Tasheel Al-Nahw - Version 2.2 PDF
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Jamia Tul Madina
Aamir Bashir
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Tasheel Al-Nahw, Version 2.2, is a comprehensive guide to Arabic grammar, based on the work of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Prepared by Aamir Bashir, it covers various aspects of Arabic grammar, including types of words, sentences, and phrases. This resource is valuable for students and learners of Arabic.
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َتَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو TASHEEL AL-NAHW Version 2.2 َتَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو TASHEEL AL-NAHW Version 2.2 based on ‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali Prepared by Aamir Bashir Copyri...
َتَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو TASHEEL AL-NAHW Version 2.2 َتَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو TASHEEL AL-NAHW Version 2.2 based on ‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali Prepared by Aamir Bashir Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Jul 2011 Second Online Edition Jul 2012 Version 2.1 Jan 2014 Version 2.2 Nov 2016 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi ُص ِط َل ََحتُ اْا َََََِّة ِ – اَاْل اArabic Terms xiii CHAPTER 1 1 1.1. حو – اَْنة اArabic Grammar 1 1.2 ُ – اَْا َكلِ َمThe word 2 – اِ اسمNoun 2 – فِ اَلVerb 3 – ََح اَفParticle 3 1.3 4 ِ – أَقاستمTypes of ism اْل اس ِم َ 4 – أَقا َستم اْا ِف اَ ِلTypes of fiʿl 4 فِ َال – أَقا َستم اَاTypes of particle 4 1.4 ُ – اَ اْل َمل َواْامََةكبَتSentences and phrases 6 1.4.1 َُِبية ََِاْل املَ ُِ ا اْل أَقا َستم ا 6 ُ – جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةNominal sentence 6 ُ – جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةVerbal sentence 7 1.4.2 ُِ شتئَِّة َ اْل املَ َُِا ِلنا أَقا َستم ا 8 1.4.3 ص ِ ِب اْنةتق ِ – أَقاستم اْامَةكTypes of phrases َ 9 َ 1. صاَّ ِفي ِ – اَْامَةكب اْتةوDescriptive phrase ا 9 َ 2. تف ِضَ الِ – اَْامَةكب اPossessive phrase 9 َ 3. شت ِري َ الِ – اَْامَةكب اDemonstrative phrase 10 َ ِ ِ 4. اْا ََ َددي/كب اْابِنَتئي – اَْامَةNumerical phrase 10 َ i ِ َص ف – اَْامََةكب َمانع اْ ة اIndeclinable phrase 5. 11 1.4.4 Additional notes about ُسَّة ِجلَُ اِ ا ا 14 Summary 15 1.5 16 – َع َل َمتُ ااِْل اس ِمSigns of an ism 16 – َع َل َمتُ اْا ِف اَ ِلSigns of a fiʿl 16 فِ َال – َع َل َمُ اَاSign of a particle 16 1.5.1 General notes 17 1.6 َِض َمتئ – اَْ ةPersonal pronouns 19 1.7 اْلَت ةرة – اَ ال اَوف اPrepositions 20 1.8 شبة َهُ ِبْا ِف اَ ِل َ – اَ الَوف اْامParticles that resemble a fiʿl 22 1.9 ُص ِ َ – اَالَفا ََتل اْنةتقAuxiliary (defective) fiʿls 25 CHAPTER 2 27 َن – اَلَمَعََربََ َو َالمَبَ يDeclinable and indeclinable words 2.1 27 ِ َال اع اب ِ َ – َع َل َمتُ اSigns of i‘raab 27 ِ ََ – َح َتْلُ اْام اConditions of mu‘rab ب َ َ 27 The difference between ُض ةم َ – ُ َك اسََة – فَ ات َحand ضم َ – َك اسَ – فَ اتح 28 2.2 – اَْا َماب ِنThe indeclinable word 29 اَاِل اعََاب اْا َم َحلِ اي 30 2.3 – اَْام اَََبThe declinable word 31 ِ – أَقاستم االَ اسTypes of indeclinable isms 2.4 ُِ تء اْا َمابنَِّةَ َ 32 2.4.1 َِض َمتئ – اَْ ةPersonal pronouns 33 2.4.2 َُْ اَالَ اسَتء اْا َموصو- Relative pronouns 39 2.4.3 ِترة ِ َ – أَ اسَتء اال َشDemonstrative isms 42 ِ َ – أَ اسَتء االَفاIsms that have the meaning of fiʿls 2.4.4 تل َ 45 ِ – أَ استء االَصوIsms that denote a sound 2.4.5 ُاَا َ 46 ii 2.4.6 – اَْظَوفAdverbs 47 ِ – ظَوف اْةزمAdverbs of time تن َ ا 47 ِ – ظَوف اْام َكAdverbs of place تن َ ا 49 2.4.7 ُتَي ِ َ َ– اَْاكنIsms that indicate an unspecified quantity 52 2.4.8 – اَْامَةكب اْابِنَتئِيNumerical phrase 52 َ ِ ِ 2.5 ََََُِستم اَالَ اسَتء اْام اَ – أَقاTypes of declinable isms 53 ص َِف َ مان 53 ص َِف َ َغ اْي مان 53 فِ َص أَ اسبَتب َمان ِع اْ ة ا 53 ِ َس 2.6 ََََُِِتء اْام اَ – إِ اعََاب أَقا َس ِتم اال اI‘raab of the various types of mu‘rab isms 58 CHAPTER 3 61 Further Discussion of Isms 3.1 – اَاِْل اسم اْا َمانس اوبRelative adjective 61 3.2 صغِْي ِ – اَاْل اسم اْاتَ اDiminutive ism 63 3.3 – اَْا َم اَ َِفَُ َواْنةكََِةDefinite and indefinite isms 64 3.4 – اَاِْل اسم اْام َذ ةكَ َواْام َؤنةثMasculine and feminine isms 65 3.5 اَحد َوتَثانََُِّ َوجَاع ِ – وSingular, dual and plural َ 67 3.6 ستم ا اْلَ ام ِع َ – أَقاTypes of plural 68 3.7 ُوعت َ اَْا َم اَف- Words that are always marfoo‘ 73 ِ َ – فSubject/Doer 3.7.1 تعل 73 3.7.2 ََنئِب اْا َفتعِ ِل/ تعله ِ َ – م افَول مت ََل يس ةم فSubstitute of تعل َ َ ا َ ا ِ َف 75 ِ َ – اِ اسم َمت وَْل اَْام َشبة َهتThe ism of those َمتand َْلwhich are 3.7.3 ي ِ َْاَّس َ َ 76 similar to َْاَّس َ 3.7.4 س – َخ ََب َْل اَْةِ اْى ِْنَ اف ِي اThe َخ ََبof that َْلwhich negates an entire ِجانس ِ اْلِان 77 (Class) 3.8 ُ – اَْا َمانص اوَبWords that are always mansoob 79 3.8.1 – َم افَ اول ِِهObject 79 iii 3.8.2 َم افَ اول مطالَق 