HOA-spanish Architecture PDF

lOMoARcPSD|47705002 HOA-spanish architecture Bachelor of Science in Archirtecture (Iloilo Science and Technology University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or universit...

lOMoARcPSD|47705002 HOA-spanish architecture Bachelor of Science in Archirtecture (Iloilo Science and Technology University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 Architectural Character of the Spanish Period First, it reveals that when examining the mercantile empires, non-economic factors need to be given equal consideration relative to economic factors. The case of the Spanish Philippines is such that economics may not have been the main reason for keeping the colony. As some historians have suggested, religious or strategic reasons may have been more important. Some assert that Spain kept the Philippines with the hope of spreading Christianity into China… …while others argue that the Philippines’ central location in the Pacific, near the colonies of other European powers, gave Spain a naval advantage. What were the period styles dominant in Spain from 1521-1899? Spanish Renaissance architecture Renaissance Humanism Emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts. Classical Architecture Spanish Baroque architecture Churrigueresque refers to a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th century and was used up to about 1750, marked by extreme, expressive and florid decorative detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main facade of a building. Named after the architect and sculptor, José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725) Spanish Colonial architecture The combination of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain. Roof made with red clay tiles Neoclassical Style Style defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament. Who designed/ planned/ constructed churches before “maestro de obras” or “architects” became the norm in the Philippines? (Spanish Friars) Generally, planning and construction of churches in the Philipines were undertaken by the Spanish friars. In the book, THE FILIPINO HERITAGE, Fr. Pedro G. Galende, OSA wrote in his article “Angelus in Stone” that the reason for professional architects in assisting the friars is explained by the following: 1. Distance of the Philippines from their country; 2. Uncertainty of the job; 3. Legends and stories about the Philippines; 4. Low salary According to Fr. Pablo Fernandez, O.P. in his book, “History of the Church in the Philippines”, funding for the construction of the churches came from the following sources: 1. occasional funds from the government; Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 2. encomenderos who are residents of the area; 3. priest’s savings; and, 4. monetary tribute or contribution and manual labor of the towns people Spanish Colonial Architecture Philippines (Types of structures) MILITARY AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE The Philippines was considered to be a key part of the defense system of the Spanish crown in the New world. Forts were built to protect the colony from enemies. In an attempt to deter Muslim raids into Visayas and Luzon. Fortifications that were erected by the Spanish crown are the largest collections of defense constructions ever to be built. Forts Depending on the size the stone fort could include the following: ▪ Alojamientos - living quarters for the soldiers ▪ Calabozo - jail ▪ Herreria - foundry ▪ Almacenes - warehouse for powder, provision, ammunition ▪ Pozo - well ▪ And even chapel Farola – Lighthouse ▪ Bangui Lighthouse (Ilocos Norte guarding Cape Bojeador) ▪ Palauig Island Lighthouse (Cagayan, guarding Cape Engaño) ▪ Corregidor Lighthouse (guarding the entrance to Manila Bay) ▪ Capul Island Lighthouse (guarding the San Bernardino Strait) Intramuros, Manila Known as the Walled City or “within the walls” (latin) Occupies a pentagonal area of 64 hectares Consist of two parts: Military establishment at the mouth of the Pasig River (Fort Santiago) Citadel or Walled City Intramuros comprises several parts: Fronts facing the sea and river Three- sided land front with its comprising bastions. The Santiago Castle (Fort Santiago), a citadel built at the sharpest angle, between the river and the bay Fort Santiago Most important and oldest fortification built in Manila. The fortification consists: 1. Falsabraga – low rampart built in front of the main fortification 2. Fortins or reductos – small forts or redoubts 3. Cortina – Curtain wall that linked bastions together 4. Revellin – outer fortification that protects the gate 5. Bastion – a protruding structure with facing flanks built along the cortina 6. Foso – moat Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 7. Escarpa – scarp, embankment of a moat Additional Terminologies: 1. Adarve – flat area behind the parapet for maneuvers 2. Baluarrtillo - Or small bastions, houses chambers for military supplies 3. Baluarte De San Diego – Bastion 4. Contraguardia – V-shaped wall similar to the media luna placed in the front of the bastion. 