RPH Finals PDF

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS Les...

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS Lesson 9: THE FIRST CRY OF ACCORDING TO DR. VALENZUELA… The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio THE REVOLUTION (AUGUST Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak. 1896) o The first. five arriving there on August 19, and I, on August 20, 1896. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 500 members of the Katipunan met on August The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with what 22, 1896 was the house and yard of Apolonio later became known as the: Samson at Kangkong. o "First Cry" or the initial move of the Filipinos to The first cry was at Pugad Lawin, in the house, begin the revolution for independence. This they did by tearing up their cedulas and store-house and yard of Juan Ramos, son of proclaiming the start of the fight for independence. Melchora Aquino. The event happened after the Katipunan was o August 23, 1896. exposed on August 19, 1896, and the Spaniards Those present tore their cedula certificates and began to crack down on suspected rebels. shouted "Long live the Philippines! Long live The Katipunan Supremo Andres proceed to a the Philippines.” designated meeting place outside the city to decide on their next move. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’S ACCOUNT The original plan was to start the revolution at the end of August but following the arrests of the Tagalog weekly magazine named Sampaguita Katipuneros. began publishing the Katipunan memoirs of Bonifacio found it wise to begin the revolution that Gen. Santiago Virata Alvarez, one of the day and attack Manila at the end of the month. leaders of the Cavite revolution. The series appeared in 36 parts. It told the DATE OF THE FIRST CRY ACCORDING TO story of the Philippine Revolution starting in NHCP March 1896 until late 1897. In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was The series was later published as a book, titled erected in Balintawak where beginning in 1908… The Katipunan and the Revolution (QC: o It was believed that the first cry occurred there ADMU, 1992) with an English translation by on August 26. However, the date and place of Paula Carolina Malay. the event were later contradicted by different The story of the First Cry is found in Chapter 6 Katipunan personalities who claimed that they were there at the time. of the memoirs. In 1963, the National Historical Commission o Alvarez presents an account devoid of any (today's National Historical Commission of the dramatic description as it is merely a Philippines [NHCP]) decided that, following narration of the events that happened in extensive research of primary sources… Bahay Toro (now part of Project 8 in o the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 Quezon City) on August 24, 1896. happened on August 23, 1896, at Pugad Lawin, now part of Project 8 in Quezon City. GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S ACCOUNT 1932, Guillermo Masangkay, a friend and DR. PIO VALENZUELA’S ACCOUNT fellow Katipunero of Andres Bonifacio. Dr. Pio Valenzuela, an official of the Katipunan and a friend of Andres Bonfacio, who was present In an interview with the Sunday Tribune during the event. magazine, Masangkay said that the First Cry His account was published as Memoirs of the happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896. K.K.K. and the Philippine Revolution (Manila, In the first decade of American rule, it was his n.d.) account that was used by the government and His account was the basis for the official place and civic officials to fix the date and place of the date of the first cry by the NHCP. First Cry which was capped with the erection of Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 1 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS the "Monument to the Heroes of 1896" in that TEJEROS ASSEMBLY place. On March 22, 1897, the Cavite Katipuneros, as However, in an interview published in the well as representatives of the Katipunan from newspaper Bagong Buhay on August 26, the nearby provinces, converged at the estate 1957, house. o Masangkay changed his narrative stating o Emilio Aguinaldo, however, was not at the that the revolution began on August 23, assembly as he was commanding the 1896, similar to the assertion of Dr. Pio Filipino forces at the frontlines in Pasong Valenzuela. Santol, Barrio Salitran, Dasmariñas, Masangkay's date was later changed again facing the imminent attack of the Spanish when his granddaughter, Soledad Buehler- forces. Borromeo, cited sources, including the Masangkay papers, that the original date was ARTEMIO RICARTE’S ACCOUNT August 26. Gen. Artemio Ricarte, o who was one of the officials of the Lesson 10: THE TEJEROS Magdiwang faction. During the Tejeros Assembly, he served as the ASSEMBLY secretary of the convention when Bonifacio began presiding over the session. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Ricarte was elected in the Tejeros Assembly as The first days of the Philippine Revolution saw Captain-General of the revolutionary the defeat of the Katipunan in Manila, forcing government. Bonifacio and his men to retreat to the o He initially refused the position but his mountains of Montalban. objections were overruled by the electoral It was a different story in Cavite. Here, the body. Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo managed to His account of the Philippine revolution was subdue the Spanish forces by surprise and titled "Apuntes Históricos de la Insurrección take control of the province. por los Asociados al 'Kamahalmahala't o The victory, however, was short-lived as the Kataastaasang Katipunan nang manga Anak Cavite Katipuneros-which consisted of two ng Bayan' contra el Gobierno Español en las groups: Islas Filipinas." ▪ the Magdiwang (Bonifacio) and o It was written during his imprisonment for ▪ Magdalo (Aguinaldo)-were soon fighting subversion by the American authorities in each other over territory and logistics. 1904. Unable to resolve their differences, Aguinaldo o It was translated into English by a British invited the Supremo Andres Bonifacio to Cavite journalist, William Brecknock Watson, but to mediate. However, when he arrived in Cavite, remained in manuscript form. Aguinaldo was not thee and that infuriated the Ricarte's memoirs were published in Tagalog in Magdalos. 