81 3.8.3 َم افَول َْه/ َجلِ ِه ِ َم افَول ل ا 81 3.8.4 َم افَ اول َم ََه 81 ِ ِ م افَول ف/ ظََف 3.8.5 َّه َ ا ا 82 3.8.6 َحتل َ – State/Condition 84 3.8.7 ََتِاَّ ز/ َتَاَِّاَّ ز 87 Rules for ( أَ اسَتء اْا ََ َد ِدnumerals) 88 3.8.8 ستَ ثا ٰن ما 92 3.9 ُجَاوَرا – اَْا َم اWords that are always majroor 95 3.10 اَْتة َوا ِع 96 ِ – اَْنةَت أَ ِوAdjective 3.10.1 ُاْص َف ا 96 3.10.2 – اَْتةأاكِاَّدEmphasis 100 3.10.3 – اَْابَ َدلSubstitute 103 3.10.4 س ِق ِ َ عطاف اْنة/ َ – اَْا ََطاف بَاَفConjunction 105 فِ َحَوف اْاَطا َ ا 105 ِ َّ عطاف اْاب 3.10.5 تنََ َ 108 CHAPTER 4 109 َ – الَعَ َوامَلGoverning Words 4.1 َُتمل ِ َ – اَ الَوف اْاGoverning particles َ ا 110 Particles that govern isms 110 Particles that govern ضت ِرع ِ َ ف اَل م 110 ِ – اَ الَوف اْنةParticles that cause nasb 4.1.1 َُتصب ا 111 4.1.2 ُاْلَت ِمَم – اَ الَاوف اParticles that cause jazm 114 ِ َ – اَالَفا َتل اْاGoverning fiʿls 4.2 َُتمل َ َ 116 4.2.1 – اَْا ِف اَل اْا َم اََاوفActive fiʿl 116 4.2.2 جه اول ِ – اَْاف اَل اْا َم اPassive fiʿl 116 4.2.3 – اَْا ِف اَل اْ ةل ِممIntransitive fiʿl 116 iv صُ ِ 4.2.4 اَالَفا ََتل اْنةتق َ 116 ي 4.2.5 ِ ِ – Transitive fiʿlاَْاف اَل اْامتَ ََد ا 117 تء َواْشَاوِع 4.2.6أَفا َتل اْامقترِ َُِواْةَج ِ َ ََ َ َ َ 119 – Fiʿls of praise and blameأَفا ََتل اْا َم اد ِح َواْ ةذم 4.2.7 121 ةَج ِ ب 4.2.8 – Fiʿls of wonderأَفا ََتل اْت َ 123 – Governing ismsاَالَ استء اْاَ ِ تملَُ 4.3 َ َ 124 ةَ ِطَّةُ 4.3.1 – Conditional ismsاَالَ اسَتء اْش ا 124 اِسم اْا َف ِ تع ِل 4.3.2 ا 126 اِ اسم اْامبَتَْغَ ُِ 4.3.2.1 127 اِ اسم اْا َم افَ اوِل 4.3.3 129 اِسم اْا َفتعِ ِل – An adjective similar toاَ ِ ْص َفُ اْام َشبةهُ ِبس ِم اْا َف ِ تع ِل 4.3.4 َ ا ا 130 اِسم اْتة اف ِ ضاَّ ِل 4.3.5 ا 132 ص َدر 4.3.6 اَْا َم ا 134 ضتف 4.3.7 اَْام َ 135 اَاِْل اسم اْتةتم 4.3.8 135 تَيُ 4.3.9 ِ اَْاكنَ َ 136 تملَ ُِ 4.4 – Non-governing particlesاَ الَوف اْاغَْي اْاَ ِ ا َ ا 137 َ – Particles of notificationحَاوف اْتة انبِاَّ ِه 1. 137 ال اْيَ ِ تب 2. َ – Particles of affirmationحَاوف اِ 137 ََ – Particles of clarificationحَفَت اْتة اف ِس اِ ْي 3. ا 138 ص َد ِريةُ 4. اَ الَاوف اْا َم ا 138 َ – Particles of exhortationحَوف اْتةح ِ ضاَّ ِ ض 5. ا ا 138 ةوق ِع 6. ََ – Particle of anticipationح اَف اْت َ 139 اْل استِ اف َه ِتم 7. َ – Particles of interrogationحَفَت اِ َا 139 َح اَف اْ ةَاد ِع 8. َ – Particle of rebuke 140 اَْتة ان ِويان 9. 140 ن اون اْتةأاكِاَّ ِد 10. 140 v 11. َح اَف َل َ 140 12. – اَ الَاوف اْ ةزائِ َدةExtra particles 141 – َحَاوف اْش اةَ ِط اْةِِت َْل َاConditional particles that do not cause jazm 13. َت ِزم ا 142 14. )ام َ َمت ( َمت َد 143 ِ َحَوف اْاَطا 15. ف َ ا 143 Appendix 145 Bibliography 149 vi LIST OF TABLES Table No Page No 1.1 ض َمتئَِ – Personal pronounsاَْ ة 19 1.2 اْلَت ةرة – Prepositionsاَ ال اَاوف ا 20 1.3 – Particles that resemble a fiʿlاَ الَاوف اْام َشبة َهُ ِبْا ِف اَ ِل 22 صُ ِ 1.4 – Auxiliary (defective) fiʿlsاَالَفا ََتل اْنةتق َ 25 صل َب ِرم صل( َحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع inض ِمْي مان َف ِ )ض ِمْي مَف وع مان َف ِ 2.1 َ ا َ َ ا َا ا 34 ةصل ةصل( َحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع inض ِمْي مت ِ )ض ِمْي مَف وع مت ِ 2.2 َ ا َ َ ا َا ا 35 صل ةصل andض ِمْي مان َف ِ ب inض ِمْي مت ِ صِ صل و ِ ِ ِ 2.3 َ ا َ ا ضم اْي ( ََحتَُْ اْنة ا ضم اْي َمانص اوب مان َف َ ََ 36 صل )مانصوب متة ِ َ ا ةصل َب ِرم اْل َِ inض ِمْي مت ِ ِ ) ِ 2.4 َ ا ضم اْي َاَمَاور متةصل( ََحتَُْ اَ َ 37 2.5 اَالَ اسَتء اْا َم اوص اوَُْ ِْالم َذ ةك َِ 39 ةثاَالَ استء اْاموصوَُْ ِْالمؤن ِ 2.6 َ َ َا ا 39 2.7 أَ اسَتء اال َش َترةِ ِْالم َذ ةك َِ 42 ةثأَ استء اال َشترةِ ِْالمؤن ِ 2.8 َ َ َ 42 تضي Isms in the meaning of ِ ِ 2.9 اَْاف اَل اْا َم ا 45 تضَ Isms in the meaning of ال ِ 2.10 اَال اَمَ اَ 45 2.11 َسَ ِتء اْام اََََُِِإِ اعََاب أَقا َس ِتم اال ا 59 3.1 أ اَوَمان جَا ِع قِلةُ 69 3.2 أ اَوَمان جَا ِع َكثا ََة 69 3.3 اْلَ ام ِع أ اَمثَتل جَا ِع ا 70 3.4 اْلم اوِع أ اَوَمان مان تَ َهى ا 70 اِستَِمتل اْا ِفَ ِل َحسب اْا َف ِ تع ِل 3.5 ا َا َ ا اَ 73 3.6 َْ and its i‘raabل Different forms of the isms of 77 3.7 منَتدٰى Rules governing the i‘raab of 80 vii 3.8 إِ اعََاب اْام استَ ثا ٰن 93 اَ الَوف اْنة ِ تصبَُ 4.1 ا 111 4.2 اْلَت ِمَمُ اَ الَاوف ا 114 أَفا َتل اْاقلو ِ ب 4.3 ا َ 117 4.4 َم افَ اول ِِه Fiʿls requiring three 118 4.5 أَفا ََتل اْام َق َترََُِِ َواْةَ َج ِتء َواْشَاوِع 119 4.6 اَالَ اسَتء اْش اةَ ِطَّةُ 124 4.7 أ اَوَمان اِ اس ِم اْامبَتَْغَ ُِ 127 4.8 اْص َف ُِ اْام َشبة َه ُِ أَومان ِ اَ 130 ضاَّ ِلأَومان اِس ِم اْتة اف ِ 4.9 اَ ا 132 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The people who have helped to make this project a success cannot all be mentioned by name. However, I must single out Sr. A. Naviwala who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus helped to kick-start the project; the students and instructors at Darul Uloom al-Madania’s eAlim program; First year students at Darul Uloom al-Madania (academic years 2010–2011 and 2011–2012); and Mawlana Omar Salejee of Madrasa In‘amiyya South Africa. I have greatly benefitted from their valuable feedback and suggesstions and help with proof-reading. