PRACTICAL 1 Cardiovascular System 1 (student)(12).pdf

There are two parts to this learning activity - Part 1: You will be required to watch practical videos (on vUWS) before attending the face-to-face practical. These videos will be made available on Tuesday 12pm (immediately after the lecture), the week before the scheduled practical session. Thes...

There are two parts to this learning activity - Part 1: You will be required to watch practical videos (on vUWS) before attending the face-to-face practical. These videos will be made available on Tuesday 12pm (immediately after the lecture), the week before the scheduled practical session. These videos will prepare you for the practical. Part 2: You will then have a practical laboratory session on campus (online for Parramatta and offshore students), where you will be using charts, posters, models, and cadaveric specimens in the anatomy laboratory. You may want to bring your textbook, lecture notes and atlas for reference. Revision: Re-watch the practical videos, watch the vieWtorial, and use the online resource links (which are provided in these notes). Then test yourself using the associated OPAL and PHIZ quizzes. NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 Topics covered: 1. Blood components 2. Blood typing 3. The anatomy of the heart 4. Blood flow through the heart 5. Nervous Innervation and Conduction System of the heart Objectives - Describe blood components - Explain the processes and results of standard blood typing tests - Identify features of the heart, pericardium and coronary circulation - Explain the pathway of blood through the heart - Describe the nervous innervation and conduction system of the heart Complete before on-campus practical: - Read or listen to Cardiovascular 1 lecture (week 1) - Watch the series of practical videos in the practical tab of the Module 1 Folder (or just click the links in these notes [password for Vimeo’s is Cherylea]), explore the AnatomyTV slides (links included in these notes) as you work through these practical notes and attempt the short answer questions Blended learning activity: When available (on vUWS), OPAL 1.A and PHIZ 1.A will complement this practical. Watch vieWtorial 1 for online tutorial (available within one week of practical). Important Notice: Students must not remove any equipment, chemicals, biological materials including waste from laboratories. The University takes such actions seriously and this will be considered as Student General Misconduct (see link: https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/currentstudents/ current_students/student_misconduct_rule). The subject Coordinator will specify if there are any exceptions to this rule in this practical manual. NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1  Pre-practical CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1 quiz (1.5 mins per slide) (Note: The questions will be provided to you by your tutor during class and this quiz does not count towards your final mark) Question Answer Notes 1.A 1.B 2.A 2.B 3.A 3.B 3.C NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 1. Blood Components All cells of the body depend on blood and its many functions. It is an alkaline liquid (pH 7.35 – 7.45) that contains both cellular and liquid components, which consists of formed elements (living blood cells) and plasma (non-living fluid). Blood makes up 8% of an individual’s body weight (♂ 5 - 6L and ♀ 4 - 5L). a) What are the three main functions of blood? Give at least 2 examples for each function (e.g. delivering hormones, preventing infection etc.). 1. 2. 3. Blood contains both cellular and liquid components, which consists of the formed elements and the plasma. b) Which 3 cell types make up the formed elements? List their functions. 1. 2. 3. c) What is the main constituent of plasma? d) What are the other important components of plasma? e) Label this diagram and indicate the percentage of each major component of blood. NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 2. Blood Typing (watch this video) a) Draw the appropriate antigen and antibody types for each blood group A B AB O Antigens Antibodies b) Observe the results of a standard blood typing test. Determine the blood type for samples 1-4. How did you come to these conclusions? Sample 1: Sample 2: Sample 3: Sample 4: c) Can you receive a blood type other than your own? NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 3. The Heart (watch this video) *remember to login to AnatomyTV here before clicking the AnatomyTV links below) A. Location Inspect the heart in a cadaveric thorax. On the diagram provided, label the important structures that are in close relationship with the heart and complete the following sentence. (Revision: slides 14 – 19 on AnatomyTV). ‘The heart is located within the …………., which is a medial partition in the thorax. The heart is bordered laterally by the ………., anteriorly by the………., and posteriorly by the.’ Answer the following questions: a) Why is it functionally significant that the heart is located within the thorax? b) What is the benefit of the heart being in close proximity to the lungs? B. Pericardium and heart wall The heart is surrounded by a tough fibrous membrane, called pericardium. The pericardial sac or cavity (formed by pericardium) encloses the heart. With the help of your textbooks, colleagues, and tutors, identify the pericardium on cadaveric specimens (open thorax) and label them on the images provided. (Revision: work through the 3D images on Anatomy TV (Slides 11 – 13)). NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1  Fibrous Pericardium – tough outer layer which is fused superiorly with the great vessels and inferiorly with the diaphragm Serous Pericardium (parietal layer) – smooth glistening membrane fused with the inside of the fibrous pericardium Serous Pericardium (visceral layer) also called ‘epicardium’ – smooth membrane covering the surface of the heart Answer the following questions: a) What is the pericardial cavity? What does it contain and explain its function. b) Name the three layers of the heart wall (from external to internal). c) Define the term myocardium d) Define the term endocardium C. The gross