surviving example of 'Fortress Baroque'. The facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration of western decorative elements. https://bluprint.onemega.com/miagao-church-iloilo/  https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/The-Nuestra-Seora-de-la-Asuncion-Ilocos-Sur Santa Maria Church; Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.  Santa Maria Church Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur. Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive wall. Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the midpoint of the nave wall. The brick walls are devoid of ornament but have delicately carved side entrances and strong buttresses. http://travelingbydefault.blogspot.com/2014/04/santa-maria-church-unesco-world.html  Fortresses Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid road layouts. Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers were also built to cover blind spots. Military architecture Military strategy to safeguard and and Defense protect the Spanish colonial Installation possessions. They follow the Europena styles of the 15 and 16th centuries styles wherein it is characterized by 1.Garrisons heavy stone walls, 2.Naval construction, moats and 3.Fortresses grid layout roads. Series of bastion and keeps, which covers he blind spot and prevented invaders from coming close enough to storm the walls. Watch tower were built to warn the coming of invader, Church belfry also ser ved as a lookout and tolling of bells signaled the approach of the enemies. Major defense Fuerza de San Felipe in Cavite Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario in Iloilo Fuerza de San Pedro in Cebu Fuerza de Señora del Pilar in Zamboanga  Fortress Fuerza de San Felipe in Cavite First port town of Cavite, the historic core Gov. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas recognized the strategic importance of Cavite Puerto as the gateway to the City of https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/329044316520250613/ Manila  Fortress Fuerza de San Felipe in Cavite Illustration of the Port of Cavite from the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734). Fort San Felipe is the diamond- shaped structure https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite) Fortress Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario in Iloilo The Fort was built because of a necessity. In 1602, Pedro Bravo de Acuna stayed at the growing district of Arevalo, the island’s capital at that time. Seeing the need for protection from frequent Dutch and Moro raids, he ordered the construction of a wooden fortress at Punta de Iloilo, at the mouth of the Iloilo River. Fortress Fuerza de San Pedero in Cebu Fortress Fuerza de Señora del Pilar in Zamboanga a stone fort in defense against pirates and raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and Jolo. Fortress Fuerza de Señora del Pilar in Zamboanga Illustration of Zamboanga and Fort P i l a r, d e t a i l f r o m t h e C a r t a Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas, 1734 Fortress Fort Santiago Intramuros, Manila. 16th-century citadel, success in the defeat of Rajah Sulayman, the invasion of the Chinese led by Limahong, and the first raising of the US flag that declared the beginning of American rule. The solid stone structure has an Italian- Spanish architectural style. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi built the fort for the newly established Manila City Named it after Spain's patron saint – St. James the Great. It’s also known as Fuerza de Santiago in Spanish or Moog ng Santiago in Tagalog Institutional Buildings Monumental civic architecture epitomized the colonial institutions under the Spanish governance. Architecture for Colonial Administration Palacio de Gobernador Ayuntamiento Municipio – town smaller version of ayuntamiento Aduana – Customs house Hacienda Publica – Treasury Real Audencia – the tribunal trial court was housed in another area until its abolition in the 18th century Malacanang palace – was originally the vacation house of the governor along pasig river but a transfer of location was needed when the original alaci de gobernador was toppled by 1863 earthquake  Palacio Real Intramuros, Manila. Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General. Residence of the highest official of the land. Malacañang Palace, the summer residence of the Governor General. http://www.phtourguide.com/palacio-del-gobernador-in-intramuros/  Ayuntamiento Intramuros, Manila. Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real. As a seat of colonial governance, it housed several administrative offices and archives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento_de_Manila Obras Publicas and Colonial Building Regulation Presupuesto – a proposal detailing the drawing, plan and cost estimates. Paquio – contractual system Polo y Servicio – a tax system which compelled evrey able-bodied male To render labor service for public construction for a period of 40 days annually (later on reduced to 15 days in 1884) Junat Consulvita de Obras Publicas – Consultancy board for public works was created to mandate, examine and approve plans for building.  Industrial Buildings Because of the Hispanic urban program, living standards were elevated through urban infrastructure and public works.  Bridges Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), built after the destruction of Puente Grande (first and only bridge crossing the Pasig River) in the 1863 earthquake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Espa%C3%B1a  Train Stations The Tutuban Station of the Manila- Dagupan railway line; served as the main terminal for all northbound destinations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutuban_centermall.jpg  Lighthouses The Pasig Farola, the oldest lighthouse in the Philippines; also known as the San Nicolas lighthouse. https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/390546598910016677/ Lighthouses Lighthouses Lighthouses Lighthouses Water System The Carriedo Waterworks installed the piped-in water system. The water was offered to the public free of charge.  Educational and Scientific Buildings The various religious orders fulfilled the missionary tasks of bringing education, healthcare, and social welfare to the indigenous subjects.  Schools Two type of school building: Colegio or universidad, found in the urban areas. Escuela primaria, found in different pueblos. Six schools built within the walled city 1. University of Santo Tomas 2. Colegio de San Juan de Letran 3. Jesuit collegio de Manila 4. Colegio de san jose 5. Collegio de sta rita 6. Collegio de santa potenciana School inside intramuros but also served as orphanage https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 1. Hospicio de san jose 2. Asilo de San Vicente de paul  Hospitals Hospital Real San Juan de Dios first hospital; built by the Franciscans; catered only to the Spaniards. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/626704104372158458/  Hospitals Hospital de San Gabriel, for the Chinese in Binondo. Hospital de San Lazaro, for the lepers. https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/The%20Legacy%20Book%202nd%20Edition_0.pdf Observatories Observatorio Astronomico y Meteorologico de Manila, or the Manila Observatory; established by the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons.  Commercial Buildings Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading empire to be based in Manila. Soon the city became one of the major colonial port cities in Southeast Asia. Shops Alcaiceria de San Fernando, very first large commercial structure; silk market in Binondo; housed stores for Chinese merchants and government offices. Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar factories; Cigarreras, female workers. The bahay na bato was later retrofitted to have room for commercial function. Sari-sari store and carinderias.  Hotels Hotel la Palma de Mallorca, Hotel de Paris, and Hotel de Espana, foremost hotels in Intramuros. Casas de huespedes, boarding houses; less expensive lodgings. http://depedmanila.blogspot.com/2012/10/pedro-guevara-elementary-school-opens.html Banks Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II, first bank built; initially housed in the Aduana. To be continued: Philippine Architecture during the Spanish Colonial Period (1571-1898) Architectural Typologies Domestic Architecture