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help. ix ِسم هللا اَْمحن اََْحَّم حنمده و نصلي على رسوْه اْكَمي FOREWORD This is version 2.2 of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn is an expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, ‘Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawali’s primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of ‘Ilm al-Nahw titled Tasheel al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. As great as that effort was, it suffered from several issues especially with regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, I decided to bring out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of this revision, I consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, Mu‘jam al- Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar. I completely revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. I also changed the organization in a way that I felt would make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in the overall picture. Since then, I have had a chance to teach this book many times and every such occasion has led to further revisions and improvements. This latest version is vastly different from the original edition that I published online in 2011. Many sections have been modified, some have been completely revised, confusing sentences have been elaborated, more examples and exercises have been added, including many from al-Nahw al-Wadih and Mu‘allim al-Insha’, and where needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadih section has been pointed out in the footnotes. These footnotes are for the benefit of the teachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly, an appendix has been attached at the end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahw’s place in Nahw texts, as well as suggesting a possible curriculum of classical Arabic studies. This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, I have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, I have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect their non- English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particular academic standard; rather, it has been kept simple for ease of students. It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic. I would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, it assumes some prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons of Arabic and/or Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a teacher. xi However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahw using other texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers of this text to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih (all six volumes) as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as and when needed. Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. It does not cover every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be studying relatively advanced Nahw texts (such as Hidayat al-Nahw or al-Nahw al-Wadih) after this to round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix can be used for that purpose. To the best of my ability, I have tried to remove all errors. However, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact me with your feedback at the email address given at the end. I hope and pray that this latest version will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember me in their prayers. And He alone gives success. ي ِ وصلةى هللا تََ ٰتٰل ع ٰلى خ ِْي خلا ِق ِه سَِّ ِد ََن وموَْل ََن ُم ةمد ةوع ٰلى أِِْٰه وأَصحت ِِه أ ا َ َجََ ا ََ ا َ َ َ َ َا َ َ ََا ََ Aamir Bashir Chicago, IL 26th Safar, 1438 (26th November, 2016) E-mail: [email protected] xii َاْلصطَلحاتَالعربية ARABIC TERMS َ Approximate Equivalent English Term / Arabic Term Transliteration Description of the meaning اِ اسم ism Noun فِ اَل fi‘l Verb ََح اَف harf Particle َم َذ ةك mudhakkar Masculine م َؤنةث mu’annath Feminine اَحدِو َ waahid Singular ِ ََُّتَثان tathniyah Dual جَاع jam‘ Plural ُض ةم َ dammah ﹹ ُفَ ات َح fathah ﹷ َك اسََة kasrah ﹻ ََُحَََك harakah Short vowels, i.e., dammah ﹹ, fathah ﹷ, kasrah ﹻ ُ ََحَََكت:جَاع plural: harakaat ُِ َحَاوف اْاَِلة huroof al-‘illah Long vowels i.e., ا – ي- و إِ اعََاب These are the variations at the end of the word which i‘raab take place in accordance with the governing word. تَان ِويان tanween two fathahs ()ﹱ, two dammahs ( ) ﹲ, two kasrahs ( ) ﹴ سك اون sukoon ﹿ َستكِن saakin A letter with sukoon تَ اش ِدياد tashdeed ﹽ م َشدةد mushaddad A letter with tashdeed ِ َف تعل faa‘il Subject i.e. the doer Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which