NAT SCI 3 - Human Anatomy and Physiology - Cardiovascular System PDF

NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 Aortic Valve: Between the left ventricle and...

NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 Aortic Valve: Between the left ventricle and aorta, prevents backflow into the left ventricle. OUTLINE: I. Structure and Function of the Heart II. Circulation 3. Blood Vessels a. Different Types of Circulation (Blood Circulation Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior): Carry and Lymph Circulation) deoxygenated blood from the body into the III. Structure and Function of Blood Vessels right atrium. IV. Composition of Blood Pulmonary Arteries: Transport deoxygenated V. Blood grouping, Blood typing, and Rh Factor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Aorta: Distributes oxygenated blood from the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM left ventricle to the rest of the body. The cardiovascular system comprises the Walls of the Heart heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart Endocardium: The inner lining of the heart and vessels work intricately to provide chambers. adequate blood flow to all body parts. Myocardium: The thick muscular layer ○ So how does the heart function? responsible for contractions. Pericardium: A double-layered membrane Location of the Heart that surrounds the heart, providing protection The human heart is located within the thoracic and support. cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum. 4. Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) Node: The heart’s natural =pacemaker, located in the right atrium, generates electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat. Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Relays the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles. Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers: Conduct electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, ensuring synchronised contraction. Structure of the Heart The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It has four chambers and several important components that work together to ensure proper blood flow. 1. Chambers of the Heart Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior Function of the Heart vena cava. The primary function of the heart is to pump blood Right Ventricle: Pumps the deoxygenated throughout the body, ensuring that oxygen, nutrients, blood to the lungs through the pulmonary and waste products are efficiently transported to and artery for oxygenation. from cells. Here are the key functions of the heart. Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. ○ A closed system of the heart and blood Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to vessels the rest of the body through the aorta. It is the ○ The heart pumps blood. Blood vessels allow strongest chamber due to its thicker muscular blood to circulate to all parts of the body. walls. ○ The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove 2. Valves carbon dioxide and other waste products. Tricuspid Valve: Between the right atrium and right ventricle, prevents backflow into the right atrium. CIRCULATION Pulmonary Valve: Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, prevents backflow into What is the role of circulation in the body? the right ventricle. ○ It is to deliver nutrients and oxygen to all cells Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve: Between the left in the body and takes away wastes. atrium and left ventricle, prevents backflow into the left atrium. Different Types of Circulation Group 6 Page 1 of 5  NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 Pulmonary Circulation ○ Movement of blood from the heart, to the Types of Blood Vessels lungs, and back to the heart. ○ (Blood circulation) Arteries carry blood away from your heart. Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Systemic Circulation Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries ○ Movement of blood from the heart to the rest and veins. of the body, excluding the lungs. ○ (Blood circulation) Structures Blue Pulmonary Circulation. Red Systemic Circulation. ARTERIES - has thick walls. Lymphatic Circulation ○ Movement of lymph from the tissues back into Composed of three layers: the tunica intima (inner the bloodstream. layer), tunica media (middle layer), and the tunica ○ It's a vital part of the body's immune system, externa (outer layer). helping to drain excess fluid, absorb fats, and These walls are elastic, allowing them to withstand and fight infection. absorb the pressure of blood pumped from the heart. ○ (Lymph Circulation) VEINS - has thinner walls. Has the same three-layer structure but with a thinner tunica media and a larger lumen (the hollow space within the vessel). STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD VESSELS Many veins, especially in the limbs, have valves that backflow of the blood Blood vessels circulate blood throughout your body. They help deliver oxygen to vital organs and tissues, and also remove waste products. They form a closed loop, like a circuit, that begins and ends at your heart. Fun Fact: Your body contains about 60,000 miles of blood vessels! Group 6 Page 2 of 5  NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries Have thinner walls than arterioles CAPILLARIES Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial Functions cells, allowing for easy exchange of substances. They have a small diameter, wide enough for only a ARTERIES single file of red blood cells to pass through. Most of our capillaries are located in muscle, skin, and Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except nerve tissues for the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs). The muscular walls can constrict