Bio 252 Fall 24 Class Test #3 Study Guide

**Study guide Class test \#3 BIO 252 Fall24** **Chapter 20** The heart is located in the A. mediastinum of the peritoneum B. mediastinum of the peritoneum C. mediastinum, which is located in the thoracic cavity. D. thoracic cavity, which is located in the mediastinum. The pericardial cavity i...

**Study guide Class test \#3 BIO 252 Fall24** **Chapter 20** The heart is located in the A. mediastinum of the peritoneum B. mediastinum of the peritoneum C. mediastinum, which is located in the thoracic cavity. D. thoracic cavity, which is located in the mediastinum. The pericardial cavity is between the A.fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium B. fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium C. visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium D. endocardium and myocardium The function of the pericardial fluid is to A. reduce friction between the pericardial membranes B. lubricate the heart valves. C. replace any blood that is lost. D. replace any blood that is lost. Another name for the visceral pericardium is the \ A. endocardium.\ B. epicardium.\ C. isocardium.\ D. myocardium. Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall? \ A. epicardium\ B. pericardium\ C. endocardium\ D. myocardium\ E. visceral pericardium Blood vessels enter and exit from the \_\_\_\_\_ of the heart. \ A. apex\ B. base\ C. auricles\ D. trigone The coronary sulcus is a groove on the outside of the heart that marks the division between A. left and right atria B. left and right atria C. atria and ventricles D. aorta and pulmonary trunk Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the .\ A. left atrium.\ B. right ventricle.\ C. left ventricle.\ D. coronary sinus. All cardiac veins empty into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which then empties into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \ A. coronary sinus; left atrium\ B. coronary sinus; right atrium\ C. great cardiac vein; right atrium\ D. great cardiac vein; superior vena cava Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial \ A. attack.\ B. angina.\ C. necrosis.\ D. infarction. The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is the \ A. aortic semilunar valve.\ B. pulmonary semilunar valve.\ C. tricuspid valve.\ D. mitral valve.\ E. bicuspid valve. The chordae tendineae \ A. connect the atria to the ventricles.\ B. are found in the interventricular septum.\ C. are part of the conducting system of the heart.\ D. connect the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles. The skeleton of the heart \ A. helps to support the coronary arteries.\ B. anchors cardiac muscle fibers.\ C. contains osseous tissue.\ D. prevents the backflow of blood in the heart. This blood vessel carries blood from the left ventricle. \ A. aorta B. right atrium C. pulmonary trunk D. pulmonary arteries The right side of the heart acts as a pump for the \ A. pulmonary circulation.\ B. systemic circulation.\ C. coronary circulation.\ D. hepatic portal circulation. Contraction of the papillary muscles would \ A. eject blood from the ventricles.\ B. prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria.\ C. close the semilunar valves.\ D. cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the \_\_\_\_\_. \ A. aorta\ B. right atrium\ C. pulmonary trunk\ D. pulmonary arteries  From the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the \_\_\_\_\_. \ A. aorta\ B. right atrium\ C. pulmonary trunk\ D. pulmonary arteries Which of the following heart chambers is correctly associated with the blood vessel that enters or leaves it? \ A. right atrium - pulmonary veins\ B. left atrium - aorta\ C. right ventricle - pulmonary trunk\ D. left ventricle - superior vena cava and inferior vena cava The \"pacemaker\" of the heart is the \ A. right bundle branch.\ B. left bundle branch.\ C. AV node.\ D. SA node. Which of the following sequences is correct? \ A. AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches\ B. Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node\ C. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers\ D. SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called \ A. gap junctions.\ B. fibrous heart rings.\ C. electromagnetic discs.\ D. sarcolemma sclerotic plaques.\ E. tight junctions. Ventricular contraction begins at the \ A. AV bundle.\ B. apex of the heart.\ C. base of the heart.\ D. superior portion of the interventricular septum The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the \ A. ventricles to repolarize.\ B. ventricles to completely empty of blood.\ C. pacemaker to reset for the next beat.\ D. atria to complete their contraction. Which of the following areas of the conduction system would produce spontaneous action potentials most frequently if the SA node were not functioning? \ A. AV bundle\ B. Purkinje fibers\ C. AV node\ D. bundle branch The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the \ A. absolute refractory period.\ B. hyperpolarization period.\ C. AV period.\ D. SA period. In a normal electrocardiogram, the \ A. P wave results from repolarization of the atria.\ B. QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization.\ C. P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave.\ D. T wave represents depolarization of the atria. The P wave of an ECG indicates \ A. atrial depolarization.\ B. atrial repolarization.\ C. ventricular depolarization.\ D. ventricular repolarization Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular \ A. systole.\ B. diastole.\ C. fibrillation.\ D. ischemia. In the cardiac cycle, \ A. the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously.\ B. the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.\ C. the left atrium contracts before the right atrium.\ D. all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the \ A. aorta.\ B. coronary sinus.\ C. pulmonary vein.\ D. superior vena cava. The first and second heart sounds are most directly related to \ A. pulse pressure in the aorta.\ B. the contraction of the atria.\ C. vibrations that occur when the valves close.\ D. contraction of the papillary muscles. An incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the \ A. aorta.\ B. left atrium.\ C. left ventricle.\ D. coronary circulation. The volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the \ A. stroke volume.\ B. cardiac output.\ C. cardiac reserve.\ D. end-systolic volume. The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the \ A. end-diastolic volume.\ B. end-systolic volume.\ C. cardiac output.\ D. cardiac reserve. Increased vagal stimulation would cause \ A. the heart rate to decrease.\ B. the heart rate to increase.\ C. force of contraction to increase.\ D. stroke volume to increase. Which of the following will increase the heart rate? \ A. a rise in pH\ B. an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood\ C. an increase in the level of blood oxygen\ D. an increase in blood pressure The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the \ A. hypothalamus.\ B. medulla oblongata.\ C. cerebellum.\ D. cerebrum. Which of the following events occurs first in myocardial cell? \ A. threshold\ B. depolarization\ C. repolarization\ D. afterpolarization The cells of the heart\'s normal pacemaker A. spontaneously generate electrical signals about 70 to 80 times per minute B. are located in the interventricular septum. C. generate electrical signals only when stimulated by sympathetic fibers. D. are not in contact with other cells of the heart. **Chapter 21:\ ** What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart? \ A. arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venule\ B. capillary, arteriole, artery, vein, venule\ C. artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein\ D. vein, capillary, artery, arteriole, venule The lining of a capillary is called the \ A. endothelium.\ B. adventitia.\ C. pericapillary layer..\ D. tunica. The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of \ A. veins.\ B. arteries.\ C. arterioles.\ D. capillaries.\ E. venules. Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries? \ A. spleen\ B. kidney\ C. bone marrow\ D. muscle Blood is moved through the vascular system by \ A. valves in the wall of the blood vessels.\ B. peristalsis caused by smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls.\ C. pressure gradients created by the heart.\ D. osmotic pressure. Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the \ A. tunica intima.\ B. tunica media.\ C. tunica adventitia.\ D. tunica externa. The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the \ A. arterioles.\ B. capillaries.\ C. elastic arteries.\ D. veins. Which of the following best describes arteries? \ A. strong, rigid vessels that carry blood under high pressure\ B. thin, elastic vessels that transport blood under low pressure\ C. elastic vessels that connect arterioles and venules\ D. strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure Valves similar to semilunar valves are found in some \ A. veins.\ B. arterioles.\ C. capillaries.\ D. venules. When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true? \ A. Veins have thicker walls than arteries.\ B. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.\ C. Veins have a tunica media while arteries do not.\ D. Arteries have valves, but veins do not. The vasa vasorum \ A. are incompetent valves in the large veins.\ B. are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.\ C. are the blood vessels that supply blood to the vas deferens.\ D. are blood vessels that directly connect arteries to veins. Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls are found primarily in the \ A. tunica intima.\ B. tunica media.\ C. tunica adventitia.\ D. tunica externa. Arteriosclerosis is characterized by \ A. a thickening of the tunica adventitia.\ B. increased elasticity of the tunica media.\ C. decreased resistance to blood flow.\ D. thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media. The three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the \ A. brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.\ B. brachial, axillary, and radial arteries.\ C. subclavian, axillary, and radial arteries.\ D. subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries. Which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver? \ A. celiac artery\ B. superior mesenteric artery\ C. inferior mesenteric artery\ D. renal artery Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch? \ A. brachiocephalic artery\ B. coronary artery\ C. pulmonary artery\ D. right subclavian artery\ E. right common carotid artery The abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the two \ A. inferior mesenteric arteries.