Readings In Philippine History PDF

# Readings in Philippine History ## Instructor: Ms. Karen Mondoyo Dilao # Kartilya ng Katipunan - The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) - is arguably the most important organization formed in the Philippine History ### IT WAS ONLY KATIPUNAN THAT ENVISIONED: - A u...

# Readings in Philippine History ## Instructor: Ms. Karen Mondoyo Dilao # Kartilya ng Katipunan - The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) - is arguably the most important organization formed in the Philippine History ### IT WAS ONLY KATIPUNAN THAT ENVISIONED: - A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards - The total independence of the country from Spain - In the conduct of their struggle, Katipunan created a complex structure and a defined value system that would guide the organization as a collective aspiring goal. ## Background of the author - Born on December 18, 1865 in Trozo, Tondo, Manila - Utak ng Katipunan - known to be the mind and soul behind the Katipunan - He is the child of Mariano Jacinto & Josefa Matanza Dizon - He attended San Juan de Letran College for his college career but later attended University of Santo Tomas to study Law - He did not finish college and instead joined Katipunan against the Spaniards. - Examples of his works are: - Katipunan Nang Manga A.N.B (1895) - Liwanag sa Dilim (1896) - A La Patria (1897) ## Kartilya ng Katipunan (The Katipunan Code of Conduct) - One of the most important Katipunan documents was the *Kartilya ng Katipunan* - The original title was "Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" or the "Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of the Country" - The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896. - Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement - He was a law student at UST - Jacinto became the secretary of the organization and took charge of the short-lived printing press of the Katipunan - On April 15, 1897, Bonifacio appointed Emilio Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old. - He died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town of Magdalena, Laguna. ### The Kartilya: - It contains Fourteen rules that instruct the way Katipunero should behave and which specific values he should uphold. - The rules stated in the *Kartilya* can be classified into two: - The first group contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual - The second group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men ### Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Jacinto: | **Rule** | **Translation & Explanation** | |---|---| | 1.|Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag. **Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed.** | | 2.|Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan. **A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not a desire to do good is not kindness.** | | 3.|Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang-gawa, ang pagibig sa kapuwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran. **True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellow men and in adjusting every movement, deed and word to true Reason.** | | 4.|Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. **All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior to another in knowledge, wealth and beauty but cannot be superior in being.** | | 5.|Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri. **He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers personal profit to honor.** | | 6.|Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. **To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.** | | 7.|Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdaraan. **Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.** | | 8.|Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi. **Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.** | | 9.|Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. **An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be guarded.** | | 10.|Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. **In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.** | | 11.|Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. **Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away time but as a helper and partner in the hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.** | | 12.|Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba. **What you do not want done to your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of another.** | | 13.| Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. **The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of nose and the whiteness of the skin, nor in being the priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods, is possessed of an upright character; who is true to his word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth.** | | 14.|Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito. **When these doctrines spread and the Sun of beloved liberty shines with brilliant effulgence in these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays upon the united people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more than recompensed.