Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiovascular System PDF

NFNF3022: FARMAKOTERAPI DAN KELAINAN KARDIOVASKULAR Anatomy & Physiology of CVS THE HEART How to ensure unidirectional blood flow? Maintaining the structure of the valves How the valves function? How to minimise friction in the heart? BLOOD CIRCULATION Artery ‘map’ in the body Vein...

NFNF3022: FARMAKOTERAPI DAN KELAINAN KARDIOVASKULAR Anatomy & Physiology of CVS THE HEART How to ensure unidirectional blood flow? Maintaining the structure of the valves How the valves function? How to minimise friction in the heart? BLOOD CIRCULATION Artery ‘map’ in the body Vein ‘map’ in the body Hepatic & fetal circulation to be explained later…. Layers in the blood vessel What tissues does each layer consist of? What is the function for each layer?  Kidney, small intestine, Types of capillaries endocrine gland Fenestrated capillary Continuous capillary Skeletal muscle, lung, connective tissues cardiac muscle, adipose tissues etc Sinusoid Bone marrow, liver, spleen Transport & movement of substance across/along blood vessel Types of movement of substance across blood vessel What are the 4 movement of substance across blood vessel? Microcirculation: Sphincters Function: To divert blood to parts of the body that needs it most at a particular time LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The connection of lymphatic system & blood circulation  HEART AS A PUMP Force & flow: muscle Signal/stimuli: nerves Force & flow: Muscles  Where are the muscles in heart?  How does the heart contract (cellular & molecular)?  What is the direction of blood flow in the heart & cardiac cycle?  How to ensure unidirectional blood flow?  How to minimise friction in the heart?  How does the heart obtain O2?  What happens in valve disease & treatment?  What went wrong in heart attack?  What does it mean by angioplasty & coronary by-pass?  What went wrong in heart failure? Where are the muscles in heart? How does the heart contract? Pattern of stretching for cardiac myocytes Differences between cardiac & normal smooth muscles How action potential stimulates heart contraction (cellular level) Mini intro to Ca2+ in heart contraction What is the direction of blood flow in the heart? Cardiac cycle http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/ student_view0/chapter49/t Combine the knowledge he_cardiac_cycle.html from the electronic signal part learnt later…… Focusing on the ventricles…. Volume changes in heart filling Summary of blood flow How does the heart obtain O2? The control on coronary blood flow At which phase do the coronary artery get a ‘refill’ of blood? MECHANICAL: CIRCULATION Can still remember these?? How to increase your attention in class? ↑ VENOUS RETURN How to ↑ venous pumping mechanism? How to increase your attention in class? Venous return & cardiac output How can venous return be increased? How can venous return increase cardiac output?  Food & drug absorption route  Connecting veins from spleen, stomach, Hepatic portal circulation pancreas, gall bladder & intestine to liver (hepatic portal vein)  Advantages: Food (nutrients) Toxic  - Connecting pulmonary trunk with aortic arch - Allow blood to detour into systemic circulation Fetal circulation (in the baby) bypassing lungs - Opening in septum betw right & left atria - Allow blood to detour into systemic circulation bypassing lungs - Continuation of umbilical vein, drains to inferior vena cava - Allow blood to bypass liver Nutrients to baby route Placenta - Structure attached to the uterine wall - Exchange of O2 & other substance betw maternal & fetal blood - NO mixing of maternal & fetal blood 2 umbilical arteries - Carry fetal blood to placenta Umbilical vein - Returns O2 blood from the placenta What is umbilical cord?? Blood flow through pressure gradient Importance in maintaining blood pressure? How to change blood pressure in blood lost condition? Delivering things in & out of the vessels & forces http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/stud ent_view0/chapter21/animatio n__fluid_exchange_across_the _walls_of_capillaries.html What to know about blood pressure? - DETECTION - CORRECTION How does the body control the BP? - TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE - HEART RATE  A DETECTION: Linking CNS to CVS B A: Carotid baroreceptor B: Aortic baroreceptor (Pressoreflexes) Heart rate & BP Detection & sending info to the heart Vasomotor pressoreflexes Vasomotor chemoreflexes Heart rate, CNS & BP Total blood volume & BP What are the factors that can influence plasma volume? Peripheral resistance & BP How CNS controls peripheral resistance? Peripheral resistance, viscocity & BP What is viscosity? Can you still remember what is hematocrit?  Different duration required for BP changes Which response are faster & slower?  Combining physiology + Summary of blood pressure homeostasis parameter terms Summary: What occurs during exercise Changes in cardiac output in response to ….  Body responses during heavy bleeding Can you understand these now? CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (ELECTRICAL & PARAMETERS) How does the electrical signal flow in the heart? Electrical or Autorhythmic cells http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/ student_view0/chapter49/c onducting_system_of_the_ heart.html ECG & its stages How do the action potential pattern differ for different cells? What are autorhythmic cells? The overall electrical events in cardiac cells  What are autorhythmic cells? http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes5.htm What are cardiac contractile cells? Explanation for action potential in cardiac contractile cells What influences the electrical signal? Chemo & Baroreceptor: Influences heart rate & BP What influences the electrical signal? What are the reflexes that can influence heart rate? The nerve connection with the heart How does sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation influence HR? OVERALL HEART FUNCTION PARAMETERS What do these means? Very important to remember till 3rd yr… How all these parameters influences each other….  Blood pressure determinants Heart Stroke Cardiac = rate x volume output Total peripheral Blood = Cardiac x resistance pressure output Heart Total peripheral Blood = x Stroke x resistance pressure rate volume Cardiac output: Volume of blood pumped out of heart per minute Heart rate: Number of heart beats per minute Stroke volume: Volume of blood pumped out per heart beat Total peripheral resistance: Resistance to flow offered by blood vessels which is determined by the contraction of smooth muscle walls of precapillary arterioles Other terminology related to stroke volume Preload –amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood Afterload–back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart What is the importance of preload & afterload? What are the factors that can affect stroke volume? Summary for all