5. Capila Real – Royal Chapel 6. Garita – Sentry Post 7. Maestranza – military arsenal 8. Parian – Chinese Market 9. Plaza de la Fuerza (Fortress Plaza) or Plaza Moriones – public promenade 10. Postigo – small gate which serves as an emergency egress 11. Puerta Real – Royal Entrance CIVIC ARCHITECTURE Government Buildings Intramuros being the capital of the Philippines, residences and ofÏces of the principal public servants were found: Aduana/Intendencia – Custom House which serves as a central treasury Audenica – Superior Court and also housed the jail. Ayuntamiento (Casas Consitoriales or Cabildo) – City Hall Palacio del Gobernador – Residence and ofÏce of the governor general Hospital First hospital was built in Manila by the Franciscans in 1578 and was later turned over to the order of San Juan de Dios, with a church in the 18th century. Other hospitals built in Manila: Hospital real –reserved only for the Spaniards (The San Juan de Dios Hospital ) Hospital de San Gabriel - Chinese in Binondo Hospital de San Lazaro - for lepers in Santa Curz Military hospitals: San Juan de Dios Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in Cañacao Commercial Buildings Alcaiceria de San Fernando Largest, fanciest and most prestigious companies were eventually established along Escolta, and by the 2nd half of the the 19th century , it was the most important commercial district in the country. Banks: Banco Español de Isabel II Monte de Piedad Railways & Bridges Railway System Established in the 1880s and the central train started at Tutuban was constructed. A number of smaller train stations were set up along the Manila-Dagupan line. Bridges Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 PUENTE DE ESPAÑA (Jones bridge) PUENTE COLGANTE (Quezon bridge) Schools Six schools were located inside Intramuros: Universidad de Santo Tomas Colegio de San Phelipe Colegio de San Juan de Letran Colegio de San Jose Colegio de Santa Isabel Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana Some of the schools in Intramuros began as orphanages. Hospicio de San Jose Asilo de San Vicente de Paul In Cebu, University of San Carlos Separate building for public schools called escuela pias began to be constructed in the 19th century. ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE Religious orders played a decisive role when the Spaniards reached the Philippines They filled Intramuros with churches, monasteries and convents which also performed social and welfare functions Baroque churches of the Spanish colonial period constitute the most emblematic element of the country’s architectural heritage Home to Religious Orders: 1571 – Augustinians with the Legazpi expedition 1578 – Franciscan 1581 – Jesuits 1587 – Dominicans 1606 – Augustinian Recollects 1614 – Christian nuns from Japan led by Lady Julia Naito 1621 – Santa Clara nuns 1633 – Beaterio Sta. Catalina but recognized in 1696 1641 – Hospitallers of God 1684 – Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus 1886 – Capuchins Churches designs would differ according to the religious that built them: 1. Augustinian churches - characterized by architectonic monumentality; fortress- like qualities; size would depend upon the amount of tributes collected. 2. Dominican churches - can be found in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley regions; often made of bricks consolidated with lime-based mortar and plaster. 3. Jesuit and Recollect churches - can be found in the Southern part of the Philippines made use of limestone and coralline stone Monasteries Monasteries served as headquarters for the religious in certain areas thus had many rooms and were large. Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 Four sided in plan with cloisters enclosing an inner courtyard or atrium and the garden where the friars could meditate. Parts: Proteria - ofÏce where records are kept, schedules arranged and religious prayer books sold. Recibidor - room or area where the friars meet their guests Refecterio - dining area for meals De profundis room - residents prayed for their deceased companions and benefactors Wing adjoining the church was reserved for the sacristy Living quarters and recreation rooms were on the second floor. Casa Parroquial (parish house) referred to as convento, term originally reserved for houses of monastic communities. Churches Parish Churches was the most common kind of church. Typical church has two focal points: 1. Altar Mayor (main altar) - where the Eucharist was celebrated, and consecrated host kept in the sagrario (tabernacle) 2. Pulpito (pulpit) - placed at the crossing of the nave and transept in the crucero (cruciform plan) so as to enhance audibility of the sermon. When the church has several priest, the celebrated mass at about the same time at different altars altars menores (side altars) Campanario or bell tower - A tall structure at the top of which were hung bells. Key Terms APSE - also sanctuary the area where the altar and retablo are located and where rites are celebrated ATRIUM - an uncovered inner courtyard BAPTISTERY - place for baptism BELLTOWER - towers where bells are hung BUTTRESS - strong piers that are attached to the wall to strengthen it CHOIRLOFT -an elevated area above the vestibule for the choir CROSSING TOWER - a quadrilateral structure that covers the crossing CUPOLA - also dome. An ovoid or hemispherical structure that covers the crossing FAÇADE - front of the church GALLERY- extension of the choirloft that runs along the length of the nave MAIN ALTAR - found at the end of the nave NAVE - main body of the church NICHE - a place for sacred image PEDIMENT - upper most portion of the façade PULPIT- a raised flatform used by a preacher. It usually has a roof, the tornavoz RETABLO- also reredo. Backdrop of an altar made up of architectural members, sculpting and painting. SACRISTY - vestry. A place where priest and ministers done their vestments also a storage area Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 TRANSEPT - in a cruciform church, a wing that runs perpendicular to the nave. VESTIBUULE - area below the choirloft and nearest the main door VISITA - an ecclesiastical unit dependent upon a parish. A chapel. Notable Churches PAOAY CHURCH, IlocosNorte (UNESCO