1927 in Yokohama, Japan with the title The two groups finaly agreed to form a Himagsikan ng Mga Pilipino Laban sa revolutionary government (pamahalaang Kastila. panghihimagsik) which would lead the The assembly happened on March 22, 1897 at revolution. the Tejeros estate house. The assembly was set to be held in the friar's estate house in Barrio Tejeros, a part of the town of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias). Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 2 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS remains a subject of continuous debate among historians and Rizal scholars. ANDRES BONIFACIO’S ACCOUNT This account by Andres Bonifacio from a letter he wrote to Emilo Jacinto in Montalban from Indang, Cavite on April 24, 1897, a month The following primary sources are of two kinds: after the Tejeros elections. This would be the o The first two are the official accounts as hist time the other members of the Supreme witnessed by the Jesuits who were Council would hear of time events that instrumental in the alleged retraction of happened in Cavite. This was first published Rizal. in Jose P. Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio at o The other two are critical analyses by two Ang Himagsikan (1932). Rizalist scholars who doubted the story of the retraction. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’S ACCOUNT The account of the Tejeros Convention is found FR. VICENTE BALAGUER’S STATEMENT in Chapter 32 of Gen. Santiago Alvarez's Fr. Vicente Balaguer was one of the Jesuit memoirs. priests who visited Rizal during his last hours in Like Ricarte, Alvarez was a direct participant Fort Santiago. and witness to the events that occurred in the Balaguer claimed that he managed to elections. persuade Rizal to denounce Masonry and The assembly at Tejeros was convened in return to the Catholic fold. March 25, 1897. In an affidavit executed in 1917, after returning The invitations to the meeting were signed by to Spain, Balaguer also claimed that he Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras of the Magdiwang solemnized the marriage of Josephine Council. Bracken and Rizal hours before the hero's execution. Lesson 11: RIZAL RETRACTION FR. VICENTE BALAGUER’S ACCOUNT The account describes the events of December HISTORICAL CONTEXT 29, 1896, leading to Dr. Jose Rizal's alleged Dr. Jose Rizal, a leader of the reformist retraction of his religious beliefs and his return movement in Spain, was arrested, tried, and to the Catholic faith. sentenced to death by a Spanish court-martial Two Jesuit priests, including the author of the after being implicated as a leader of the account, visited Rizal in his chapel cell at Fort Philippine Revolution. Santiago. The night before his death by firing squad at the They discussed Rizal's ideas on religion, with Luneta on December 30, 1896, accounts the priests challenging his rationalist and allege that Rizal retracted his Masonic ideals freethinker beliefs using arguments based on and writings and reconverted to Catholicism Catholic doctrine. after several hours of persuasion by Jesuit After intense theological debate, Rizal priests. reportedly yielded to the priests' arguments and Rizal's family and friends harbored considerable wrote a retraction of his errors and a profession doubt about this allegation until 1935 when the of Catholic faith with clarity and steadiness. supposed retraction document bearing Rizal's This retraction was signed by Rizal and signature was discovered. witnessed by several officials, including military To this day, whether Rizal retracted or not and personnel and the priests. whether the document is forged or genuine Rizal knelt before an altar of the Virgin Mary, read his retraction with devotion, and prayed. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 3 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS The document was delivered the same day to The Church prioritized its own interests over the Archbishop by Father Pio Pi. Rizal’s reputation, willing to undermine his The author claims firsthand knowledge of these "aureole of glory" if necessary. events, having witnessed and documented Rizal's status as an "indio" was used to justify them on the day of Rizal's execution. this approach. FR. PIO PI’S STATEMENT AUSTIN COATES’ CRITICAL ANALYSIS Fr. Pio Pi was the Jesuit Superior in the Austin Coates's interest in Jose Rizal began in Philippines during the time of Rizal's execution. 1950 when he served as Assistant Colonial In 1917, he issued an affidavit recounting his Secretary and Magistrate in Hong Kong. involvement in the alleged retraction of Rizal. His first study focused on Rizal's year-long stay Unlike Fr. Vicente Balaguer, Fr. Pio Pi was only in Hong Kong (1891–1892), during which many involved in securing the retraction document individuals who knew Rizal were still alive. from Archbishop of Manila Bernardino This early interest led to the publication of Rizal: Nozaleda. Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (Oxford Fr. Pio Pi also wrote another shorter retraction University Press, 1956), the first Rizal document, which was the one Rizal allegedly biography written by a European since copied. Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal (1907). RAFAEL PALMA’S CRITICAL ANALYSIS The book's second edition was published in the He was a lawyer, writer, educator, and politician. Philippines by Solidaridad Publishing House He was the author of Biografia de Rizal, a in 1992. work on the life of the National hero which won Coates's analyses of Rizal's retraction and the a literary contest in 1938 sponsored by the events leading to his execution are detailed in Commonwealth Government. Part VII, Chapter 5 of the book. The publication of the book was postponed because of WWII and only saw print in 1949. AUSTIN COATES’ CRITICAL ACCOUNT It had an English translation by Roman Ozaeta Newspapers in Manila and Madrid announced with the title Pride of the Malay Race that was Rizal's retraction of religious errors, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc. in the US. renunciation of Freemasonry, and marriage to The alleged retraction of Rizal is found in Josephine Bracken. The supposed retraction Chapters 32 and 33. letter was widely publicized by the