َم افَ اول maf‘ool the work is done. َع ِتمل Governing word i.e. a word which causes i‘raab ‘aamil change in the word(s) following it. xiii Approximate Equivalent English Term / Arabic Term Transliteration Description of the meaning The governed word i.e. a word in which the i‘raab َم اَم اول ma‘mool change occurred. فِ اَل َم اََاوف The active verb i.e. a verb whose doer is fi‘l ma‘roof known/mentioned. فِ اَل َاَمه اول The passive verb i.e. a verb whose doer is not fi‘l majhool known/mentioned. The intransitive verb i.e. a verb which can be فِ اَل َْل ِمم fi‘l laazim understood without a َم افَ اول. The transitive verb i.e. a verb which cannot be fully اَْا ِف اَل اْامتَ ََ ِد اي fi‘l muta‘addi understood without a َم افَ اول. Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an ال. For َم اَ َِفَه ma‘rifah example, اَْابَ اَّتthe house (a particular/specific house). Indefinite noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween. نَ ِكََة nakirah e.g. َِاَّتa house (any house). It is a word which is in the state of َرفاع. It is generally َم اَف اوع marfoo‘ represented by a dammah on the last letter. It is a word which is in the state of صب نَ ا. It is generally َمانص اوب mansoob represented by a fathah on the last letter. It is a word which is in the state of َجَ. It is generally َاَمَاور majroor represented by a kasrah on the last letter. xiv CHAPTER 1 Section 1.1 َ – اَلنَحَوArabic Grammar Definition: Nahw is a science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb or particle to form a correct sentence, as well as what the ( إِ اعََابcondition) of the last letter of a word should be. Subject Matter: Its subject matter is ُ( َكلِ َمword) and ( َك َلمsentence). Objective: The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, َمياد, َدار, ل ِ َ َد َخ, and فare four words. The science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence. The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Qur’an, Hadeeth, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them. The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High. 1 Section 1.2 َ – اَلَكَلَمَةThe word Any word uttered by humans is called a َْ افظ. If it has a meaning, it is called َم اوض اوع (meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called ( م اه َملmeaningless). In Arabic, ( َْ افظ َم اوض اوعmeaningful word) is of two types: م افََدand مَةكب. َ 1. – م افََدSingle: It is a single word such as ( كِتَتبbook). Such a word is also called ُ َكلِ َم. 2. – مَةكبCompound: It is a group of two or more words, which may form a complete or َ an incomplete sentence such as ( طَتِْب ذَكِيintelligent student) or ( اَْطةتِْب ذَكِيThe student is intelligent.). Types of َكلمة There are three types of ُ َكلِ َم: 1. ( اِ اسمnoun) 2. ( فِ اَلverb) 3. َح اَف َ (particle) َ – اسمNoun: Classical definition: It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word, and it does not have a tense.1 Modern definition: It is the name of a person, place or thing.2 Examples: َرجل a man اَْابَ اَّت the house Notes: Since this textbook is designed for classical Arabic; therefore, throughout the rest of the book, اِ اسمwill be used in the sense of its classical definition. An اِ اسمcan never have a ( تَ ان ِويانtanween) and an الat the same time. ن ِف نَ اف ِس َهت َغ َْي م اق َِتن َِزَمتن فَ ِه َي ِ Ibn ‘Aqil expresses this is as follows: اسم ا اَْا َكل َمُ إِ ان َدْة ا. See ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Aqil, ً َت َعلَى َم ا 1 Sharh ibn ‘Aqil ‘ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik (Cairo: Dar al-Turath, 1980), vol. 1, 15. 2 This is the definition given in al-Nahw al-Wadih. The Arabic reads: كل َْ افظ ي َس ٰمى ِِه إِنا َستن أ اَو ََحََّ َوان أ اَو نَبَتُ أ اَو:اَاِْل اسم ََآخ َ َجَتد أ اَو أَي َش اىء. See ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah (Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), vol. 1, 16. 2 َ – فعلVerb: Classical definition: It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word, and it has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.3 Modern definition: It denotes an action.4 Examples: ب َ ََض َ He hit. ََص َ َن He helped. Notes: Since this textbook is designed for classical Arabic; therefore, throughout the rest of the book, فِ اَلwill be used in the sense of its classical definition. A فِ اَلcan never have a ( تَ ان ِويانtanween) or an ال. َ – حرفParticle: It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning cannot be understood without joining an اِ اسمor a فِ اَلor both to it. e.g. ( ِم انfrom) ( َع ٰلىon top) EXERCISES 1. State with reason whether the following words are اِ اسم، فِ اَلor َح اَف َ. i. سَ ََجل (He sat.) iii. ِانت (girl) ii. َو (and) iv. َََك َس (He broke.) 