\ B. common iliac arteries.\ C. superior mesenteric arteries.\ D. femoral arteries.\ E. renal arteries. What vessel is prominent in many people and often used as the site for drawing blood? \ A. basilic vein\ B. brachial artery\ C. brachial vein\ D. median cubital vein The longest vein in the body is the \ A. superior vena cava.\ B. inferior vena cava.\ C. great saphenous vein.\ D. femoral vein. The hepatic portal system \ A. begins and ends with capillary beds.\ B. transports nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.\ C. allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the GI tract.\ D. has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds.\ E. All of these choice are correct. Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system\ A. inferior vena cava\ B. splenic vein\ C. superior mesenteric vein D. both the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric **Chapter :22** Lymph capillaries are found in the \ A. epidermis.\ B. muscles.\ C. bone marrow.\ D. central nervous system. Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to \ A. veins.\ B. arteries.\ C. arterioles.\ D. capillaries.\ E. venules. Lymph movement is assisted by \ A. contraction of skeletal muscle.\ B. contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel.\ C. pressure changes in the thorax during respiration.\ D. compression of lymphatic vessels.\ E. All of these choices are correct. The thoracic duct drains lymph into the \ A. left subclavian vein.\ B. right subclavian vein.\ C. right internal jugular vein.\ D. left brachiocephalic vein. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the \ A. abdomen.\ B. thorax.\ C. right arm and right side of head.\ D. right leg.\ E. left arm and left side of head. The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by \ A. adding lymph to GI tract secretions.\ B. returning interstitial fluid to the plasma.\ C. transporting lymph from tissues to the liver.\ D. carrying excess fluid to the kidneys to be excreted. Lacteals are \ A. a type of lymphocyte.\ B. a nonspecific defense.\ C. lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine.\ D. the sinuses inside a lymph node. Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to \ A. produce lymphocytes.\ B. produce capsules around lymph nodes.\ C. attack microorganisms.\ D. trap microorganisms. Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called \ A. lymph nodes.\ B. medullary cords.\ C. cisterna chyli.\ D. lymph nodules.  Lymph nodes are surrounded by a dense connective tissue called \ A. cortex.\ B. capsule.\ C. reticulum.\ D. trabeculum.\ E. basement membrane. Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by \_\_\_\_\_ in the sinuses of lymph nodes. \ A. trabecular cells\ B. germinal cells\ C. phagocytic cells\ D. lymphocytes Germinal centers are the sites of \ A. fluid production.\ B. increased flow of lymph from infected tissues.\ C. entrance of lymph into lymph nodes.\ D. proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes Lymph exits a lymph node via the \ A. efferent lymphatic vessels.\ B. afferent lymphatic vessels.\ C. cortical sinuses.\ D. trabeculae.\ E. lymphatic duct. Which of the following statements concerning the spleen is true? \ A. The spleen can act as a blood reservoir.\ B. The white pulp is associated with the venous supply.\ C. The red pulp has trabeculae.\ D. Humans can not survive without a spleen. In innate immunity \ A. each exposure is very specific.\ B. previous exposures are remembered.\ C. each exposure produces the same response.\ D. each exposure increases the strength of the immune response Complement proteins \ A. can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells.\ B. are on the surface of macrophages.\ C. are hormones found in the blood.\ D. may cause the release of interferon. A surface chemical that prevents microbial growth is \ A. histamine.\ B. leukotriene.\ C. sebum.\ D. kinin. A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is \ A. complement.\ B. interferon.\ C. lysozyme.\ D. histamine. A lysozyme is \ A. an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria.\ B. a type of antibody that attracts a phagocyte.\ C. a cytokine produced by T cells.\ D. an antigen. The two major types of phagocytic cells are \ A. neutrophils and monocytes.\ B. neutrophils and macrophages.\ C. monocytes and macrophages.\ D. lymphocytes and monocytes. Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues? \ A. lymphocyte\ B. monocyte\ C. natural killer cell\ D. neutrophil The inflammatory response \ A. prevents the spread of an infection.\ B. stimulates erythrocytes to leave the blood.\ C. delays healing of damaged tissues.\ D. depresses immunity. Which of the following substances causes increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, and vasodilation? \ A. histamine\ B. protaglandins\ C. leukotrienes\ D. complement The movement of leukocytes to the source of certain chemicals is called \ A. chemotaxis.\ B. echolocation.\ C. chemoreception.\ D. phagocytosis.\ E. hemolysis. In systemic inflammation, pyrogens \ A. increase phagocytosis.