government, including through Spanish consulates abroad. RAFAEL PALMA’S CRITICAL ACCOUNT Rizal's family, friends, and readers of his works Rizal's alleged conversion was described as a dismissed the announcement as an "pious fraud" designed to create the ecclesiastical fraud. impression that he succumbed to the Church he While the fraud was deemed unquestionable, had opposed. the analysis argues that it was unlikely to have The Archbishop had political motives for been a deliberate plot by higher ecclesiastical pursuing Rizal's conversion, using the Jesuits authorities or the Church as an organization. as instruments. Instead, such frauds are typically attributed to Rizal's conversion was seen as a means to individual actors within the Church, driven by influence the entire country and restore the their own motives, with the Church unknowingly diminishing prestige of religion. accepting and later protecting them. Even if Rizal's character as a man of valor and Rizal himself suspected potential fraud convictions made the conversion seem orchestrated by the friar archbishop, as the unbelievable, this was deemed advantageous friars strongly desired his retraction. However, for the Church's interests. no evidence implicates Archbishop Nozaleda Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 4 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS directly, suggesting the fraud may have The National Museum Complex consists of: originated from a lesser figure acting to fulfill the o The National Museum of Fine Arts (Old Archbishop's expectations. Legislative Building). o The National Museum of Anthropology (Old Finance Building). o The National Museum of Natural History Lesson 12: HISTORICAL SITES (Old Agriculture and Commerce Building). o The National Planetarium. AND LANDMARKS RECOGNIZED BY THE NHCP Private museums and institutions contribute to heritage preservation, often showcasing special collections that hold historical NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION OF significance. Examples include: THE PHILIPPINES (NHCP) o UST Museum of Arts and Sciences, Hundreds of sites across the Philippines are located at the University of Santo Tomas significant to the country's history and culture. campus. Many of these sites and landmarks are o Ayala Museum, located in Makati. recognized by the National Historical o The Lopez Museum and Library, located Commission of the Philippines (NHCP). at the Benpres Building, Ortigas Complex in Republic Act No. 10086 designates the NHCP Mandaluyong. as responsible for conserving and preserving o The Kaisa Angelo King Heritage Center, the nation's historical legacies. located in Intramuros, highlighting Tsinoy The NHCP's major responsibilities include: (Chinese-Filipino) heritage. o Conducting historical studies and curatorial o Museo Iloilo, located in Iloilo City, focusing works. on cultural and historical artifacts from Iloilo o Conserving architectural heritage. and Panay Island. o Managing Philippine heraldry. o Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for o Organizing historical information Kapampangan Studies, located on the dissemination activities. Holy Angel University campus in Angeles o Restoring and preserving relics and City, Pampanga, focusing on Kapampangan memorabilia of heroes and other renowned language, history, and culture. Filipinos. o The Cultural Center of the Philippines o Commemorating significant events and (CCP), recognized as a performance venue individuals in Philippine history. but also housing art galleries with exhibits o Safeguarding the official heraldry of the and collections of artworks by recognized national government and its subdivisions. Filipino artists, including National Artists of The NHCP also recognizes historical sites and the Philippines. landmarks, turning them into museums and parks. NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE These sites are made accessible to visitors, The growing awareness of historical and including students, to promote historical cultural heritage has led Filipinos to value the awareness, especially among the youth. preservation of old buildings and districts. This awareness resulted in the passage of GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MUSEUMS the National Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Aside from historical landmarks and shrines, Act No. 10066), which: other places to explore Philippine history and o Created the Philippine Registry of culture include government- and private-run Cultural Property. museums. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 5 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS o Established rules and regulations for The results of the plebiscite are then considered preserving historic buildings over 50 years and followed by the government. old. This is different from a referendum, in which a o Was signed into law on March 25, 2009. law passed by a legislative body is brought Earlier efforts to preserve history and culture before the people to be voted upon. include the declaration of certain districts The results of a referendum, however, may or as National Heritage Sites: may not be considered by the state. o Intramuros, the former Walled City of Manila, was the first to be declared. PURPOSES OF THE CONSTITUTION o Vigan City in Ilocos Sur was the second. The purposes of a constitution are as follows: o Silay City in Negros Occidental followed. 1. It prescribes the kind of government that will These heritage areas adhere to laws that: exist in the state. o Preserve historic buildings, open spaces, 2. It creates the different departments and and local traditions. specifies their respective functions and o Blend heritage conservation with modern duties. surroundings. 3. It is the source of the sovereign powers of a government by establishing the fixed, first, Lesson 13: THE PHILIPPINE or basic principles. 4. It promotes public welfare by establishing CONSTITUTION the rights of the people, which the government is obligated to protect. CONSTITUTION A constitution is defined as the fundamental HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE law of a nation or state. CONSTITUTION It establishes the character and basic principles 1. Biak-na-bato Republic Constitution (1897) of the government. 