2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following َسَتء أ اusing a dictionary. i. قَلَم iii. كِتَتب ii. صل فَ ا iv. َسب اوَرة 3 See Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 1, 15. 4 See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 16. 3 Section 1.3 َ – أقسامَاْلَسَمTypes of ism اِ اسمis of three types: 1. تمد ِ – جPrimary ism: It is an اِسمwhich is neither derived from another word nor is any َ ا word derived from it. e.g. فَ ََس horse ِانت girl 2. ص َدر ِ – َم اRoot ism: It is an ا اسمfrom which many words are derived. e.g. ض اَب َ to hit َص نَ اto help 3. شتَق ِ – م اDerived ism: It is an ا اسمwhich is derived from a ص َدر َم ا. e.g. ضت ِرب َ hitter َمانص اورone who is helped َ – أقسامَ الَفَعَلTypes of fiʿl فِ اَلis of four types: 1. تضي ِ اَْا َم اPast tense e.g. ب َ ََض َ He hit. 2. ضت ِرع َ اَْامPresent and Future tense e.g. ض َِب يَ ا He is hitting or will hit. ِ 3. َاَالَ ام Positive Command/ e.g. ض َِ ا ب اا Hit! Imperative 4. اَْنة اهي Negative Command/ e.g. ض َِ ا ب َْل تَ ا Don’t hit! Prohibitive َ – أقسامَالَرَفTypes of particle ََح اَفis of two types: 1. تمل ِ – عCausative Particle: It is a َحَفwhich causes إِعَابchange in the word after it. َ َا َا e.g. ِ ِ َمياد ِف اْا َم اسجدZayd is in the mosque. 2. تم ِل ِ َ – َغْي اْاNon-Causative: It is a َحَفwhich does not cause إِعَابchange in the word after َ ا َا َا it. e.g. ثة then َو and 4 EXERCISES 1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give their meanings. i. اَْابَ اَّت iii. اَْا َوَرق ii. اَْا َفتَ َح iv. َِسع 2. Find the meanings and the plurals of the following isms using a dictionary. i. ِ استَتن iii. َبب ii. َقَ َم iv. َك الب 3. Translate the following sentences, and identify the different types of fiʿls in them. i. تكَ فَتَ َح َختِْد ِن اْشبة iii. ًَُْب ِر َست ا اكت ا ُِ َمحَد ِف اْا َم اد َر َس يَ ادرس أ ا تب ِ َ َِْْل تَ اقَأا ٰذ ii. iv. َ َك اْاكت َ 5 Section 1.4 َ – اْلملَوَالمركباتSentences and phrases مََةكبis of two types: مََةكب م ِفاَّدand مََةكب َغ اْي م ِفاَّد. مَةكب م ِفاَّدis also called مَةكب ََتم, جالَُ م ِفاَّ َدةand َك َلم ََتم. It is a complete sentence. Often, it َ َ is just called َك َلم. مَةكب َغ اْي م ِفاَّدis also called مَةكب ََنقِص, جالَُ َغ اْي م ِفاَّ َدةand َك َلم ََنقِص. It is an incomplete َ َ sentence. From now on, when I use “sentence,” I will be referring to a complete sentence; and when I use “phrase,” I will be referring to an incomplete sentence. Types of sentences There are two types of sentences: َِ جالَُ َخ: It is a sentence which has the possibility of being true or false. A. َُبية B. ُشتئَِّة َ جالَُ إِنا: It is a sentence which does not have the possibility of being true or false. Section 1.4.1 َأقسامَاْلملةَاْلبَية ُ جالَُ َخ ََِبيةis of two types: 1. َ – جَلَةََاَسَيَةََخَبَيَةNominal sentence: Definition: It is a sentence which begins with an اِ اسم. The second part of the sentence can be an اِ اسمor a فِ اَل. The first part of the sentence is called ( ماب تَ َدأsubject) or سنَد إَِْاَّ ِه ( م اthe word about which information is being given). The second part of the sentence is called خ ََب َ (predicate) or ( م اسنَدthe word giving the information). The ماب تَ َدأis generally َُ َم اَ َِفand the خ ََب ِ َ generally نَكََة. Both parts ( ماب تَ َدأand خ ََب َ ) are َم اَف اوع. Sentence Analysis َنظيَف َ الَب يَتThe house is clean. َُخ ََب = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية + ماب تَ َدأ 6 Note: A sentence may have more than one خ ََب. َ Sentence Analysisَ َقوي َطويل َ الرجَلThe man is tall and strong. ُ = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية2 َخ ََب+ 1 َخ ََب+ ماب تَ َدأ 2. َ – جَلَةََفعليةَخَبَيَةVerbal sentence: Definition: It is a sentence which begins with a فِ اَل. The first part of the sentence is called فِ اَلor سنَد م ا. ِ َ فor مسنَد إََِّْ ِهand is always مَف وع. The second part of the sentence is called تعل ا ا َا ا Sentence Analysis َزيد َ جلسZayd sat. ُتعل = جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية ِ َف + فِ اَل Note: In the above example, the فِ اَلis اْل ِمم اَْا ِف اَل ةi.e. it is a فِ اَلwhose meaning can be understood without a َم افَ اول. Note: If the فِ اَلis ي ِ ِ ِ اَْاف اَل اْامتَ ََد اi.e. a ف اَلwhose meaning cannot be fully understood without a َم افَ اول, then a َم افَ اولwill be added and it will be َمانص اوب. Sentence Analysis َالسماء َ للا َخلق Allah created the sky. ُ= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية َم افَ اول ِ َف + تعل + فِ اَل EXERCISES5 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i. َاملَلم َحتض ii. اْبستتن جَّل iii. فتح ُممدن اْبتب iv. ُاملدرسُ كبْية نظَّف v. وقف اَْجل vi. اَْجل وقف 2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above? 5 For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 11-19 & 36-46. 7 Section 1.4.2 َ جَلَةََإَنَشَائَيَةis of ten types: َاَالَ ام e.g. ض َِب ِ 1. Positive Command اا ا Hit! اَْنة اهي e.g. ض َِب 2. Negative Command َْل تَ ا ا Don’t Hit! 3. اَاِْل استِ اف َهتمInterrogative e.g. هل ضَب ميد؟ َ ا َ َ َ َا Did Zayd hit? اَْتة َم ِ ان ِ !تب َعتئد َ َت اْشةب َ ََّْا 4. Desire e.g. I wish youth would return. Note: ت َ َّ َْاis generally used for something unattainable. 5. اَْ ةَتِج اي Hope e.g. اْل امتِ َحت َن َس اهل ََِْ ةل ا َ Hopefully, the examination will be easy. Note: ل َْ ََ ةis generally used for something attainable. 6. اَْنِ َداء Exclamation e.g. !ََي اَلل O Allah! e.g. ك ِدي نَترا؟ ِ ِ اَْا ََ اَض ً أََْل َتاتاَّ ِ ان فَأ اعطََّ َ ا 7. Request/Offer Will you not come to me so that I may give you a dinar? Note: اَْا ََ اَضis a mere request; no answer is anticipated. 8. اَْا َق َسم Oath e.g. !َِوهللا By Allah! 9. اَْتة َجب Amazement e.g. !مت أََحسن مي ًدا How good Zayd is! َ َ ا َ َ َا 10. اَْاَقود The seller says تب ِ ِ َ َ – اَت ٰه َذا اْاكتI sold this book. Transaction e.g. ا and the buyer says تياته ِ ََ – ا اشI bought it. َِ َخ. However, Islamic law recognizes them as Note: The sentences for اَْاَق اودare in reality َُبية ُ إِنا َشتئَِّةwith respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentences) be used to convey definiteness. Sentence Analysis: زيد؟ َضرب َهل Did Zayd hit? ُتعل = جالَُ إِنا َشتئَِّة ِ َف + فِ اَل+ اْل استِ اف َه ِتم َِحَف ا َا EXERCISE 1. State what type of ُشتئَِّة َ جالَُ إِناare the following sentences. ِ َ َِِي إ i. !اهاَّم iii. ك؟ ََ ا َ ْف ََحت َ ََّكا ِ ii. اسَ اع iv. َْل تَ ادخ ال 8 Section 1.4.3 َ أقسامَالَمَرَكَبََالنَاقَص- Types of phrases Phrases are of five types: 1. َي َ – الَمَرَكَبََالتَوَصَيَف يDescriptive phrase:6 It is a phrase in which one word describes the other. ِ. The describing word is called ُص َف The object being described is called َم اوص اوف. ِ must correspond in four things: The َم اوص اوفand ُص َف 1. إِ اعََاب. 2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine. 3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural. 4. ِ َن. Being َُ َم اَ َِفor كََة For example, َصالح َرجل a righteous man ُِص َف َم اوص اوف َالعاقلة َ ا لبن ت the intelligent/wise girl ُِص َف َم اوص اوف 2. ََاف – الَمَرَكَبَ َالَض يPossessive phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (ضتف َ )مis attributed to the second one (ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ )م. In some cases, this means that the second word owns or possesses the first. The ضتف َ مnever gets an الor a تَان ِويان. The ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ مis always َاَمَاور. e.g. زي َد َ كت اب Zayd’s book ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َم ضتف َم The إِ اعََابof the ضتف ِ َ مwill be according to the َعتملgoverning it. For example, َزيد َكتاب َوجدتي I found Zayd’s book. ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َم ضتف َم َم افَ اول ِِه فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه 6 For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 82-86. 9 Notes: ِ َ مand ضتف إَِْاَّه 1. Sometimes many ضتف َ مare found in a single phrase. For example, الرج َل َب يت ََبب the door of the man’s house ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه ضتف ِ َ ضتف إَِْاَّه َوم َم َم ضتف َم ِ ِ َ مhas a ُص َف, then it should come immediately after the ضتف إَِْاَّه 2. If the ضتف َ مwith an ال and should have the same إِ اعََابas that of the ضتف َ م. For example, َاْلديد َ الب ي ت ََبب the new door of the house ِ ِص َفُ اْامضت ف ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ َم ضتف َم 3. If the ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه ِ ِ َ مhas a ُص َف, then it should come immediately after the ضتف إَِْاَّه َ م, and should correspond to it (ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ )مin the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example, َاْلديد َالب يت ََبب the door of the new house ُِص َف َم اوص اوف ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َم ضتف َم 3. ي َ – الَمَرَكَبََالَشDemonstrative phrase: It is a phrase in which one ال َش َترةِ( اِ اسم ََار ي ِ )اِ اسم اpoints towards another شتر إَِْاَّ ِه( اِ اسم َ )م. The شتر إَِْاَّ ِه َ مmust have an ال. e.g. الرج َل ٰهذا This man م َشتر إَِْاَّ ِه ِ ِ ِال َشترة َ ا اسم ا Note: If the شتر إَِْاَّ ِه َ مdoes not have an ال, it would be a complete sentence. e.g. َرجل ٰهذا This is a man. ُ= جالَُ اِ اِسَّة َخ ََب + ماب تَ َدأ 4. ي ََالَمَرَكَبََالَعَدَدَ ي/ََي – َالَمَرَكَبََالَبَنَائ يNumerical phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to form a single word (number). A َح اَف َ originally linked the two. e.g. ََ( أَ ََح َد َع َشeleven) It was originally َش أَ ََحد َو َع ا. This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19. e.g. ََ( أَ ََح َد َع َش11), ََ( اِثانَت َع َش12), ََث َع َش َ ( ثََل13), … ََ( تِ اس َع َع َش19). 