** | ## Analysis of the *Kartilya ng Katipunan* - As a document written for a fraternity whose main purpose is to overthrow a colonial regime, we can explain the content and provisions of the *Kartilya* as a reaction and response to certain value systems that they found despicable in the present state of things that they struggled against. - Further, we can analyze the values upheld in the document as consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal ideas in the 18th & 19th century. - In the contemporary eyes, the Katipunan can be criticized because of these provisions. However, we must not forget the context where the organization was born. - Kartilya was instructive not just of the Katipunan’s conduct toward other people, but also for the member’s development as individuals in their own rights. - In conclusion, proper reading of the *Kartilya* will reveal a more thorough understanding of the Katipunan and the significant role that it played in the revolution and in the unfolding of the Philippine History. # Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan ## Instructor: Ms. Karen Mondoyo Dilao ## Background of the author - Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy - Born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite - His parents were Carlos Aguinaldo & Trinidad Famy, a Tagalog Chinese-Mestizo couple with 8 children, Emilio being the 7th. - He attended high school at Colegio de San Juan de Letran - But stopped at his last year due to his' father's death. - He took up the responsibility of helping his mother in their farm. - 17, Cabeza de Barangay Binakayan - 1895, age 25, Cavite el Viejo’s first gobernadorcillo capitan municipal (municipal governor-captain) - Also became a Freemason, joining Pilar Lodge No. 203 at Imus, Cavite by the codename "Colon" - joined the Katipunan under the nom de guerre "Magdalo" - 29, became the first & youngest president of the Philippine Republic & the Biak-na-Bato Republic. - Challenged Manuel L. Quezon but lost in the 1935 Presidential Election - died on February 6, 1964 - age 94, due to coronary thrombosis - able to witness the administration of succeeding Philippine presidents until the term of President Diosdado Macapagal ## Battles Fought - Philippine Revolution - Spanish-American War - Philippine-American War ### The Katipunan: - The *Kartilya* can be treated as the Katipunan code of conduct. - It contains Fourteen rules that instruct the way Katipunero should behave and which specific values he should uphold. - The rules stated in the *Kartilya* can be classified into two: - The first group contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual - The second group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men ## Historical Background of the Document - Based on a diary he kept, documents he preserved, & lores from his elders. - Produced the first volume between 1928 & 1946. - It contains his birth and early years until the signing of the Biak-na-Bato in 1897. - 1963, he decided to publish his memoirs. - Luz Colendrino Bucu, a faculty member at the University of the East and the Secretary of the Graduate School of Education, translated the memoir. - 1987, *Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan* was formally made available to the public - It was assumed by Amberth Ocampto (Filipino Historian (2017) that Aguinaldo also authored a second book, which might have documented the Philippines revolution’s resumption against the Spanish and Philippine-American war. No one knows if it was actually written but Ocampo thinks that it might be hidden in a secret compartment, drawer, or passageway in the Aguinaldo shrine in Kawit Cavite. ## Chapter 38: My Bloodiest Fight - Battle of San Juan Del Monte, Manila (Battle of PinaGlabAN) - On August 1896, the Spaniards found out the Katipunan brotherhood. - This happening started the Philippine Revolution led by the Ama ng Katipunan-Andres Bonifacio. - The long-planned fight for the anticolonial organization started their attack in Luzon but unfortunately, Bonifacio’s forces were defeated by the Spanish troops so they retreated to Montalban. - Happened on August 30, 1896. ## Battle of Imus - Right after the ill-fated attack in San Juan Del Monte, the Battle of Imus befell. - September 1, 1896, Aguinaldo marched with 600 men to Kawit and then the Captain of Imus–Jose Tagle also aided in washing out the Spanish opponents led by Brigadier-General Ernesto de Aguirre which were just dispatched from Manila to help their Spanish defenders in Imus. - Aguirre was accompanied by 100 troops because he thought that he only had to suppress a minor disturbance. - They were almost winning at that moment but had to retreat because he felt the inadequacy of his soldiers. - On September 3, Aguirre returned with stronger 300 troops but then when they set foot in the Isabel II bridge, they were bombed by the concealed rebels that made most of them trapped and annihilated including Aguirre himself. ## Battle of Binakayan - Frightened by what happened in the Battle of Imus, Governor-General Ramon Blanco y Erenas commanded his fourth Battalion of Cazadores from Spain to help him in another battle in Cavite. - His battalion arrived carrying a squadron of 1,328 men and 55 officers followed by another 8,000 men who just got there from Cuba and Spain. - Filipino