2. The Malolos Republic Constitution (1899) The system that runs the government is often 3. The 1935 Constitution codified in this written document. 4. The Second Philippine Republic (1943 The constitution forms the fundamental rules Constitution) and principles by which an organization is 5. The 1973 Constitution managed. 6. The Freedom Constitution (1986 These principles make clear the rights of the Constitution) individual and create limitations to government 7. The 1987 Constitution power. A constitution is also described as "the highest BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION expression of the law." (1897) The constitution is written by a constitutional Philippine Revolution stalemate: In 1897, the convention, which is a body assembled for the revolution reached a stalemate when General express purpose of: Emilio Aguinaldo and his forces fled to the o Framing or writing a constitution. mountains of Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel de o Revising an existing constitution. Mayumo, Bulacan. o Proposing amendments to the constitution. Spanish forces: Led by Gen. Miguel Primo de After writing the constitution, the draft Rivera, the Spanish realized that even if they constitution or its amendments/revisions are defeated the rebels in Bulacan, the revolution submitted to a plebiscite for ratification, where would continue as it had spread to other the people will decide whether it is acceptable provinces. to become a law of the land. Truce: The Spanish forces sued for a truce with the revolutionary forces. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 6 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS Revolutionary Government: Aguinaldo met Philippine Independence Declaration: After with his leaders to establish a recognized Spain's defeat by the United States in the government. A revolutionary government had Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines already been formed in March 1897 in Tejeros, declared its independence on June 12, 1898. San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias) Malolos Congress: Two weeks later, Aguinaldo in Cavite, with Aguinaldo as President. ordered the convening of a Congress in Constitution of Biak-na-Bato: An assembly of Malolos, Bulacan. Elections were held for Filipino rebel leaders was called, and it was delegates in provinces already free from agreed to form a republican government. Spanish forces, while Aguinaldo appointed Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer were tasked to delegates for areas still fighting the Spanish. write a constitution, adopting provisions from The Malolos Congress had its inaugural session the Constitution framed in Jimaguayu, Cuba. at Barasoain Church in Malolos on September Promulgation: The Constitution of Biak-na- 15, 1898, with coverage by local and foreign Bato was promulgated on November 1, 1897, press. becoming the provisional constitution of the First Act of the Congress: The Congress government during the Revolution against ratified the Independence Declaration made in Spain. Kawit. Unique Features: Creation of Constitution: Initially, Apolinario o The preamble reiterated the Revolution's Mabini viewed the Congress as an advisory objective: "the separation of the Philippines body to the President. However, Pedro Paterno from the Spanish monarchy and their and other delegates decided to create a formation into an independent state with its constitution for international recognition. Mabini own government." opposed this, believing that peace should first o A Supreme Council was formed, composed prevail, but he was overruled. of: Constitution Draft: Discussions for the ▪ President Constitution began on October 25, 1898, after ▪ Vice-President Felipe Calderon submitted a draft inspired by ▪ Secretary of the Interior the constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, ▪ Secretary of Foreign Relations Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, and France. ▪ Secretary of War Issue of Church and State: A heated debate ▪ Secretary of the Treasury arose over the proposal to make Catholicism o The Council had powers such as issuing the state religion. The first vote resulted in a tie, orders and laws for security, collecting but the second vote approved the separation of taxes, raising an army, ratifying treaties, and Church and State by only one vote. convening an Assembly of Representatives. Constitution Approval: The Constitution was o The official language was Tagalog. approved by the Malolos Congress on o Judicial power was vested in a Supreme November 29, 1898, and sent to President Council of Justice. Aguinaldo for approval. The original draft o Articles XXII to XXV were essentially the Bill proposed a popular government, where the of Rights for Filipinos. legislature held supreme power, leading to Duration: The Constitution was to last for two delays and amendments. The final version was years, after which it was superseded by laws approved by Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899. and decrees made by Aguinaldo at certain Malolos Constitution Features: points. o Based on democratic traditions with three branches: executive, legislative, and THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION judicial. (1899) Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 7 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS o Presidential form of government with the Jones Law of 1916: Also known as the President elected for a four-year term by the Philippine Autonomy Act, it was passed by the Assembly. U.S. Congress. This law reorganized the o Recognition of freedom of religion and government with an American governor- separation of Church and State. general, a Cabinet, and an all-Filipino o Safeguarding basic civil rights of Filipinos legislature (Senate and House of and foreigners through a Bill of Rights Representatives). It provided both the executive (Articles XIX to XXIII). and legislative branches power over domestic Mabini's Replacement: Disagreements affairs. The Philippine Legislature was continued between the Congress and Mabini, inaugurated on October 16, 1916, with Sergio and he was eventually replaced as President of Osmeña as House Speaker and Manuel the Cabinet several months later. Quezon as Senate President. Harrison also Inauguration of the First Philippine formed the Council of State as an advisory body Republic: The First Philippine Republic was to the governor-general. inaugurated on January 23, 1899, at Barasoain Efforts for Philippine Independence: Despite Church, where Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath the autonomy granted by the Jones Law, as the first President. The Malolos Constitution Filipinos continued to seek independence. From was read, and the Army took an oath of loyalty. 