or dilate, helping regulate blood flow and pressure. VEINS While the arteries carry oxygenated blood, the veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They can also act as a reservoir as they expand to hold more blood. CAPILLARIES The sites of exchange between blood and tissues, Capillaries allowing oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products to move between blood and cells. ARTERIOLES They form networks (capillary beds) that link arterioles (small branches of arteries) to venules (small branches Are small branches of arteries with a muscular wall that of veins). can constrict and dilate. ARTERIOLES Regulate blood flow into capillary beds by adjusting their diameter, which helps control blood pressure and distribution of blood to different tissues. VENULES Transport deoxygenated blood from capillaries to veins, beginning the process of returning blood to the heart. Specialised Blood Vessels PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS Pulmonary Arteries - carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Pulmonary Veins - bring oxygenated blood from the VENULES lungs back to the left side of the heart. Group 6 Page 3 of 5  NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 CORONARY VESSELS Eosinophil Nucleus often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red or bright red; 1I-4 pm in Coronary Arteries - supply blood to the heart muscle diameter. Participates in inflammatory itself response of allergic reactions and asthma; Coronary Veins - drain deoxygenated blood from the attacks certain worm parasites. heart muscle. BLOOD Essence of life, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. It regulates Lymphocyte pH as well as fluid and ion balance. Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ring Two main components - plasma, and formed around the nucleus; 6-14 pm in diameter. elements. Produces antibodies and other chemicals contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of Plasma immune system It maintains Osmotic pressure, involved in immunity, prevents blood loss, and transports molecules. It is a Pale yellow fluid that consists of about: 91% water 7% proteins - Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen 2% other components Monocyte Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or Formed Elements horseshoe-shaped; contains more cytoplasm The formed elements are cells (RBC and WBC) and than does lymphocyte; 12-20 pm in diameter. cell fragments (platelets) Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood Hematopoiesis - is a continuous process that and becomes a macrophage, which produces formed elements. phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues 1. Red Blood Cells Biconcave shape that doesn't have a nucleus containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. 3. Platelets Cell fragment surrounded by a plasma membrane and containing granules; 2-4 pm in diameter. Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting 2. White Blood Cells Spherical cells that lack hemoglobin, protects the body against microorganisms and removes dead cells and debris. Neutrophils Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thin filaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple; 10-12 pm in Blood Grouping diameter. Phagocytizes microorganisms and Blood groups are determined by antigens on the other substances. surface of red blood cells. ABO group Type A has A antigens Type B has b antigens Type AB has A and B antigens Type O has neither A nor B antigens Basophil Nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic Rh Blood Group granules stain blue-purple; 10-12 pm in First studied in the rhesus monkey diameter. Releases histamine, which Rh+ blood has Rh antigens promotes inflammation, and heparin, which Rh- blood does not prevents clot formation Antibodies against Rh antigen are produced when an Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood. Blood Typing Blood typing is determined by the molecules on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs). We can classify someone’s blood type by the absence or presence of A or B antigens and Rh factor on the surface of blood cells. Group 6 Page 4 of 5  NAT SCI 3- HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LESSON 6 OCTOBER, 11, 2024 REFERENCES Rh Factor Positive or negative sign next to the blood groups is What is the RH factor? Why is it important? (n.d.). known as the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is an https://www.redcrossblood.org/local-homepage/news/arti inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the cle/what-is-the-rh-factor--why-is-it-important-.html red blood cell. Hematology Glossary. (n.d.). Hematology.org. (+) blood cells have the Rh protein. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-ba (-) blood cells lack the Rh protein. sics Seeley’s anatomy & physiology | WorldCat.org. (n.d.). https://search.worldcat.org/title/Seeley's-anatomy-and-p hysiology/oclc/808244622 MooMooMath and Science. (2018, June 6). Three types of circulation in the body [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsOhdwH6bZk Science Co Love. (2020, August 6). Circulatory system - (Major parts of circulatory system and types of circulation) MELCs [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jidw2vTl0Mk Blood Types Explained - A, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. (n.d.). Red Cross Blood Donation. Retrieved October 10, 2024, from https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types.html APA 7 Blood Transfusion A common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given to you through an intravenous line (IV). Type O negative blood - the universal red cell donor. Type AB blood - the universal plasma donor. Group 6 Page 5 of 5