Industrial Revolution in the 17th Century PDF

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 17th. CENTURY  In order for us to enumerate and understand the major shifts in the history of science and and technology, we must familiarized with the most significant scientific events that changed and shaped our society during the time of Nicolaus Cop...

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 17th. CENTURY  In order for us to enumerate and understand the major shifts in the history of science and and technology, we must familiarized with the most significant scientific events that changed and shaped our society during the time of Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. In addition we have to study the major shifts during the early times in Mesoamerica,  THE AGE OF ENIGHTENMENT (18th. Century) - it is a period in Europe in the 18th. century when many writers and thinkers began to question established beliefs. These beliefs include the authority of kings of the church, in favor of reason and scientific proof. The idea developed that everyone was of equal value and had equal rights. ▪Copernican Revolution - theories and ideas from ancient thinkers about the natural world and the universe serve as the understanding of the astronomy today. - the fact that the earth is not the center of the solar system is one of the outcomes of scientific revolution. - Mathematics was the common tool to explain the motion of celestial bodies and on the latter combined with actual observations which provide enough evidences proving that the sun is the center of the solar system. ❖Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) explained how human mind works and cure its mild mental illness. He call this method psychoanalysis and its main goal is to make unconscious conscious. - He also developed topographical and structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources of human behavior. - ▪Darwinian Revolution -Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) famously for his works on evolution and the process of natural selection. - He rejected the idea of Lamarck that “acquired characteristics are inheritable”. -Evolution as explained by Darwin occurs by means of natural selection. ▪Natural Selection occur because of the following reasons: a. Overproduction and variation - some species produce many offsprings but not all of these young will survive. b. Competition and selection - competition may or may not be direct but the idea is always on the survival of organianism. c. Environmental Change - the environment will not adjust for the organism but rather it is always the organism that will change to adapt to the environment. ▪Information Age ▪People viewed communication as one of the most important tools in understanding society. ▪Communication is defined as the act or process of using words, sounds, signs or behavior that express ideas, thoughts, feelings and exchange information. ▪According to some historians the beginning of the information age was the time when computer was made available to ordinary people.  First Modern Information Revolution The invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) patented the first telephone. Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) proved the feasibility of radio communication.  Second Modern Information Revolution (Mid 20th century) Lee DeForest (1873-1961) - early generation computers were made available to everyone. Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1926-1931) - television as one of the best communication tools. Sergei Korolev (1957 - artificial satellites were built and linked the world. Claude E. Shannon (1916-2001) - quantified information and measured it in bits.  Third Modern Revolution (1980’s) the third modern information is labeled as “knowledge revolution.” This period is only about the development of communication-related technologies that improved society.  Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. -3rd. Century A.D.) -The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning “in the middle.” this period is characterized by the following civilizations. a. Olmecs (1500 B.C. - 400 B.C.) - the top of the society are priests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers a. Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.  b. Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portraits of rulers. c. Invented calendar and carved hieroglypic writing into stone. d. the mother culture of Mesoamerica  Mayans (300 B.C. - 900A.D) -developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed farming. -organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economically. -developed numbering system including place valu and the concept of zero. -developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording astronomical observations, rituals and religious matter but was burnt during the invasion of Spanish conquerors.  Aztecs (12th - 15th Century) - built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops - built empires which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest, and military leaders. - developed calendars with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days. - believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and medicine for treatment.  Middle East (17th Century) - middle east is a term used to describe a geographic location that extends location from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose. Islam however, is a religion of right actions, rules and laws that began in the 7th century and follows the teachings of Muhammad. -Islam as religion plays an important role not only in Arab ways of living but also in the advancement of science.  Contributions to Geography - Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the directions of the Qublah, i.e. the direction that should be faced when Muslims pray. - 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world map that has continents, mountains, rivers and famous cities. -Al-Maqdishi, a geographer ,also produced an accurate colored map. - Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries. Ferdinand magellan and Christopher Columbus imported navigators.  Contributions to Mathematics - Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown quantity. - Made use zero and decimal system. -Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, one of the first directors of the House of wisdom, introduced algebra in solving equation.  Medical Contributions - Arabs used cadaver in studying and understanding human anatomy and physiology. - Abu al Husayn ibn -Abdallah Ibn-Sina or Avicenna wrote an encyclopedia of medical knowledge. - Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya spearheaded the construction of the first Islamic Bimaristans (hospital.  African Revolution - Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneers of some advancement in science and technology. The remarkable contributions of Africans are the ff - made use of the first method of counting. - modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used today in high was first developed in Africa.  - pioneered some medical practices lie instalation of false teeth, fillinfg of dental cavities, broken bone setting, vaccination , brain surgery, skin grafting and autopsy. - made use of pants like the bark of salix capensis as source of aspirin, kaopectate for treating diarrhea an Rauwolfa vomitoria as source of reserpinne and snakebite. - built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80 tons.  Answer the following questions. 1. How will you define a society without science and technology? 2. In your own perspective, how important intellectual revolution is?