Science, Technology, and Society_Unit1_Chapter1.pdf

⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Science, Technology and Society by John Miller A. Casas, et.al.      ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬   ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭...

⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Science, Technology and Society by John Miller A. Casas, et.al.      ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬   ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭   ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ￭  ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ Middle Ages (6th - 15th Century) ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ Middle Ages (Dark Ages) ⚬ ￭ MIDDLE AGES: SUMMARY  ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ MODERN AGES Renaissance (14th to the 17th Century) French word - “rebirth” ⚬ Rebirth of the Greek and Roman interests in the sciences and arts. MODERN AGES PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTION: ⚬ Johannes Gutenberg ￭ Printing Press (1440) ⚬ Dante ￭ Father of Italian Poetry ￭ The Divine Comedy ⚬ Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ￭ The Father of Humanism ⚬ Leonardo da Vinci ￭ Mona Lisa ￭ Vitruvian Man ￭ The Last Supper MODERN AGES PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTION: ⚬ Michelangelo ￭ Painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel ⚬ Raphael ￭ The School of Athens ￭ The Sistine Madonna MODERN AGES Scientific Revolution PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Nicolaus Copernicus ￭ Heliocentric Theory ⚬ Galileo Galilei ￭ proved Copernicus’ theory is correct ⚬ Sir Isaac Newton ￭ eradicated all doubts of heliocentrism’s validiy through a mathematical description of the motion of the Earth and other celestial bodies around the Sun. MODERN AGES Scientific Revolution CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Fuel ⚬ Blast Furnace Agricultural Techniques CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Sheep Farming ⚬ Scythe MODERN AGES Navigation and Expedition PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Christopher Columbus ￭ Italian explorer and navigator ⚬ Canals for inland tansport ⚬ Masts ⚬ Sails ⚬ Sternpost rudders MODERN AGES Navigation and Expedition PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Henry VIII’s Great Harry ⚬ Mariner’s Compass ⚬ Quadrant ⚬ Forestaff ⚬ Wheel Barrow ⚬ Wooden Tracks MODERN AGES Industrial Revolution PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Arnold Toynbee ￭ “Substitution of competition for the medieval regulations that previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth (1884)” - “essence of the Industrial Revolution” ⚬ Factory System MODERN AGES Iron and Steel Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Tobern Bergman ￭ Swedish metallurgist ￭ inclusion of carbon in steel in 1750 ⚬ Henry Bessemer and William Kelly ￭ improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron MODERN AGES Iron and Steel Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Robert Mushet ￭ Welsh metallurgist ￭ Carbon + Manganese = Alloy of Iron better for steel production MODERN AGES Textile Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ John Kay ￭ Flying Shuttle ⚬ James Hargreaves ￭ Spinning Jenny (Saxon Wheel) MODERN AGES Textile Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Richard Arkwright ￭ Water Frame ⚬ Samuel Crompton ￭ Spinning Mule (Spining Jenny + Water frame) MODERN AGES Textile Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Edmund Cartwright ￭ Power Loom ⚬ Eli Whitney ￭ Cotton Gin MODERN AGES Textile Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Thomas Saint ￭ cabinet maker ￭ submitted a patent for a mechanized sewing in 1790 ⚬ Barthelemy Thimonnier ￭ French Tailor ￭ Chain Stitch (1829) MODERN AGES Transportation Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Denis Papin ￭ Pressure Cooker ⚬ Thomas Newcomen ￭ Steam engine ⚬ John Calley ￭ Developed an engine based on the piston that was more efficient but used a lot of energy. MODERN AGES Transportation Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ James Watt (1765) ￭ steam engine - produced the needed power without consuming too much fuel ⚬ Matthew Boulton ￭ partnered with Watt to continue to develop the steam engine which was further used to propel river boats and later, land transportation. MODERN AGES Transportation Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Richard Trevithick ￭ Locomotive “New Castle” - failed due to its weight which made the railways collapse. MODERN AGES Transportation Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ George Stephenson ￭ “Father of Railways” ￭ “Blucher” - effective locomotive that was used to tow coal in Northumberland, England. ￭ Rocket - a locomotive that can go 30 miles per hour for The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company ￭ Robert Stephenson (brother) Locomotion No. 1 - 12 miles per hour MODERN AGES Transportation Industry PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Robert Fulton ￭ utilized the steam engine to develop the North River Steamboat “Clermont” MODERN AGES: SUMMARY  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  Modern Ages: Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Charles-Augustin de Coulomb ⚬ Joseph Priestley ￭ 18th Century ￭ Oxygen Gas by collecting ￭ Physical Science colorless gas from heated ￭ Coulumb’s Law mercury in 1774. MODERN AGES ⚬ John Dalton ￭ Atomic Theory (1803) - all Science and Technology in the 18th matter is composed of tiny and 19th Century invisible particles called PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: “Atoms” ⚬ Antoine Lavoisier ￭ 18th Century ￭ French scientist ￭ named the colorless gas as Oxygen. ￭ Father of Modern Chemistry - Law of Conservation of Mass MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Hans Christian Oersted ￭ Magnetic Fields (1820) ⚬ Michael Faraday ￭ Crude Electric Motor (1821) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ James Clerk Maxwell ￭ A Dynamical Theory of Electromagnetic Field (1865) - electric and magnetic fields, in the forms of waves, travel through space at the speed of light ￭ A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ George Johnstone Stoney ￭ proposed the theory that electrons have fundamental quantities of electricity (1874). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ William Crookes ￭ cathode rays (1879) when he utilized the vacuum tube created by Heinrich Geissler. ⚬ Eugen Goldstein ￭ Protons through a tube filled with hydrogen gas. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ William Roentgen ￭ X-Rays (latter part of the 19th Century) - accidentally discovered while researching on cathode rays in 1895. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ J.J. Thomson ￭ electron - Crookes’ Tube within a magnetic field in 1897, wherein the cathode rays were negatively charged, concluding that all atoms have a negative charge. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Henri Becquerel ￭ Radioactivity ⚬ Marie Curie and Pierre Curie ￭ Uranium, Thorium, Radium, Polonium MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century Telegraph and Wireless Communication PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Alexander Graham Bell ￭ Telephone (1876) ⚬ Elisha Gray, Philip Reis, and Thomas Edison ￭ further improved and upgraded the telegraph system MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Carolus Linnaeus ￭ “Father of Taxonomy” - binomial nomenclature. ￭ Species Planatarum (1753) ￭ Systema Naturae (1758) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ James Hutton ￭ Geologist ￭ “there are still gradual mechanisms on Earth that explain the variability of fossils” MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Georges Cuvier ￭ Paleontology; Founder of Comparative Anatomy ￭ Theory of Catastrophism in 1813 MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Charles Lyell ￭ Uniformitarianism (1830) “same geological processes are operating today as in the past” MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck ￭ French Naturalist ￭ Theory of Acquired Characteristics through Use and Disuse (Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics) “organisms can pass on some of its traits obtained from either use or disuse, to its offspring” MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Charles Darwin ￭ On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ￭ The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. ￭ On the Origin of Species ⚬ Alfred Wallace ￭ On Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type (1858) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 18th and 19th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Gregor Mendel ￭ “Father of Genetics” ￭ breeding pea plants (1856 -1863) ￭ Model of inheritance that shows how organisms transmit genetic information to their offspring. ￭ helped with the further development of the Theory of Evolution  MODERN AGES: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY: SUMMARY  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Max Planck ￭ Quantum Theory 1900 ⚬ Albert Einstein ￭ Theory of Relativity (1905) ￭ photoelectric effect - where electrons are released from materials when hit by light. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Erwin Schrödinger ￭ Equation on Quantum Mechanics which enabled scientists to develop semiconductors and atomic power (1926). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Robert Goddard ￭ Launched the first successful rocket at a farm near Auburn, Massachusetts (1926). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ James Chadwick ￭ Neutron in the nucleus of an atom. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Oswald Avery ￭ Genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA Cells (1944). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Francis Crick and James Watson ￭ proposed the double helix model of the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA (1953). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Alexander Fleming ￭ Penicillin - drug against bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci (1928). came from Cheese. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Howard Florey and Ernst Chain ￭ developed the first antibiotic (1945) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Niels Jerne ￭ anti-body formation process; states that that the body has its own anti-bodies that could fight antigens (1995). MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Jonas Salk ￭ developed the first polio vaccine in 1961 ⚬ Albert Sabin ￭ improved Salk’s work and produced the oral polio vaccine MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Luc Montagnier ￭ (HIV) human immunodeficiency virus ⚬ Robert Gallo ￭ together with Montagnier, led to the awareness of the causes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the measures needed to avoid contracting HIV. ⚬ First cloning animal (sheep) was named Dolly. MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Orville and Wilbur Wright ￭ launched the first manned engine powered aircraft (1903) ⚬ Henry Ford ￭ Automobile (1908) MODERN AGES Science and Technology in the 20th Century PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Soviet Union ￭ Launched the First Artificial satellite named “Sputnik” (1957) ￭ Instigated the First Manned space flight in 1961 ⚬ National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) ￭ space program Mercury and Apollo ￭ Apollo 11 landed on the moon.  MODERN AGES: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY: SUMMARY  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Charles Babbage ￭ Computing Device ￭ Early systems of calculation in 1812 significantly made an impact on how the world progressed in the age of technology. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Claude E. Shannon ￭ American Mathematician ￭ A Mathematical Theory of Communication ￭ Father of Information Theory ⚬ Warren Weaver ￭ American Mathematician and Scientist ￭ Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication Mother of all models MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Shannon-Weaver ￭ Transactional Model Sender + Receiver = exchange messages instead from a single sender. ￭ Interactive Model Similar to the Transactional Model Often used in the context of studying new media such as the internet. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Shannon-Weaver Model ￭ Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) binary and digital way of transmitting analog-type data. ⚬ Alec H. Reeves ￭ adapted the use of PCM technology for voice communication (PCM Machine) used by Bell Laboratories where Shannon also worked. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Bell Laboratories ￭ SIGSALY a secure speech system during the World War II. known as the Green Hornet, X System, Project x and Ciphony I (1943-1946) One-Time Pad (OTP) encryption. ⚬ ensure security of the confidential talks between President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Alan Turning ￭ Father of Modern Computer ￭ Universal Turning Machine (UTM) first “Computing Machine” ￭ On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs Problem paper (1936) introduced the Turing Machine, a theoretical model that helps define what can be computed. He showed that some problems, like the Entscheidungsproblem, cannot be solved by any algorithm, establishing limits to what computers can do. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Konrad Zuse ￭ German Civil Engineer and Entrepreneur ￭ World’s First Programmable Computer (1936- 1938) ￭ Z3 (electromechanical computer) First Turning-complete digital computer became operational in 1941. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (graduate student) ￭ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) First electronic digital computer ⚬ It introduced key concepts such as binary representation of data and electronic switching, laying the groundwork for future developments in computing. Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM or RAM) ⚬ method of sorting data MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Perry Crawford ￭ Automatic Control by Arithmetic Operations (1942) magnetic drum could be used to store electronic digital information. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Engineering Research Associates (1950s) ￭ German Magnetophones to build magnetic drums and disks under the alias Project Goldberg. ￭ Magnetic Drum Memory System used by the US Military universities in both the US and the UK. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Tommy Harold Flowers ￭ British Post Office Employee ￭ Colossus first programmable electronic computer in 1943 massive size MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Howard Aiken ￭ Harvard Mark 1 a general-purpose electromechanical computer built together with IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) in 1944. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ Frederic “Freddie” Calland Williams and Tom Kilburn ￭ Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) “Manchester Baby Computer” (1946-1947) MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ William Shockley ￭ Commercially Mass-produce transistors ⚬ Fairchild Semiconductors (1957) ￭ Traitorous eight came from Shockley’s Team and made their own company ⚬ Advances Micro Devices (AMD) and Intel Corporation which is known today as Silicon Valley. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information PIONEERS & CONTRIBUTIONS: ⚬ International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, 1948) ￭ 604 Electronic Calculating Punch Computer capable of performing basic mathematical operations hundreds of times faster than earlier IBM machines ￭ 608 Model First solid-state computer available on the commercial market. ￭ 1961 IBM stretch Computer ⚬ supercomputer ⚬ Pioneered the use of bytes or 8-bit characters MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information CONTRIBUTIONS & PIONEER: ⚬ Floppy Disk ￭ First commercially viable storage device ￭ it gained popularity in 1977 with the introduction of Apple II. ⚬ Compact Disk (CD) ￭ James Russell invented a system that can record digital information on an optical transparent foil lit by a high-power halogen lamp which was licensed by Sony and Philips in the 1980s. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information CONTRIBUTIONS & PIONEER: ⚬ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) ￭ first operational packet-switching network and the precursor to the internet. It allowed multiple computers to communicate on a single network, revolutionizing data sharing and connectivity. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information CONTRIBUTIONS & PIONEER: ⚬ ARPANET was later replaced by a system called the Internet ￭ collection and inerconnection between and among numerous networks from around the globe. MODERN AGES Computer and the Age of Information CONTRIBUTIONS & PIONEER: ⚬ Internet ￭ Tim Berners-Lee World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Uniform Resource Identifier/ Uniform Resource Locator (URI/ URL) HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) WorldWideWeb.app 1990 ⚬ 1991 it was opened to the public and allowed to engage in the newly formed web community. Internet Protocol (IP) was made to properly identify each individual device connected to the internet  MODERN AGES: COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION: SUMMARY  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ￭ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬  ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ ￭ ⚬ END OF UNIT 1: CHAPTER 1