Readings In Philippine History With Indigenous Peoples Studies, PDF

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S STUDIES MR. CAPACIO “Never Cracked Under Pressure”  The Revolution Began in 1896 and really ended only in 1901. At first it was a war of independence again...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S STUDIES MR. CAPACIO “Never Cracked Under Pressure”  The Revolution Began in 1896 and really ended only in 1901. At first it was a war of independence against the SPAIN. The Revolution Begins After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of balintawak. August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. “there is no other way,” he told them, “enough is enough!” MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Causes of the Revolution -the abuses of Spanish officials and priests -Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen -Filipinos desire to regain their independence -Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution The Discovery of the Katipunan Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila. He was one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of a secret society. He immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Cry of Pugadlawin Bonifacio wanted the wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan in its struggle to free the country from Spain.He ordered some of his trusted men to approach the rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas. Some refused to help the Katipunan, with a few exceptions like the physician ,Dr. Pio Valenzuela. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Cry of Pugadlawin Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak. He ordered his “Runners” to inform all Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with about 500 Katipuneros. This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of Pugadlawin. It symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence even unto death MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Fighting Begins Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio called Pasong Tamo. The rebels, believing their weapons were inferior to those of the civil guards, also retreated towards Balara, From here they proceeded to Marikina and on to Hagdang Bato. On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto telling the people to take up the Filipino cause. He also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug 29,1896 MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Martial Law The first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next day between several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the revolution took place on August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is now the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But reinforcements turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many more captured. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Martial Law Governor-General Blanco also included in the decree the condition that anyone who would surrender within 48 hours after its publication would not be tried in military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into surrendering, only to be subjected to torture. Due to torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of some of the other Katipuneros. Hundreds of suspects were arrested and imprisoned. Those from the provinces were brought to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that many Filipinos who were thrown there for suspicion of involvement in the revolution were suffocated to death. Hundreds of heads of families were transported to the Carolines or to the Spanish penal colony in faraway Africa. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Aguinaldo and Filipinos Victory The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896 The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo spears, old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik). Emilio Aguinaldo At 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay) At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late father He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by the Tejeros Assembly MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-na- bato Republic. On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899 he became president of the second revolutionary Government. January 23, 1899 he became president of the first Philippine Republic President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the Philippine became a colony of the United states Hilaria del Rosario-The first wife of Aguinaldo. They had seven children. After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo. President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6, 1964, at the age of 95. His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a national shrine. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Melchora Aquino Melchora' Aquino de Ramos (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age. She is also known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Tejeros Assembly On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed. According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting had been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead, the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under whose standard the people had been fighting and would continue to fight. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Another Meeting at Tejeros Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the others elected the previous day, with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting. Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held the previous day. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Naik Military Agreement Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own choice was to take command of it. Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well- armed enemy. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Biak-na-Bato Republic Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had captured Naic. However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered greatly from the tropical climate. General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor- general. On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces. The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took advantage, but the others continued their fight. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Biak-na-bato Republic After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for thefilipinos. Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897. Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Failure of the Truce The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na- Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na- Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive. MR. DIOMEDES C. CAPACIO JR. PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S STUDIES MR. CAPACIO “Never Cracked Under Pressure”