\ B. decrease vasodilation.\ C. increase neutrophil production.\ D. stimulate fever production. Adaptive immunity is stimulated by \ A. antigens.\ B. histamines.\ C. antibodies.\ D. complement. Which of the following characteristics are most consistent with adaptive immunity? \ A. constant response to each exposure\ B. specificity\ C. memory\ D. increased response to second and subsequent exposures\ E. specificity, memory and increased response to second and subsequent exposures The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of \ A. B cells.\ B. cytotoxic T cells.\ C. macrophages.\ D. dendritic cells. The thymus is where \_\_\_\_ mature and become functional immune cells. \ A. pre-T cells\ B. pre-B cells\ C. macrophages\ D. null cells Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases \ A. lymphocytes must recognize an antigen.\ B. helper T cells are activated first and they then stimulate other cells.\ C. antigen-presenting cells process the antigen and present it to the lymphocytes.\ D. antigens must be able to recognize the lymphocytes. Tolerance is a state of \ A. hypersensitivity.\ B. transplant rejection.\ C. unresponsiveness to antigens.\ D. responding to self-antigens. Antibodies \ A. play a large role in cell-mediated immunity.\ B. are produced by both T and B cells.\ C. are composed of four light and four heavy polypeptide chains.\ D. have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant Antibodies are produced by \ A. T effector cells stimulated by T helper cells.\ B. T helper cells stimulated by various cytokines.\ C. B cells that differentiate to form plasma cells.\ D. natural killer cells as they lyse cancer cells.\ E. the red bone marrow. Active natural immunity occurs when \ A. antibodies pass from a pregnant mother to her fetus.\ B. antibodies are injected into a host.\ C. an individual develops a disease.\ D. a person is vaccinated. The type of adaptive immunity that provides immediate protection against disease when there is no time for the person to develop their own immunity is called \_\_\_\_\_ immunity. \ A. active natural\ B. active artificial\ C. passive innate\ D. passive artificial **Chapter : 23** Internal respiration refers to \ A. atmospheric air coming into the lungs.\ B. gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.\ C. gas exchange in the atmosphere.\ D. gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract? \ A. larynx\ B. pharynx\ C. trachea\ D. bronchi\ E. bronchioles Ventilation refers to the \ A. movement of air into and out of the lungs.\ B. gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.\ C. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.\ D. gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood.\ E. respiration at the cellular level. Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food? \ A. trachea\ B. larynx\ C. pharynx\ D. bronchus The auditory tubes open into the \ A. fauces.\ B. oropharynx.\ C. nasopharynx.\ D. laryngopharynx. During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the \ A. epiglottis.\ B. thyroid cartilage.\ C. cricoid cartilage.\ D. arytenoid cartilage. When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound? \ A. thyroid folds\ B. ventricular folds\ C. epiglottal cords\ D. cricohyoid folds\ E. vocal folds (cords) The trachea \ A. is located in the pleural cavity.\ B. has \"C\" shaped cartilages that form its anterior and lateral sides.\ C. is lined with keratinized squamous epithelium.\ D. bifurcates to form the bronchioles.\ E. collapses when not in use. When people aspirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is because the right primary bronchus is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than the left primary bronchus. \ A. longer\ B. thinner\ C. more vertical\ D. less ciliated\ E. shorter The respiratory zone of the tracheobronchial tree includes which of the following? \ A. trachea\ B. alveoli\ C. primary bronchi\ D. larynx The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain \ A. smooth muscle.\ B. skeletal muscle.\ C. fibrous cartilage.\ D. hyaline cartilage. The walls of the alveoli \ A. are composed of simple squamous epithelium.\ B. contain several layers of smooth muscle.\ C. contain goblet cells.\ D. are ciliated. The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the \ A. mucous membranes.\ B. synovial membranes.\ C. pleural membranes.\ D. pulmonary membranes. Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the \ A. pulmonary veins.\ B. bronchial arteries.\ C. pulmonary artery.\ D. abdominal aorta. When the inspiratory muscles contract, \ A. thoracic volume increases.\ B. pleural pressure increases.\ C. the alveolar pressure increases.\ D. thoracic volume decreases. During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be \ A. greater than atmospheric pressure.\ B. less than atmospheric pressure.\ C. equal to atmospheric pressure.\ D. greater than pleural pressure. Surfactant\ A. decreases the surface tension of the fluid lining of the alveoli.\ B. decreasing thoracic compliance.\ C. attracting water to the alveolar surface.\ D. increasing the surface area for gas exchange.\ E. increases the surface tension between fluid and the alveoli. Air in the pleural cavity is called \ A. emphysema.\ B. respiratory distress syndrome.\ C. a pneumothorax.\ D. pneumonia. The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the \ A. vital capacity.\ B. alveolar ventilation.\ C. minute respiratory volume.\ D. functional residual capacity. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of \ A. active transport.\ B. diffusion.\ C. filtration.\ D. osmosis.\ E. cotransport. Which of the following increases the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane? \ A. increased fluid in the alveoli\ B. increased thickness of the respiratory membrane\ C. increased surface area of the respiratory membrane\ D. increased connective tissue in the alveolar wall Which of the following individuals will have the highest vital capacity? \ A. a well-trained athlete (male or female)\ B. a middle-aged, short female\ C. an 80-year-old male\ D. a young, obese male\ E. an adult female Oxygen is transported in the blood \ A. bound to hemoglobin.\ B. bound to albumin.\ C. in combination with inorganic ions.\ D. as part of the bicarbonate ion. Most oxygen is carried in the blood \_\_\_\_\_\_; but most carbon dioxide is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \ A. dissolved in plasma; associated with salt or acid\ B. bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions\ C. combined with albumin; associated with carbonic acid\ D. bound to hemoglobin; bound to albumin Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the \ A. alveoli.\ B. primary bronchi.\ C. terminal bronchioles.\ D. trachea.\ E. respiratory bronchi. Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen \ A. loses its affinity for oxygen.\ B. will dissolve in the plasma.\ C. will bind more readily to carbon dioxide.\ D. is broken down to heme and globin and excreted. The chloride shift refers to the \ A. effect of chloride ions on the oxygen dissociation curve.\ B. exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.\ C. exchange of chloride ions for carbon dioxide across alveolar cell membranes.\ D. effect of chloride ions on hydrogen ion diffusion from red blood cells. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the \ A. condition is called hypocapnia.\ B. pH of the blood increases.\ C. blood becomes more acidic.\ D. number of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases. The Bohr effect refers to the \ A. mechanism involved in diffusion of nitrogen into the blood.\ B. physical laws governing the solubility of gases in fluids.\ C. effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.\ D. chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the blood.\ E. effect of temperature on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. The Hering-Breuer reflex \ A. causes erratic respirations.\ B. helps prevent overinflation of the lungs.\ C. has its sensory components in the sympathetic nerves.\ D. is a normal response to increased oxygen content in the blood. Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood \ A. in the form of bicarbonate ions.\ B. bound to carbamino compounds.\ C. dissolved in the plasma.\ D. by the leukocytes.\ E. in the form of carbonic acid. The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of \ A. oxygen.\ B. carbon dioxide.\ C. water vapor.\ D. nitrogen.\ E. chloride. The chemosensitive area of the brain is located in the \ A. pons.\ B. cerebral peduncles.\ C. cerebellum.\ D. hypothalamus.\ E. medulla. The pontine respiratory center \ A. are located in the pons, play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration\ B. are active only during inspiration.\ C. are active only during expiration.\ D. is essential for respiratory rhythm. **Chapter: 24** Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? \ A. salivary gland\ B. liver\ C. gallbladder\ D. stomach Mastication \ A. increases the surface area of food particles.\ B. decreases the efficiency of digestion.\ C. occurs in both the mouth and stomach.\ D. is never under voluntary control.\ E. decreases the surface area of food particles. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is \ A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.\ B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.\ C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.\ D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? \ A. chemical digestion\ B. mass movements\ C. mastication\ D. mixing waves Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? \ A. pancreas\ B. ascending colon\ C. duodenum\ D. All of these choices are correct. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the \ A. epiglottis.\ B. palatine tonsils.\ C. tongue.\ D. soft palate. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? \ A. greater omentum\ B. lesser omentum\ C. transverse mesocolon\ D. falciform ligament\ E. round ligament The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the \ A. parotid glands.\ B. submandibular glands.\ C. buccal glands.\ D. labial glands. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are \ A. flushing and protein digestion.\ B. swallowing and fat digestion.\ C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.\ D. moistening and starch digestion The esophagus \ A. extends from the fauces to the stomach.\ B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.