soldiers were led by Emilio Aguinaldo along with General Tria Tirona and Gen Pio Del Pillar. - First, they went to Gen. Vito Belarmino to ask him to join the battle and he agreed. - And then when they were on their way to Binakayan, they received a message informing them that their soldiers under General Crispulo Aguinaldo were already in the hands of the enemy. - Their traitor soldiers from the other side tricked the soldiers in Binakayan that’s why they were held captured. - He then gathered and oriented his general and troops. - They made trenches that would protect them from cannon fires. - On the west side of the streets, stationed was General Candido tria Tirona’s troops. - On the east, the troops of Generals Vito Belarmino and Pantaleon Garcia. - At our rear were the troops of Generals Baldomero Aguinaldo and Crispulo Aguinaldo. - And then the battle happened. - They were able to protect themselves as well as they also lost a lot of brave soldiers. - They fought using their cannons and their bolos. - Aguinaldo would have died in the battle after being hit by a fire but was saved by a trusted aid named Juan Munti. - The twin battle took place at the shores of Binakayan, in the town of Cavite Viejo (also called Cavite el Viejo, now Kawit); Dalahican and Dagatan in Noveleta; and, to minimal extent, in Imus and Bacoor towns in Cavite. ## Battle of Zapote Bridge - Camilo de Polavieja was appointed as the governor-general of the opposing party. - When he knew that the battle took place in Cavite, he decided to launch attacks with bigger force to defeat the revolutionaries which was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. - However, Aguinaldo thought of another plan which is to plant dynamites on the Zapote Bridge and placed pointed bamboo sticks in the river beds just below the bridge.. - Several hours, 12,000 Spaniards began crossing the bridge. - The trap worked which killed thousands of Spanish troops. - Then, the Filipino soldiers came out from the bush and fought with the Spaniards hand to hand across the river. - Cavite became the Revolution’s hotbed and Aguinaldo-led Katipuneros had a string of victories. ## Treaty of Biak na Bato - June 24, 1897, Aguinaldo’s team reached Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel, Bulacan. - From there, he created a headquarter that’s now known as “Aguinaldo Cave” in Biak-na-Bato National Park. - In March 1897, Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera encouraged well-known Filipinos to contact Aguinaldo for a peaceful arrangement of the conflict. - August 9, Manila lawyer Pedro Paterno met with Aguinaldo at Biak-na-Bato, handing over a proposal for peace based on reforms and amnesty - In late October 1897, Aguinaldo gathered generals at Biak-na-Bato to discuss and decide the start of a constitutional republic. - December 14-15, 1897, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, agreeing to drop the hostilities and dissolve his government in exchange for amnesty and P800,000 (Mexican) in compensation. - December 23, Aguinaldo and some officials moved to Hong Kong to join the voluntary exile. - There, he reestablished his revolutionary government into the “Hong Kong Junta”, which later became the “Supreme Council of the Nation". ## Chapter 30 - Magdiwang Council Reorganized - The success of the liberation movement in Cavite was the result of the leadership and efforts of the 2 councils: - The Magdiwang Council headed initially by General Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta - Magdalo Council of Cavite el Viejo headed by General Baldomero Aguinaldo. - With the transfer of Magdiwang Council later to San Francisco de Malabon - It was able to complete its line-up of officers as follows: - **King**: Andres Bonifacio - **Vice-King**: Mariano Alvarez - **Minister of War**: Ariston Villanueva - **Minister of Interior**: Jacinto Lumbreras - **Minister of Finance**: Diego Mojica - **Minister of Justice**: Mariano C. Trias (Tagalog writer and poet) - **Minister of Natural Resources**: Emiliano Riego de Rios - **Captain General**: Santiago Alvarez - The towns under their control were: - Noveleta - San Francisco de Malabon - Rosario - Tanza - Naic - Ternate - Maragondon - Magallanes - Bailen - Alfonso - Indang - San Roque - On the other hand, the Magdalo Council was Republican in form. - They got the term Magdalo from the miraculous patron saint of Cavite el Viejo, the Lady of Magdalene. - They moved to the hacienda in Imus because Cavite el Viejo was constantly under cannon fire from the enemy. - The Magdalo Council, which had democratic tendencies, was headed by the following officers: - **President General**: Baldomera Aguinaldo - **Vice-President**: Edilberto Evangelista - **Secretary of War**: General Candido Tria Terona - **Secretary of Interior**: Felix Cuenca - **Secretary of Natural Resources**: Glicerio Topacio - **Secretary of Agriculture**: Cayetano Topacio - **Lieutenant General (Flag Bearer):** General Emilio Aguinaldo - The towns under their control were: - Cavite el Viejo - Imus - Dasmariñas - Silang - Amadeo - Mendez-Nuñez - Bacoor - Carmona ## Chapter 38 - My Election to the Presidency - This is the Tejeros Convention. - Magdalo and Magdiwang have gathered together to elect their new government. - Aguinaldo was