1918 to 1932, there were at least five Malolos Republic: The first democratic independence missions to the United States. government in the country, with management of These efforts culminated in the approval of the social services, education, creation of an Army, Tydings-McDuffie Law (Philippine monetary system, and diplomatic activities. It Independence Act) by the U.S. Congress on even had a government publication to promote March 24, 1934, which set the guidelines for a its ideals and seek international recognition. 10-year transitional government before granting End of the Republic: The Republic's downfall independence. began with the Philippine-American War Creation of the Commonwealth Government: starting in February 1899 and ended with Following the signing of the Tydings-McDuffie Aguinaldo's capture in Palanan, Isabela in Law, the Philippines began preparing for self- March 1901. By then, the Americans had firmly governance. An election was held on July 10, established themselves as the new colonizers, 1934, to elect delegates for a constitutional with a military government in control. In July convention. 202 delegates were elected, and 1901, the first civil government was formally the convention opened on July 30, 1934. established in the Philippines. Constitution Drafting: The draft of the Constitution was completed by January 31, THE 1935 CONSTITUTION AND THE 1935, and approved by the convention on COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT February 8, 1935. Tomas Cabili of Lanao was American Governance in the Philippines: the only dissenter, arguing that the Constitution The United States governed the Philippines for did not serve the people of Mindanao. over a decade, with Filipinos taking on Approval and Ratification: The Constitution legislative roles when the Philippine Assembly was approved by U.S. President Franklin was established in 1907. Delano Roosevelt on March 23, 1935, and Filipinization Policy: During the administration ratified by the Filipino people in a plebiscite on of Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison May 14, 1935. (1913-1921), the Filipinization policy was The 1935 Constitution: The 1935 Constitution implemented, allowing Filipinos to play a larger served as the fundamental law of the role in running the government. The majority of Philippines from 1935 to 1972. It established Philippine Commission members and civil the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which servants were replaced by Filipinos. later became the Republic of the Philippines Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 8 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS upon the withdrawal of American sovereignty. 1943 Constitution: The new constitution The Constitution outlined the structure, powers, was finished and signed on September 4, and duties of the three branches of government 1943, in a public ceremony. It was ratified (executive, legislative, and judicial). It also by the KALIBAPI a few days later. The created the General Auditing Office and laid the constitution created the Second Philippine groundwork for the civil service system. Republic, which was inaugurated on Notable Provisions: o Bill of Rights October 14, 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as o Women's Suffrage: Women were granted President. the right to vote and participate in politics for Nature of the 1943 Constitution: the first time. o It was a condensed version of the 1935 o Philippine Armed Forces: Established for Constitution, consisting of a preamble national defense. and 12 articles. o National Language Development. o The 1943 Constitution was transitory, Historical Significance: The framing of the only effective during the duration of the 1935 Constitution was a significant event for the war. Filipino people, demonstrating their capability o It established a Republic with three for self-government and leading to the creation branches: executive, legislative, and of the Commonwealth Government in 1935, which eventually paved the way for Philippine judicial, but due to the war, no independence a decade later. legislature was convened. Instead, government powers were concentrated THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND THE in the hands of the President. SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1943) o The Bill of Rights focused more on the CONSTITUTION duties and obligations of citizens rather Japanese Occupation and the than their rights. Commonwealth Government: The o Tagalog was declared the national Commonwealth Government was language. interrupted by World War II and the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. THE 1973 CONSTITUTION AND THE President Manuel Quezon and the MARCOS DICTATORSHIP Commonwealth government went into exile Constitutional Convention: On June 1, in the United States. 1971, a Constitutional Convention was Japanese Offer for Independence: As convened at the Manila Hotel to write a new part of their policy in the Greater East Asia constitution addressing challenges faced by Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese the Philippine Republic since its formation offered to grant the Philippines in 1946. The convention opened during the independence. second term of President Ferdinand KALIBAPI: The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod Marcos. sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI), a Filipino Controversies: political party that served as the political o The convention became controversial as party during the Japanese occupation, delegates focused on speeches and convened to act on the Japanese orders. allowances rather than discussing The KALIBAPI elected a Philippine constitutional provisions. Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI) to draft a new constitution. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 9 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS o The peace and order situation Minister and the Cabinet were transferred deteriorated, with student rallies and back to the President. protests in the metropolis. End of the 1973 Constitution: The 1973 o Eduardo Quintero, a delegate from Constitution remained in effect until the Leyte, accused Marcos of bribing February 22-25, 1986 EDSA People Power delegates to extend the presidential Revolution, which overthrew the Marcos term and change the form of administration. The constitution was government. abolished with the adoption of the 1986 Martial Law and Suspension: The Freedom Constitution by the administration convention was temporarily halted when of President Corazon Aquino. President Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972. He abolished Congress and reorganized the government. The convention reconvened a few days later. THE FREEDOM CONSTITUTION (1986) Draft Constitution: A draft constitution was Proclamation No. 3: On March 24, 1986, finished and approved on November 30, President Corazon Aquino signed 1972. Instead of a plebiscite, Marcos Proclamation No. 3 titled "Declaring a submitted the draft to citizen assemblies to National Policy to Implement the Reforms approve or reject it. The plebiscite was held Mandated by the People, Protecting their from January 10–15, 1973, and the Basic Rights, Adopting a Provisional constitution was overwhelmingly approved. Constitution, and Providing for an Orderly Ratification: On January 17, 1973, Transition to a Government under New President Marcos signed Proclamation No. Constitution." 1102, declaring the 1973 Constitution Freedom Constitution: The provisional ratified. constitution, later known as the Freedom 1973 Constitution: Constitution, was proclaimed, setting aside o Established a parliamentary form of the 1973 Constitution. This document government with the President as the recognized the Aquino administration as a symbolic head of state and the Prime temporary revolutionary government until Minister as the head of government. the drafting of a new constitution. It retained o The Prime Minister, nominated by the certain provisions of the 1973 Constitution, President, acted as head of the Cabinet. particularly the Bill of Rights. o Legislative power was vested in the Presidential Powers: Under the Freedom Batasang Pambansa. Constitution, the President continued to o Established the Civil Service exercise legislative powers until a Commission, Commission on Elections, legislature was established under a new and Commission on Audit. constitution. Additionally, the President was 1981 Amendments: In 1981, amendments granted the power to appoint the members were made to the 1973 Constitution, of a Constitutional Commission tasked with restoring the President to the position of drafting a new constitution that would reflect head of state and chief executive. Powers the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino and functions originally vested in the Prime people. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 10 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS THE 1987 CONSTITUTION the death penalty except for heinous Proclamation No. 9: On April 23, 1986, crimes. President Corazon o Commission on Human Rights (Article Aquino issued Proclamation No. 9, XIII, Section 18): Tasked with constituting a Constitutional Commission investigating human rights violations and (CONCOM) tasked with drafting a new providing legal measures for protection. constitution, with the deadline set o Autonomous Regions: Recognizes the for September 2, 1986. creation of an Autonomous Region of Constitutional Commission: On May 26, Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras. 1986, President Aquino appointed o Political Autonomy for Local 50 CONCOM members, representing Government Units: Includes provisions various sectors, including politics, arts, and for limited political autonomy for local religion. units such as provinces, cities, ConCon Sessions: The CONCOM, municipalities, and barangays. headed by former Justice Cecilia Muñoz The Articles of the Constitution: Palma, began its sessions on June 2, o Preamble 1986, at the Batasang Pambansa in o Article I: National Territory Quezon City. o Article II: Declaration of Principles and Completion of Draft Constitution: State Policies The CONCOM completed their task o Article III: Bill of Rights on October 12, 1986, and presented the o Article IV: Citizenship draft constitution to President Aquino o Article V: Suffrage on October 15, 1986. o Article VI: Legislative Department Plebiscite: After a nationwide information o Article VII: Executive Department campaign, a plebiscite was held o Article VIII: Judicial Department on February 2, 1987, to ratify the o Article IX: Constitutional Commissions constitution. 17,059,495 votes were in favor o Article X: Local Government of ratification, while 5,058,714 voted against o Article XI: Accountability of Public it. Officers Ratification: The 1987 Constitution was o Article XII: National Economy and proclaimed ratified on February 11, 1987, Patrimony and went into effect that same o Article XIII: Social Justice and Human day. President Aquino, government Rights officials, and the military pledged allegiance o Article XIV: Education, Science and to the new constitution. Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports Key Provisions of the 1987 Constitution: o Article XV: The Family o Presidential System: Restores o Article XVI: General Provisions the bicameral Congress of the o Article XVII: Amendments or Revisions Philippines, consisting of o Article XVIII: Transitory Provisions the Senate and the House of Structure of Government: Representatives. o Executive: Headed by o Bill of Rights (Article III): Emphasizes the President and Cabinet. citizens' rights, including the abolition of Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 11 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS o Legislative: Consists of the Senate (24 Tenant Rebellions: members) and the House of o Many tenants resorted to armed means Representatives. to reclaim their land, arguing that the ▪ Senators serve 6-year terms, with lands they were tilling had belonged to half elected every 3 years. their ancestors before being claimed by ▪ Representatives serve 3-year terms, landlords with land titles. with a maximum of three consecutive o Notable uprisings