\ C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins.\ D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.\ E. has thin walls of connective tissue. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of \ A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.\ B. contraction of the pyloric sphincter.\ C. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.\ D. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent \ A. food from entering the stomach.\ B. stomach acid from being released.\ C. digestive enzymes from being released.\ D. food from entering the small intestine. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? \ A. amylase and lipase\ B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor\ C. bile and lipase\ D. trypsin and amylase\ E. bicarbonate and secretin Intrinsic factor \ A. increases gastric motility.\ B. causes the release of stomach acid.\ C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B~12~.\ D. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? \ A. activation of salivary amylase\ B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion\ C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin\ D. protein synthesis\ E. lipid digestion The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by \ A. distention of the duodenal wall.\ B. the presence of food in the stomach.\ C. increased pH in the duodenum.\ D. the cerebral cortex.\ E. the hormone secretin. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called \ A. bolusin.\ B. chyme.\ C. bile. D. phlegm.\ E. feces. The pyloric pump \ A. mixes stomach contents for digestion.\ B. causes hunger contractions.\ C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening\ D. causes rugae to flatten.\ \ Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include \ A. disaccharidases.\ B. secretin.\ C. cholecystokinin.\ D. bile. Pepsinogen \ A. is secreted by parietal cells.\ B. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.\ C. is packaged in zymogen granules.\ D. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.\ E. helps to form peptide bonds. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to \ A. liberate hormones.\ B. promote peristalsis.\ C. produce bile.\ D. increase surface area for absorption.\ E. stimulate chemical digestion. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the \ A. pancreatic duct with the lacteals.\ B. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.\ C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct.\ D. cystic duct and interlobular duct. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent \ A. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum.\ B. bile from entering the duodenum.\ C. lymph from entering the jejunum.\ D. chyme from entering the ileum.\ E. chyme from entering the large intestine. The gallbladder \ A. produces bile.\ B. is attached to the pancreas.\ C. stores bile.\ D. produces secretin. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the \ A. hepatic artery.\ B. hepatic portal vein.\ C. hepatic vein. D. inferior vena cava. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the \ A. pancreas.\ B. spleen.\ C. liver.\ D. stomach Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of \ A. carbohydrates.\ B. lipids.\ C. proteins.\ D. disaccharides. Bile \ A. digests proteins in the small intestine.\ B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine.\ C. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.\ D. activates trypsin in the small intestine. Bile is produced by cells of the \ A. duodenum.\ B. liver.\ C. gallbladder.\ D. pancreas.\ E. hepatopancreatic ampulla. Hepatocytes \ A. phagocytize cells.\ B. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.\ C. convert ammonia to urea.\ D. remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.\ E. All of these choices are correct. Functions of the liver include \ A. production of many blood proteins.\ B. interconversion of nutrients.\ C. detoxification of harmful chemicals.\ D. bile production.\ E. All of these choices are correct. The pancreatic islets \ A. are found in the wall of the stomach.\ B. excrete mucus.\ C. produce digestive enzymes.\ D. are exocrine glands.\ E. are endocrine glands. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the \ A. teniae coli.\ B. haustra.\ C. coli longitudini.\ D. epiploic appendages. The major secretion of the large intestine is \ A. bile.\ B. hormones.\ C. mucus.\ D. vitamins.\ E. bacteria. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the \ A. stomach.\ B. small intestine.\ C. pancreas.\ D. large intestine. Which of the following enzymes digests protein? \ A. bile\ B. pepsin\ C. isomaltose\ D. sucrase\ E. lipase The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone \ A. secretin.\ B. cholecystokinin.\ C. gastrin.\ D. enterokinin. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is \ A. gastric.\ B. biliary.\ C. salivary.\ D. pancreatic. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the \ A. stomach and esophagus.\ B. duodenum and jejunum.\ C. ascending colon and cecum.\ D. pancreatic duct and gall bladder. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to \ A. produce vitamin C.\ B. regulate the release of bile.\ C. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D. convert chyme to feces.