10 Both parts of this phrase will always be َم افت اوحexcept the number 12 (ََش ِ َ )اثانَت َع. e.g. َجتءَ أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل (َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع َ) َرأَيات أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل ِص (ب ) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا Eleven men came. I saw eleven men. اْلََِ) َمََارُ ِبَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل ( ََحتَُْ ا I passed by eleven men. As for number 12, its second part is always َم افت اوحwhile the first part changes. Thus, in ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع, it is written as ََاِثانَت َع َش, with an اat the end of the first part. However, in َََُْحت ِص ب ََحتَُْ ا, the first part is given a يin place of the )اِثا َ ان َع َشََ( ا. اْنة اand ََِاْل e.g. َجتءَ اِثانَت َع َشََ َرج ًل (َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع َ) َرأَيات اِثا َ ان َع َشََ َرج ًل ِص (ب ) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا Twelve men came. I saw twelve men. َمََارُ ِبِثا َ ان َع َشََ َرج ًل (ََِاْل ) ََحتَُْ ا I passed by twelve men. 5. ََكَبَ َمَنَعََالصَرَف – الَمَرIndeclinable phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form a single word. The first part of this phrase is always َم افت اوح. ِ ع. The second part changes according to the تمل َ Examples: 1. ُضَََم او َ ََحis the name of a region in Yemen. It is composed of two words ََض َ ََحand ُ َم او. ََض ِ ِ َ ََحis a ف اَل, which means “he/it was present” and ُ َم اوis an ا اسم, which means “death.” Thus, literally, ُضَََم اوَ ََحmeans “[a place where] death was present.” 2. َِ اَلَبَكis a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words َِ اَلand ك َِ ة. َِ اَلwas the name of an idol and ك َِ ةwas the name of a king. Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a complete sentence. Example 1 َالَمي َالتاجر َربَح The trustworthy/honest trader gained profit. ُِص َف + َم اوص اوف ُ= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية ِ َف تعل + فِ اَل 11 Example 2 مرف وعَ فاعلَ ك يلَ ‘Every faa‘il is marfoo and every maf‘ool is منصوبَ مفعولَ ك يلَ َو mansoob. ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه ضتف +م َ مَ = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ َخ ََب + ماب تَ َدأ Example 3 الكتابَ ٰهذا اشَتيتَ I bought this book. اِ اسم اِ ال َش َترةِ +م َشتر إَِْاَّ ِه = جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ َم افَول فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه + Example 4 أَرب عَةََعشرََرج اَلَ Fourteen men came.ج َ اء = جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ فَ ِ تعل فِ اَل + Example 5 ب عَلَبُّيَ ٰ This is Ba‘labakk.هذهَ = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ َخ ََب ماب تَ َدأ + 12 EXERCISES 1. Translate, fill in the إِ اعََابand analyze the following phrases. i. سَّترة اَْجل v. ُاْوردة اْلمَّل ii. َأرِع عش vi. قلم رخَّص iii. ُبب فصل املدرس vii. مَديكَب iv. قلم اَْجل اْطويل viii. ذْك اْكتتب 2. What is the difference between the following phrases/sentences? i. غ َلم َعتقِل and غ َلم َعتقِل ii. ُهذه تفتَح and ُهذه اْتفتَح iii. َنفذة اْسَّترة اْكبْية and َِنفذة اْسَّترة اْكبْية iv. اْثوب نظَّف and اْثوب اْنظَّف 3. Correct the following and state the reason(s). i. َوَْد اْقبَّح ِ iii. ُاملدرس املَلم ii. اَْجلن اْطويل iv. َِ مثتنَُّ َع َش 4. Translate, fill in the إِ اعََابand analyze the following. i. بب فضل قَّتم َّْلُ اْقدر 13 Section 1.4.4 Additional notes about َجَلَةََاَسَيَة 1. Sometimes, the خ ََب َ is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden ()م َقدةر. 7 e.g. اَاِل َمتم ِف اْا َم اس ِج ِد The Imam is in the mosque. َالمسجد َ ف ]َ[حَاضَر َالَمام َاَمَاور + َََح اَف َج ُ= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية متَ ََلِق ِب اْلَاَِب + َخ ََب م َق ةدر + ماب تَ َدأ 2. The خ ََب َ can be a complete sentence. Example 1: َمياد أَِ اوه َع ِتَل Zayd’s father is knowledgeable. َعال أب وَه َزيد ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ م+ ضتف َم ُجالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية = َخ ََب + ماب تَ َدأ ُجالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية = َخ ََب + ماب تَ َدأ Example 2: َمياد أَ َك َل اْطة ََ َتم Zayd ate the food. َالطعَام َأكل َزيد ُجالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية = َم افَ اول+ فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه ُجالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية = َخ ََب + ماب تَ َدأ EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the إِ اعََابand analyze the following sentences. i. اْقلم ف اْفصل ii. اْثور حيَث الرض 7 However, generally, to simplify matters, the متَ ََلِقis taken to be the َخ ََب. See Mawlana Hasan Dockrat, A Simplified Arabic Grammar (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37. 