included the Tayug terms. Party-list organizations can Uprising in Pangasinan (1931) and the also elect sectoral representatives. Sakdalista Uprising in 1935. o Judiciary: Headed by the Supreme Court, Government Response: consisting of 14 associate justices and o In response to the agrarian unrest, a Chief Justice. The Supreme Court is the President Manuel Quezon included highest judicial body and court of last resort. social justice as part of his program for the Commonwealth Government to address agrarian issues and alleviate the poverty of farmers. Lesson 14: AGRARIAN REFORM o This program aligned with the provision of Article II, Section 5 of the 1935 DISCUSSION Constitution, which stated: "The The Philippine economy is promotion of social justice to ensure the largely agricultural and industrial. well-being and economic security of all Agriculture has existed since precolonial people should be the concern of the times, with rice being an Asian staple State." food along with other crops. The agricultural economy has led COMMONWEALTH ERA to economic and social problems, Land Reform Laws during the particularly regarding the agrarian Commonwealth Era: structure and land tenancy. o Commonwealth Act No. 178 (November Farmers, who are the ones actually 13, 1936) amended the Rice Tenancy cultivating the fields, are the losers in this Act No. 4045 (1933), providing controls system. in landlord-tenant relationships regarding ricelands. AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD o President Quezon created the National American colonization of the Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) in Philippines: 1936 to control the prices of rice and o The colonial government attempted to corn, benefiting both farmers and solve the agrarian problem by consumers. purchasing friar lands from religious o The Rural Program Administration, corporations and selling them to tenants. established in 1939, was tasked with o However, much of the land ended up facilitating the sale or lease of haciendas with new landlords, who were mostly to tenants. Filipinos. Challenges to Social Justice Programs: o The agrarian problem worsened during the American period, leading to unrest. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 12 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS o Many of the social justice programs of o Republic Act No. 3844 (1963): the Commonwealth Government were Agricultural Land Reform Code not enforced. abolished share tenancy, set 75-hectare o The landowning legislators in the retention limits for landowners, and Commonwealth National Assembly provided rights of preemption and thwarted the passage of land reform redemption for tenant farmers. laws, as they would be negatively Marcos Administration (1965-1986): impacted by such legislation. o Presidential Decree No. 2 (1972): Declared the entire country a land THIRD TO FIFTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC reform area. Post-Independence Agrarian Problems: o Republic Act No. 6389 (1972): Enacted o Agrarian unrest persisted even after the Code of Agrarian Reform, created Philippine independence in 1946. the Department of Agrarian Reform o Former members of the Hukbong Bayan (DAR). Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP), later o Presidential Decree No. 27 (1972): called the People's Liberation Army, led Provided for the ownership of tenanted the revolt against the government. rice and corn lands to tenants, lowered landholding ceiling to 7 hectares. Roxas Administration (1946-1948): o Comprehensive Agrarian Reform o Republic Act No. 34: Established a 70- Program (CARP): Further agrarian 30 sharing arrangement between reform measures, including credit landlords and tenants and regulated support, infrastructure, and legal share-tenancy contracts. assistance for farmers. o Republic Act No. 55: Provided security Aquino Administration (1986-1992): for tenants against arbitrary eviction. o Republic Act No. 6657 (1988): Enacted Quirino Administration (1948-1953): the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform o Executive Order No. 355 (1950): Law (CARL), which became the basis Replaced the National Land Settlement for CARP. Administration with the Land Settlement o Executive Orders: Development Corporation ▪ EO No. 228 (1987): Granted full (LASEDECO). ownership to qualified farmer- Magsaysay Administration (1953-1957): beneficiaries under PD 27. o Republic Act No. 1199 (1954): ▪ EO No. 229 (1987): Provided a Agricultural Tenancy Act regulated mechanism for CARP tenant-landowner relations, created the implementation. Court of Agrarian Relations. ▪ Proclamation No. 131 (1987): o Republic Act No. 1400 (1955): Instituted CARP as a government Established the Land Tenure program with an initial Php 50 billion Administration (LTA) to handle land fund. acquisition and distribution. ▪ EO No. 129-A (1987): Expanded o Republic Act No. 821 (1955): Created an DAR’s powers. agricultural bank offering low-interest ▪ EO No. 407 (1990): Accelerated loans to farmers. acquisition and distribution of Macapagal Administration (1961-1965): agricultural lands. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 13 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS Ramos Administration (1992-1998): Economic Investments and Businesses: o Revived public trust in agrarian reform Have led to multiple definitions of taxation, by addressing issues like the Hacienda enforced by national or local laws for Luisita exemption. income collection and government o Republic Act No. 7905: Strengthened development. CARP implementation. Nature of Tax: A contribution proportional o Republic Act No. 8532 (1998): Provided to a citizen's ability to pay. an additional Php 50 billion for CARP Taxable Entities: Taxes are levied on and extended its implementation for individuals (who pay with money), property, another 10 years. business transactions, privileges, and Estrada Administration (1998-2001): benefits. o Executive Order No. 151 (1999): Tax Enforcement: Imposed by law through Consolidated small farm operations into the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR). medium/large-scale enterprises. o Promoted joint projects between private TYPES OF TAXES investors and the agrarian sector under National Taxes the MAGKASAKA program. o Ones paid to the government through the BIR. Arroyo