World Heritage Site, since 1993) - began in 1699 by Augustinian priest, Fr. ANTONIO ESTAVILLO; completed between 1702- 1710 - its bell tower was made of coral stones and lime powder with molasses by volutes. BARASOAIN CHURCH, Malolos (declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973) - Present structure was started in 1885 by Augustinian Fr. JUAN GIRON, and a builder named MAGPAYO from the ruins of the old church which was destroyed by the 1880 earthquake TAMAUINI CHURCH, Isabela (one of the National Heritage Museum of the Philippines) - Construction began in 1705 by Dominican DOMINGO FORTO and town mayor PABLO SIASON - Focal point of the facade is a circular pediment enhanced by colored glass window framed by moulded floral garlands - Circular bell tower contrasts in colour and texture because of its white limestone finish SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, Manila (declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973) - Present church was designed by GENARO PALACIOS, a government engineer after the 1880 earthquake - GOTHIC style minus the flying buttresses lancet arches, fans vaults, stained glass, rose windows - The first prefabricated structure erected in the Philippines; made entirely of steel which is transported from Belgium to Manila; interior was painted to resemble faux marble. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE (Filipino Houses) Bahay na bato Bahay Kubo was the archetype for domestic architecture during the Spanish regime. Due to economic gains and the rise of the mestizo sangley or Chinese half-breed class in the 19th century, a number of Filipinos became wealthy enough to build their own bahay na bato. This type of construction was soon called bahay na bato or as Jesuit Ignacio Alzina calls it, "arquitectura mestiza" or “mixed architecture”. Bahay na bato is also known as bahay kastila (Spanish house) and bahay na tisa or balay tisa (house of tile) - residences of the well-to-do built in many town during the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the growing complexity of life in the 19th century, space in the bahay na bato was allocated for specific purposes. Ground level was reserved for storage and where carriages were placed, and in business districts some spaces were rented out to shops. Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 Its most common appearance is that of an elevated, overhanging wooden upper- story nipa hut (with balustrades, ventanillas, and capiz shell sliding windows) that stands on Spanish-style solid stone blocks or bricks and posts as foundation instead of just wood, bamboo stilts, or timber posts. Roofing is either Chinese tiled roof or thatch (nipa, sago palm, or cogon), of which many today are being replaced by galvanized or other modern roofing Structural elements stone walls may be made of adobe, marble or limestone, volcanic tuff, granite, brick or river stones with mortar made from a mixture of lime, sand and water Roof Clay tiles and nipa were used as roof covering Characteristic or features Form - have three level architectural composition of Bahay Kubo GROUND FLOOR - made of cut stone or brick almost 1 meter thick, bounded with mortar SECOND FLOOR - supported by huge wooden pillars ROOF - high hipped or pyramidal roof made of thatch or clay tiles Windows o VENTANILLAS - small windows below the main window, protected by grilles or wooden barandillas o CONCHAS - sliding windows with wooden frames and capiz shells PERSIANA WINDOWS - framed wooden slats with a herringbone-shaped rod o MEDIA AGUA - canopies which protected the windows from direct sunlight Decorative elements o Callado - wooden fretwork placed on upper portions of the walls, close to the ceiling Areas at the ground floor o Zaguan - housed carriages carozas and old furnitures o Cuadra (Caballieriza) - stables o Bodega - storage for old furniture and palay o Patio - closed courtyard open to the sky. adjacent to zaguan Areas at the second floor Ante-sala or Caida - spacious hall where acquaintances are recieved Sala - living room Volada - flying gallery that projects beyond the posts Balcon - terrace near the living room Alcova, Cuarto or silid - bedrooms Comedor - dining room Cucina - kitchen Azotea - open terrace with a cistern forming water Comon or Latrina - toilet located away from the main house The Rizal Shrine in Calamba Jose P. Laurel House in PacoJose P. Laurel House in Paco Camiña Balay nga Bato, Iloilo City Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 Bahay Kubo, Bahay na Bato, Antillian House Pre- Colonial House Made from lightweight materials Airy and easy to clean Vulnerable to typhoons and fire Bahay-Kubo Spanish Colonial house The locals learned from Spaniards how to quarry, prepare the stones and make bricks. Bahay na Bato Fire-resistant building by using mortar Still vulnerable to earthquakes Ilocos Province – The Vigan house Sturdier look and stronger construction Frugality, solidity, durability and no non-sense Practicality Characteristics of Vigan houses Walls Ground floor: Mortared brick and stones Second Floor: Timber Large sliding windows made of Capiz Shells. High-pitched tile roof Ornaments are made of terracotta and decorative friezes. Antillean house Resemble houses in the Antilles or West Indies. Epitome of elegance and graceful living. Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47705002 Most owners of the Antillean houses had traveled to Europe and/or their children studied in Spain, Germany or France. Antillean house of Sanson-Montinola, Iloilo City Casa Mariquit, 1803, Iloilo City Casa Manila, Intramuros Downloaded by John Michael Montañez ([email protected])