anatomy of the heart The average heart weighs around 250-310g and its size is around the size of a fist. Inspect the human torso model and identify the following superficial features of the heart. (Revision: slide 6 on Anatomy TV) Apex: in 5th left intercostal space, extends to the left and rests on the diaphragm Base: posterior surface, mostly formed by the left & right atria Superior border: broad upper part, from which great vessels emerge Diaphragmatic surface: mostly formed by the left ventricle Anterior (sternocostal) surface: mostly formed by the right ventricle Right border: mostly formed by the right atrium Left border: formed by the left ventricle and the left atrium Coronary sulcus: groove separating atria from ventricles Interventricular sulcus: separates right and left ventricles Auricles: ear-like flaps arising from the atria NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1  With the help of your colleagues, lecture notes and textbooks, examine the interior of the heart model, followed by the examination of the heart chambers in a cadaveric specimen. (Revision: AnatomyTV slides ). Label the diagrams provided: NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 External Anterior view of the heart: 2. Left atrium: left atrium openings of pulmonary veins left ventricle (usually two on each side) right atrium 3. Right ventricle: tricuspid (right atrioventricular) right ventricle valve interventricular sulcus (with chordae tendineae anterior interventricular artery) papillary muscles atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus (with R and L coronary arteries) trabeculae carneae superior vena cava interventricular septum (wall between the right and left inferior vena cava ventricles) pulmonary trunk opening of pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary semilunar valves 4. Left ventricle: aorta mitral or bicuspid (left pulmonary veins atrioventricular) valve Frontal cross-section of the heart: opening of aorta (not visible on 1. Right atrium: picture) and aortic semilunar valves opening of superior vena cava myocardium opening of inferior vena cava Answer the following questions: opening of the coronary sinus (venous blood return from the heart a) What is the function of the papillary itself) is not seen on illustration muscles? opening into right ventricle (atrioventricular orifice) interatrial septum (wall between b) What is the function of the the right and left atria) with fossa trabeculae carneae? ovalis pectinate muscles (‘comb’-like) and crista terminalis (largest ridge on posterior surface) NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 Now, try to label all of those listed structures on the model from the laboratory. NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 D. Coronary circulation The coronary circulation (the blood supply of the heart itself) is the shortest circulation in the body. The arterial supply is provided by the left and right coronary arteries, both arising from the base of the aorta. The left coronary artery runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus as the anterior interventricular artery. The circumflex artery is another branch of left coronary artery that continues further to the posterior surface of the heart, where it anastomoses with the posterior interventricular artery (branch of the right coronary artery). The right coronary artery runs in the coronary sulcus and gives off the marginal branch. The right coronary artery continues to the posterior side of the heart and gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. After passing through capillary beds of the myocardium, the venous blood is collected by the cardiac veins (small (right side of heart), middle (posterior side of heart) and great (anterior side of heart)). These join together to for a large vein in the posterior atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus of the heart, called the coronary sinus. This large vessel opens into the right atrium. Note: there is significant variation between cadaveric specimens, make sure you understand the general vasculature by studying your lecture notes, textbooks and the anatomical models. Try to locate the openings of the left and right coronary arteries. Locate the right and left coronary arteries; follow each artery on its course and try to identify the major branches of each. Answer the following questions: a) What happens to the myocardium if there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries? b) Why does the heart need its own circulation? c) Label the following diagrams: Label; Right Coronary Artery, Left Coronary Artery, Circumflex Artery, Ant. Interventricular Artery, Marginal Artery, Post Interventricular Artery coronary sinus, and Great, Middle and Small Cardiac Veins. NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 In the first image (anterior view), there are 3 major coronary vessels that can be seen, label them. Also, there are two that have been removed, can you name and draw them on the image? In the second image (posterior view), there are 4 (possibly 5) coronary vessels that can be seen, label them. 4. Blood flow through the heart (watch this video) Workings in small groups, and using heart models/specimens, discuss the blood flow through the heart chambers. Label the following schematic diagram; include chambers, valves and the specific names of arteries and veins NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1 5. Nervous Innervation and Conduction System of the heart (watch this video*) *ECG is relevant for Practical 2 Label the following diagram: Answer the following questions: a) What are the cardiac nerves? i) Do they transmit sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? ii) Do they have a cardiostimulatory or cardioinhibitory effect on the heart? b) Which cranial nerve innervates the heart? i) Does it transmit sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? ii) Does it have a cardiostimulatory or cardioinhibitory effect on the heart? c) What is the importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart regarding the heart conduction system? NATS1010 Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Practical 1: Cardiovascular System 1