Administration (2001-2010): o This is based on the National Internal o Department of Land Reform (2004) and Revenue Code of 1997 or the R.A. 8424 later reverted to DAR (2005). otherwise known as the Tax Reform Act o Republic Act No. 9700 (2009): Extended of 1997 CARP for another 5 years, allocated Local Taxes Php 150 billion for 1.6 million hectares of o Based on the local government taxation land acquisition. in the Philippines. Aquino III Administration (2010-2016): o R.A. 7160 or the Local Government o Agrarian reform under President Code of 1991. Benigno Aquino III faced challenges, o Imposed by the local government unit. with poor land redistribution performance by DAR. NATIONAL TAXES o Farmers competed with foreign 1. Capital Gains Tax: Imposed on the gains agricultural products due to economic from the sale, exchange, or disposition of liberalization. capital assets in the Philippines, including conditional sales such as pacto de retro Lesson 15: TAXATION sales. 2. Documentary Stamp Tax: Levied on documents, instruments, and agreements TAXATION (e.g., loan agreements, deeds of sale, Taxation: The process of laying a tax to transfer of corporate stock) that evidence generate income for the government to the acceptance, assignment, or transfer of defray its expenses. property, rights, or obligations. Purpose: To raise funds for government 3. Donor's Tax: A tax on gifts or donations, programs and services benefiting Filipino imposed on the transfer of property citizens. between living individuals. It applies to both Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 14 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS direct and indirect transfers, real or that are not creditable against the income personal, and is based on a graduated tax due for the year. schedule. 12. Withholding Tax on Government Money 4. Estate Tax: A tax on the privilege of Payments: Withheld by government transmitting property upon death to lawful agencies, including government-owned or heirs. It is not a tax on property but on the controlled corporations and local right to transfer the estate. It follows a government units, on payments to private graduated tax rate and applies at the time individuals, corporations, and partnerships. of death. 5. Income Tax: Imposed on all annual profits LOCAL TAXES derived from various sources like property, 1. Tax on Transfer of Real Property profession, or business. Self-employed Ownership: Imposed on the sale, donation, individuals and corporations pay quarterly barter, or any transfer of ownership of real taxes, while individuals use a graduated tax property. rate and corporations use a fixed rate. 2. Tax on Business of Printing and 6. Percentage Tax: A tax imposed on Publication: Levied on businesses involved businesses or individuals selling or leasing in printing and publication, such as books, goods, properties, or services whose gross posters, receipts, and pamphlets. annual sales do not exceed VAT registration 3. Franchise Tax: Imposed on franchised thresholds. It is typically a fixed-rate tax, businesses at a rate not exceeding 1% of paid monthly or quarterly depending on the the gross annual receipts from the previous business. year, based on the earnings within the 7. Value-Added Tax (VAT): A business tax franchise's jurisdiction. collected from the seller on sales of goods, 4. Tax on Sand, Gravel, and Other Quarry lease of property, or services. It is an Resources: Tax on materials like sand, indirect tax passed onto the buyer, raising gravel, and stones extracted from public the cost of goods and services. VAT is filed lands or bodies of water within a territorial and paid monthly and quarterly, and the jurisdiction. expanded VAT law (RA 9337) was enacted 5. Professional Tax: An annual tax on in 2005. individuals practicing a profession requiring 8. Excise Tax: Imposed on goods government licensure, such as those who manufactured or produced in the pass licensure exams. Philippines for domestic sale or 6. Amusement Tax: Collected from operators consumption, or imported goods. of entertainment venues such as theaters, 9. Withholding Tax on Compensation: A tax cinemas, concert halls, circuses, and withheld from employees’ compensation boxing stadia. income by employers, remitted to the 7. Annual Fixed Tax for Delivery Trucks: A government through the BIR. fixed annual tax on vehicles used by 10. Expanded Withholding Tax: Applied to manufacturers, wholesalers, dealers, or certain payments like rental and retailers for distributing specific products professional income. It is creditable against like spirits, soft drinks, or cigarettes, within a the income tax of the payee. province. 11. Final Withholding Tax: Withheld on certain payments (e.g., interest from bank deposits) Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 15 of 16  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP – DJGTMU COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY – BATCH ‘30 SUBJECT: Readings in Philippine History PROFESOR: Ma’am Lerma Adalia Casubuan 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER – FINALS 8. Tax on Business: Imposed by cities or municipalities on businesses before issuing a business license or permit, with rates determined by local government codes. 9. Fees for Sealing and Licensing of Weights and Measures: Fees imposed for the certification of weights and measures as regulated by local councils. 10. Fishery Rentals, Fees, and Charges: Imposed by local governments on individuals granted fishery privileges, such as building fish corrals or aquaculture beds in municipal waters. 11. Community Tax: A tax levied on individuals (18+ years old) who meet certain criteria (e.g., income, business ownership) and on corporations engaged in business in the Philippines. 12. Barangay Tax on Small Retailers: Levied by barangays on small stores or retailers with gross sales under P50,000 (city barangays) or P30,000 (municipal barangays), at a rate not exceeding 1% of gross receipts. 13. Service Fees or Charges: Fees collected by barangays for services rendered, including the use of barangay-owned facilities such as dryers for agricultural products. 14. Barangay Clearance Fee: A fee for obtaining a barangay clearance, required for transactions like business permits or job applications. Christian Joseph T. Lacosta | DMD – R1B | Page 16 of 16