14 Summary َْافظ َم اوض اوع م اه َمل م افََد مََةكب اِ اسم فِ اَل ََحاَف جالَُ م ِفاَّ َدة جالَُ َغ اْي م ِفاَّ َدة َج ِتمد َمتض َع ِتمل مََةكب تَ او ِصاَّ ِفي ص َدر َم ا ضت ِرع مَ َغ اْي اْا ََ ِتم ِل مََةكب إِ َ ض ِتف م اشتَق أ اَمَ مََةكب إِ َشت ِري جالَُ إِنا َشتئَِّةُ جالَُ َخ ََِبيةُ ََناي مََةكب ِنَتئِي صَ ِ ف مََةكب َمانع اْ ة ا جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ تَ ََجب َعاَض تَ ََِج اي اِ استِ اف َهتم أ اَمَ عق اود قَ َسم نِ َداء َتََِ ان ََناي 15 Section 1.5 َ – عََلَمَاتََاْلَسَمSigns of an ism:َ 1. It is preceded by an ال. e.g. اَْ ةَجل the man 2. It accepts َج َ. e.g. اْلَ ِديا ِد ت َميا ِد ِن ا ِ َّ ِ ِفin Zayd’s new house ا َا 3. There is تَ ان ِوينon the last letter. e.g. َرجل a man 4. It ends with a round ة. e.g. َُكلِ َم a word 5. It is a dual )ََُِّ(تَثان.8 e.g. َرج َل ِن two men 6. It is a plural )(جَاع. e.g. جتلَ ِر men 7. It is a سنَد إَِْاَّ ِه ِ ماب تَ َدأ) م اor (فَتعل. e.g. اَْ ةَجل قَ ِوي The man is strong. e.g. جلَس َمياد َ Zayd sat. َ 8. It is ضتف َ م. e.g. كِتَتب مياد ِ book of Zayd 9. It is َم اوص اوف. e.g. َرجل طَ ِويال tall man 10. It is منَتدٰى. e.g. ََي َرجل O man! 11. It is َصغة َ م. e.g. ر َجاَّل a little man 12. It is َمانس اوب. e.g. َم ِكي a Makkan َ – عََلَمَاتََالَفَعَلSigns of a fiʿl: 1. It is preceded by قَ اد. e.g. ج َ ََقَ اد َخ He has gone out. 2. It is preceded by س َ. e.g. خَج َسََّ ا He will soon go out. 3. It is preceded by ف َ َس او. e.g. ف ََياَج َ َس او He will go out after a while. 4. It is preceded by ج ازم َ ََح اَف. e.g. ج ََلا ََياَ ا He did not go out. 5. It is preceded by صب ََح اَف نَ ا. e.g. ج َ ََْ ان ََيا He will never go out. 6. It has a hidden ض ِم اْي َ. e.g. ج َ َََخ He went out. 7. It is an imperative )َ( اأم. e.g. ج ا اخَ ا Go out. 8. It is a prohibitive )( ََناي. e.g. ج َْل ََتاَ ا Do not go out. 9. It has taa saakin (ُ ) اat the end. e.g. ت أَ َكلَ ا She ate. َ – عََلَمَةََالَرَفSign of a particle: That word which has no sign of an اِ اسمor a فِ اَلis a particle (a particle has no sign of its own). 8 A فِ اَلis said to be dual or plural with respect to its doer )تعل ِ َ(ف. The action is one. Thus, duality and plurality are signs of an اِ اسمand not a فِ اَل. 16 Section 1.5.1 General notes 1. The indefiniteness of an اِ اسمis indicated by a تَ ان ِوين. Such an اِ اسمis called كََة ِ َن. e.g. َِاَّت a house (any house) 2. The definiteness of an اِ اسمis indicated by an ال. Such an اِ اسمis called َُ َم اَ َِف. e.g. اَْابَ اَّت the house (a specific house) 3. An اِ اسمcan never have a تَ ان ِوينand an الat the same time. e.g. اَْابَ اَّتis incorrect. 4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have )ﹿ( سكون, it is called يِ ( اِ اجتِمتع اْ ةستكِنَ اthe meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon is generally َ changed to a kasrah. e.g. ت اْابِانت ِ. The َهازة اْاوص ِلbefore the لis not pronounced. َ will become ضَََِت اْابِانت ضَََِ ا َ َ َا In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to a fathah. e.g. تب ِن ِ ِ ِ َ ََّ( م ان اْاfrom Japan) becomes م َن اْاََّ َتبن. In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to dammah. e.g. س ِ ِ َ ( فَه امت ام اْد اةرyou understood the lesson) becomes س َ فَه امتم اْد اةر. 5. When an الappears before an اِ اسمwhich begins with a letter from ُش ام ِسَّة ( اَ الَوف اْ ةsun letters) then the لof الmust not be pronounced. The لof الdoes not receive a sukoon. Instead the َح اَف َشا ِسي َ receives a tashdeed. e.g. ةجََة َ اَْشthe tree ةمس اَْش اthe sun ُُ ث د ذ ر م س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن = اَ الَوف اْ ةش ام ِسَّة 6. The remaining letters are known as ُ( اَ الَوف اْا َق َم َِيةmoon letters). In these, the لof ال receives a sukoon and is pronounced. The َح اَف قَ َم َِي َ does not receive a tashdeed. e.g. اَْا َقلَم the pen َاَْا َق َم the moon 7. Generally, an اِ اسمending with a round (اَْتةتء اْا َم اَِوطَُ) ةis a feminine )اِ اسم (م َؤنةث. e.g. َسب اوَرة blackboard 17 ِ ِ ِ – ِال َشترة ِ ِ ِ 8. The ُص َف َ َخ ََب – اَاْل اسم اْا َم اوصول – ف اَل – ا اسم اetc. of a ( َغ اْي اْا ََتق ِلnon-human) plural is ِ و. generally اَحد م َؤنةث َ e.g. صنَتم َكثِ ا َْية أَ ا many idols صنَتم َْل تَان َفع اَالَ ا The idols do not benefit. صنَتم ِِ ُالَت ِر َسُ َجتِْ َس اَْا ِك َلب ا ٰهذه االَ اthese idols The guard dogs are sitting. ًت اْاب َّ اوُ َكثِ ا َْية ِ ََكتن The houses were many. 9. When writing an اِ اسمending with two fathahs ()ﹱ, an alif ) ( اmust be added at the end. e.g. َميا ًدا However, If there is a round (اَْتةتء اْا َم اَِوطَُ) ةat the end of such a word, alif should not be added. e.g. ًَُِْر َست 18 Section 1.6 َ – الضَمَائَرPersonal pronouns Definition: َِض َمتئ ِ ) are those words which are used in place of names and refer to َ (singular: ضمْي َ the speaker )كلِم ِ (َحor the third person )( َغتئِب. َ َ (متor the second person )َتض َ Table 1.1 َ – الضَمَائَرPersonal pronouns Unattached form )َ(مَنَفَصَل Attached form )َ(مَتَصَل ه َو He (one male), it ه his, its, him اَحد م َذ ةكَ َغتئِب ِ ( وSingular) َ Masculine
