Anatomy: Cardiovascular System Chapter 26 (PDF)

CHAPTER The Cardiovascular System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole...

CHAPTER The Cardiovascular System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 26.1 Describe the structures of the heart and the function of each. 26.2 Explain the cardiac cycle, including the cardiac conduction system. 26.3 Compare pulmonary and systemic circulation. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 26.4 Differentiate among the different types of blood vessels and their functions. 26.5 Explain blood pressure and tell how it is controlled. 26.6 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-4 Introduction The cardiovascular system – Heart Blood vessels – Sends blood to – Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients – Also circulates waste products for removal © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-5 The Heart Cone-shaped organ Size of a loose fist Slightly left of the midline Bordered by – Lungs – Sternum and vertebral column – Diaphragm © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-6 Cardiac Membranes Pericardium – Covers the heart and large blood vessels – Fibrous outer layer – Visceral pericardium ~ epicardium – Parietal pericardium Pericardial sac Pericardial cavity – pericardial fluid Cardiac Membranes © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-7 Cardiac Membranes (cont.) Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-8 The Heart Wall Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium – Thin, smooth layer – Contains part of electrical conduction system Heart Wall © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-9 Heart Chambers and Valves Four chambers – Two atria – Two ventricles Upper chambers Interatrial septum Lower chambers Interventricular septum – Atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles Click for View of Heart © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-10 Heart Chambers and Valves (cont.) Valves between atria and ventricles – Tricuspid ~ three cusps – Bicuspid ~ two cusps Valves between ventricles and arteries – Pulmonary semilunar – Aortic semilunar Click for View of Heart © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-11 The Heart Labeled Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-12 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: C Tricuspid valve __ A. Outermost layer of the heart wall F Bicuspid valve __ B. Covering of the heart and aorta H Intraventricular __ septum C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle D Ventricles D. Pump blood into the arteries B Pericardium E. Primarily cardiac muscle A Epicardium F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle E Myocardium G. Inner most layer of the heart wall G Endocardium H. Separates the ventricles © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-13 Cardiac Cycle One heart beat = one cardiac cycle 1.Right atrium contracts  tricuspid valve opens  blood flows into right ventricle 2.Left atrium contracts  bicuspid valve closes  blood flows into left ventricle © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-14 Cardiac Cycle (cont.) 3. Right ventricle contracts  tricuspid valve closes  pulmonary semilunar valve opens  blood is pushed into pulmonary artery 4. Left ventricle contacts  bicuspid valve closes  aortic semilunar valve opens  blood is pushed into aorta © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-15 Cardiac Cycle (cont.) Influenced by – Exercise – Parasympathetic nerves – Sympathetic nerves – Cardiac control center – Body temperature – Potassium ions – Calcium ions © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-16 Heart Sounds Lubb – First sound – Occurs when ventricles contract and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut Dubb Click for Heart Sounds – Second sound – Occurs when atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut Murmur – abnormal heart sound © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-17 Cardiac Conduction System Sinoatrial node – Right atrium – Natural pacemaker – Sends impulse to AV node Atrioventricular node – Between atria and just above ventricles – Sends impulse to the bundle of His Click for Conduction System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-18 Cardiac Conduction System (cont.) Bundle of His – Between ventricles – Right and left bundle branches – Sends impulse to Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers – Lateral walls of ventricles – Ventricles contract Click for Conduction System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-19 Cardiac Conduction System (cont.) Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-20 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: C Right ventricle __ A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers F Left ventricle __ B. Located in the medulla oblongata __ B Cardiac control center C. Contraction pushes blood into the lungs E SA node __ D. In the lateral walls of ventricles A Bundle of His __ E. Natural pacemaker __ D Purkinje fibers F. Contraction sent blood to the aorta © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-21 Circulation Pulmonary circulation – Oxygenates blood – Removes carbon dioxide Systemic Circulation – Delivers oxygen and nutrients – Removes carbon dioxide and waste products © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-22 Circulation (cont.) Pulmonary Circulation Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Lungs Body Aortic Semilunar Valve Left Ventricle Bicuspid Valve Left Atrium Systemic Circulation © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-23 Apply Your Knowledge What are the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulations? ANSWER: The pulmonary circulation functions to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients to and removes carbon dioxide and waste products from the body’s cells. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-24 Blood Vessels Form a closed pathway that carries blood from the heart to cells and back to the heart © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-25 Arteries and Arterioles Thick muscular wall Carry blood under high pressure Arterioles Coronary arteries – Supply heart muscle – Coronary sinus Pulmonary arteries – Heart to lungs – Deoxygenated blood Aorta © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-26 Veins and Venules Veins – Deoxygenated blood – Skeletal muscle contractions move blood – Valves prevent back flow – Sympathetic nervous system effect © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-27 Veins and Venules Venules Pulmonary veins – oxygenated blood Superior and inferior vena cava Hepatic portal system © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-28 Capillaries Branches of arterioles Connect arterioles to venules Exchange vessels – Oxygen and nutrients – Carbon dioxide and waste products – Water © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-29 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: B coronary arteries H arterioles E veins G arteries A capillaries C vena cavae D radial artery F popliteal veins ARTERIES: A. exchange vessels B. supply blood to the heart tissues C. largest veins in the body D. supplies the forearm and hand E. carry blood toward heart F. drain the knees G. strongest blood vessels H. small branches of arteries © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-30 Blood Pressure The force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels Highest in arteries Lowest in veins Rises and falls as ventricles contract and relax © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-31 Blood Pressure Systolic pressure – Systole – Ventricles contract – Blood pressure in arteries greatest Diastolic pressure – Diastole – Ventricles relax – Blood pressure in arteries lowest Pulse © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-32 Blood Pressure (cont.) Factors affecting blood pressure – Cardiac output – Blood volume – Vasoconstriction and vasodilation – Blood viscosity © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-33 Blood Pressure (cont.) Controlled by the amount of blood pumped out of the heart Starling's law of the heart – Blood entering the left ventricle stretches its wall – The more the wall is stretched the harder it will contract © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-34 Blood Pressure (cont.) Baroreceptors – Help regulate blood pressure – Located in the aorta and carotid arteries – Send information to cardiac center in the medulla oblongata © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-35 Apply Your Knowledge What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 26-36 Chest pain – Cardiac causes Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary spasm – Non-cardiac causes Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs Take all complaints of chest pain seriously! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disease Aneurysm 26-37 Description A ballooned, weakened arterial wall Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms Inflammation of the innermost lining Endocarditis of the heart, including valves Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disease Pericarditis 26-38 Description Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium) Congestive Weakening of the heart over time; heart failure heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs Coronary Atherosclerosis; narrowing of artery coronary arteries caused by disease hardening of the fatty plaque deposits (CAD) within them © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disease Hypertension Mitral valve prolapse Murmurs 26-39 Description High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg Valve falls into the left atrium during systole; prevents proper closing Abnormal heart sounds © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disease 26-40 Description Myocardial infarction Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply Stenosis of the The valve does not fully open; heart valves aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develop in a vein Varicose veins Twisted, dilated veins © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-41 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: True or false: T A myocardial infarction results from a lack of oxygen to the cardiac muscle F Myocarditis is inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart. Endocarditis T A potentially fatal arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation. sounds F Murmurs are abnormal heart rhythms. Bravo! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-42 In Summary 26.1 The structures of the heart include the pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The chambers of the heart consist of the upper atria and the lower ventricles. The septa are the interatrial, interventricular, and atrioventricular. The four valves within the heart are the tricuspid, the bicuspid, the pulmonary semilunar, and the aortic semilunar valves. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-43 In Summary (cont.) 26.2 One cardiac cycle consists of one complete heartbeat. The atria contract and relax together, and the ventricles contract and relax together. As each chamber contracts, associated valves open and close to control the flow of blood through the heart. Contractions are initiated by the cardiac conduction system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-44 In Summary (cont.) 26.3 Pulmonary circulation: Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk  pulmonary arteries  lungs pulmonary veins  left atrium. Systemic circulation: Left atrium  bicuspid valve left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta  arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins  venae cavae  right atrium. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-45 In Summary (cont.) 26.4 Types of blood vessels include arteries and arterioles, which bring blood from the heart to the body; capillaries, which act as the connectors between the arterioles and venules. The largest artery in the body is the aorta. Others arteries are listed in the chapter. The largest veins in the body are the superior and inferior venae cavae. Others veins are listed in the chapter. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-46 In Summary (cont.) 26.5 Blood pressure is the force exerted on the inner wall of blood vessels by blood as it flows through vessels. It is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. Clinically, blood pressure refers to the force of blood within the arteries. Blood pressure is largely controlled by the amount of blood pumped out of the heart, but various other events also may raise and lower blood pressure. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-47 In Summary (cont.) 26.6 Many different types of cardiac and blood diseases are described within this chapter. The signs, symptoms, and treatments are as varied as the diseases themselves. The last section of this chapter outlines the most common of these diseases, their signs and symptoms, as well as their treatments. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26-48 End of Chapter 26 Your work is to discover your world and then with all your heart give yourself to it. ~ Buddha © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.