surprised when he got elected as the president despite that Bonifacio arranges the meeting and despite him being the King of the Magdiwang Council. - It was announced to him while he was at the Pasong Santol, Dasmarinas. - Bonifacio was nominated in many positions but only won as "Secretario de Interior". - Everything was fine until General Daniel Tirona objected and saying that Bonifacio is not qualified because he is not a lawyer. - It somewhat offended Bonifacio so he took out his revolver and pointed it to Tirona. - The Supemo got furious so he stood up and announced that the election is void then he left the meeting with no words. - Colonel Santiago Rillo continued the meeting and talked about making the recent election official. - After this, the meeting was stopped, and they waited for General Emilio Aguinaldo to arrive. - When Aguinaldo arrived, he made his speech and accepted the presidency he was given. - He also promised to his fellows that he will not let them down. ## Chapter 42 - The Military Court - General Emilio Aguinaldo consulted the other generals about the creation of Military Court. - However, they did not agree on this plan because of 2 reasons: they are in the midst of war and they are attacked by the enemies every day. - Military Court is the legal proceeding for military members that is similar to a civilian court trial. - It is usually reserved for serious criminal offenses like felonies. - For less serious criminal offenses or breaches of military decorum and regulations - This chapter also stated the charges against the Bonifacio Brothers: - An anonymous letter of accusing Aguinaldo an alleged plot to surrender to General Lachambre - The brothers have a plan to establish another government - Their plan to liquidate Aguinaldo - The escape of the Bonifacio brothers together with General Artemio Ricarte to escape from the responsibility of their acts - Their dereliction of duty because they refused to fight for their country. ## Chapter 44 - The Death of the Bonifacio Brothers - After the trials of the Bonifacio brothers conducted by Consejo de Guerra, composed of 7 people led by Gen. Mariano Norie, Andres and Procopio were found guilty of treachery, sedition, and rebellion. - Both were punished with death - It was hard for Emilio Aguinaldo to execute a fellow Filipino cause he never expected that he would encounter an enemy who is a member of the Revolutionaries and is as well part of the movement of fighting for the Philippines. - Because of his pity, he intended to lower the punishment to just exile them in the mountains of Pico de Loro. - Hearing this, del Pilar and Noriel convinced him to continue the original plan because the Bonifacio brothers might still have the chance to their agendas and that they won’t be forgiven because they are traitors. - Aguinaldo was convinced so he pursued the execution. - Andres and Procopio Bonifacio was executed in Mount Tala by the soldiers of Commandant Lazaro Makapagal. # Proclamation of the Philippine Independence - June 12, 1898 - Province of Cavite - End of 333 years of Spanish Colonization ## December 1897 - Truce was declared between the 2 forces with the Filipino leaders, led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo agreeing to be exiled in Hong Kong - The truce lasted for only few months before it collapse and at that time, the diplomatic relation of Spain & United States have been deteriorated ## April 1898 - Spanish-American War and the arrival of a new colonizer to the Philippines-the Americans. - Aguinaldo had already been meeting with the Americans in Singapore. - He talked with the consul E. Spencer Pratt regarding U.S.-Filipino collaboration against Spaniards before he went back to Hong Kong to meet up with Commodore George Dewey, a commander of Asiatic Fleet - Dewey had already left for the Philippines to attack the Spanish Fleet following America’s declaration of war against Spain in April. - Aguinaldo met the American Consul Gen. Rounseville Wildman in Hong Kong. - He paid Wildman a total of P117,000 to purchase rifles and ammunition. - A first shipment worth P50,000 was made but the other half was never delivered. ## May 1898 - May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo finally returned to the Philippines on board with the U.S. Cruiser McCulloch. - He conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions and was supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards. - Aguinaldo announced the resumption of the revolution against the Spaniards and the beginning of the Second phase revolution. - The Filipino immediately flocked to province to join the army. - By the end of May, Aguinaldo was in command of an army of 12,000 troops. - May 28, 1898, The Filipino force won their first victory in Alapan, Imus. - The newly made Filipino flag was hoisted in Alapan then later unfurled at the Teatro Caviteño in Cavite Nuevo (now Cavite City). ## June 1898 - June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spanish rule at a ceremony in his house in Kawit, cavite. - Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declartion that was later signed by 177 persons. - The Philippine National Anthem, then known as "Marcha Nacional Filipina", composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon.