reviewer.pdf

MED-TERM A word root is the foundation of a medical term and contains its primary Medical Terminology meaning. - refers to the words and language used All medica...

MED-TERM A word root is the foundation of a medical term and contains its primary Medical Terminology meaning. - refers to the words and language used All medical terms have at least one word root. specifically in the medical and health fields. Most word roots are derived from the Greek or -describes medical terminology as language used Latin language. thus, two to describe anatomy,structures,procedures, conditions, processes and treatments in the different roots may have the same meaning. medical field. Greek word dermatos Latin word cutane IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL As a general rule: TERMINOLOGY Greek roots describe a disease, condition, Simplify communication / breakdown language treatment, or diagnosis. barrier Easy understanding (common language) Latin roots describe anatomical structures. They are specific terminologies, thus makes no Greek root dermat describes a disease, need to use general terminology condition, treatment, or diagnosis of The Words - or-Terms which make up the the skin language of medicine are referred to as terminology of the medical field..... known as The Latin root cutane describes an anatomical Medical Terminology. structure. Like every other language, Medical Terminology has changed overtime and will continue to change. Most Medical terms came from Greek and Latin languages BASIC WORD ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL WORD The medical word contains all or some of the following: Root Word Combining Form. Prefix Suffixes E.g. Dermatitis - defined as the inflammation of the skin Medical Terminology COMBINING FORMS (CF) Simplifying it.... A combining form is the basic Prefix = Beginning (Descriptive) foundation to which other word Location, Direction, Number, Quantity, elements are Amount, Size, Color, Etc. added to build a complete medical word. Root = Middle (Subject) Combining form is created when a word Often pertains to a body part or system root is combined with a vowel. The vowel, known as a combining vowel, Suffix = Ending (Meaning) is usually an o but is sometimes an i Disease, Disorder, Condition, Procedure, Process, Specialty, Test, Etc. WORD ROOT COMBINING FORMS Combining Forms = Word Root and Combining Vowel □ Used to connect a Word Root --to -- a Suffix □ Used to connect a Word Root -- to -- a Word Root Rules for a combining vowel (usually an “O") □ Don't use when Suffix begins with a vowel (e.g. dermat/it is) □ Use if Connecting a Word Root to a Word Root (e.g. gastro/esophageal) SUFFIXES A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word that alters its meaning. A suffix usually describes a pathology (disease or abnormality), symptom,surgical or diagnostic procedure, or part of speech. To link a suffix that begins with a vowel, use a word root. To link a suffix that begins with a consonant, use a combining form. pancreat/itis -inflammation of the pancreas pancreat/o/pathy- disease of the pancreas the suffixes are: -itis (inflammation) and -pathy (disease) PREFIXES A prefix is a word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. Prefixes usually indicate a number, time, position, direction, or negation. Adding or changing a prefix changes the meaning of the word. not all medical terms have a prefix. BASIC GUIDELINES Here are three steps for defining medical words using gastr/o/enter/itis as an example. Step 1. Define the suffix, or last part of the word. In this case, the suffix -itis means inflammation. Step 2. Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). In this case, the combining form gastr/o means stomach. Step 3. Define the middle parts of the word. In this case, the word root enter means intestine. Rule 1 A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. Rule 2 A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Rule 3 A combining form links one root to another root to form a compound word. This rule holds true even if the second root begins with a vowel, as in oste/o/arthr/itis. Keep in mind that the rules for linking multiple roots to each other are slightly different from the rules for linking roots and combining forms to suffixes. When a singular word ends in y, the plural is often formed by changing y to i and adding es. When a singular word ends in a, add e to form the plural.  If a singular word ends in um, change the um to a to form the plural. COMMON PREFIXES: COMMON SUFFIXES: SUFFIXES: SURGICAL PROCEDURES CHAPTER 2: SUFFIXES A suffix is an affix which is attached to the end of a word,to make it indicate a condition, disease, characteristic,procedure, or part of speech (noun, adjective, or verb). STRABISMUS (HETEROTROPIA) Misaligned eyes Cross-eye or Esotropia - eye turns inward Walleye or Exotropia — eye turns outward  MAJOR TYPES OF PREFIXES Prefixes of position Number and measurement Direction PREFIXES OF POSITION, NUMBER, MEASUREMENT AND DIRECTION Prefixes used in medical terms denote position, number and measurement, and direction. Prefixes of position describe a place or location. Prefixes of number and measurement describe an amount, size, or degree of involvement. Prefixes of direction indicate a pathway or route. PREFIX LINKING Prefix is a word element located at the beginning of a word. Substituting one prefix for another alters the meaning of the word. Example: macro/cyte macro- is a prefix meaning large -cyte is a suffix meaning cell  These thread-like structures compose a complex organic substance, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is organized into separate units called genes. GENES control the formation of proteins, most particularly enzymes, the catalysts needed to speed the rate of metabolic reactions. To help manufacture proteins, the cells use a compound called ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is chemically related to DNA Changes (mutations) in the genes or CHAPTER 4: chromosomes are the source of All organisms are built from simple to more hereditary diseases. complex levels. Chemicals form the materials that make up cells, which are the body's basic structural and functional units. Groups of cells working together make up tissues, which in turn make up the organs, which have specialized functions. Organs become components of the various systems, which together comprise the whole organism. THE CELL The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life. Body cells perform all activities associated with life, including utilizing food, facilitating reproduction, and CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS) eliminating waste products. When a body cell divides by the process Three main structures: cell of mitosis, the chromosomes are membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. doubled and then equally distributed to The main categories of organic the two daughter cells. compounds contained in cells are: When a cell is not dividing, it remains in Proteins- which include the enzymes, a stage called interphase. some hormones, and structural In cancer, cells multiply without control materials. causing cellular overgrowth and Carbohydrates- which include sugars tumors. and starches. The main carbohydrate is Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) the sugar glucose, which circulates in divide by a related process, meiosis, the blood to provide energy for the cells. that halves the chromosomes in Lipids- which include fats. Some preparation for fertilization. hormones are derived from lipids, and adipose(fat) tissue is designed to store lipids Within the cytoplasm that fills the cell are subunits called organelles, each with a specific function The nucleus is the control region of the cell. It contains the chromosomes, which carry genetic information Each human cell, aside from the reproductive (sex)cells, contains 46 chromosomes  There are various types of connective tissue, including cartilage, adipose (fat), bone, elastic fiber, and even blood. Muscle tissue (root:my/o) provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement. TISSUES Tissue is composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions. Histology is the study of tissues. Between the cells that make up tissues are varying amounts and types of nonliving, intercellular substances that provide pathways for cellular interaction. The body contains four types of tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous Epithelial (ep-ih-THE-le-al) tissue covers surfaces of organs, lines, cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers. Connective tissue supports and connects other body tissues.  Nervous tissue (root: neur/o) Cardiovascular system -consisting of transmits electrical impulses as it relays the blood, heart, and blood vessels. information throughout the entire body. Lymphatic system - organs, and makes up the brain, spinal cord, and vessels that aid circulation and help nerves It coordinates and controls body responses by the transmission of protect the body from foreign materials. electrical impulses. Respiratory system - which obtains The basic cell in nervous tissue is the the oxygen needed for metabolism and neuron, or nerve cell eliminates carbon dioxide, a byproduct MEMBRANES of metabolism. A membrane (MEM-brane)is a Digestive system -which takes in, simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and tissue and it may cover an organ, line a eliminates undigested waste. cavity, or separate one structure from another. Urinary system- which eliminates Mucous membranes secrete soluble waste and balances the volume mucus -a thick fluid that lubricates and composition of body fluids surfaces and protects the underlying The male and female reproductive tissue, as in the lining of the digestive systems - concerned with production of tract and respiratory passages. offspring Serous membranes -which secrete a thin, watery fluid, line body cavities and CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS: cover organs. These include the Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)- energy membranes around the heart and lungs. compound of the cell that stored energy Fibrous membranes - cover and needed for cell activities. support organs, as found around the bones, brain, and spinal cord. Carbohydrates- category of organic Histology (his-TOL-o-je)- study of compounds that includes sugars and tissues, based on the root hist/o, starches meaning "tissue." Cell- basic structural and functional unit of the living organism ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEM Chromosome - thread-like body in cells Tissues are arranged into organs which serve specific functions nucleus that contains genetic Integumentary system, which information includes the skin and its associated Cytology- study of cells structures, such as hair, sweat glands, Cytoplasm - fluid that fills a cell and and oil glands. This system functions in holds the organelles protection and also helps to regulate Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- genetic body temperature. compound of the cell makes up the Skeletal system -which includes the bones and joints. genes Muscular system- which moves the Enzyme- organic substance that speeds skeleton and makes up the walls of the rate of metabolic reaction. internal organs. The muscular system and skeleton protect vital body parts. Nervous system- consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and including the sensory system and special senses, with emphasis on the ear and the eye. This system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses. Endocrine system - consisting of individual glands that produce hormones.  ANATOMICAL POSITION Body posture used among anatomists and clinicians as a position of reference to ensure uniformity and consistency in locating anatomical parts or divisions of the human body. Anatomical Position ROOT FOR CELLS AND TISSUES: person stands erect facing forward arms are at the sides of the body palms of the hands turned forward feet parallel to each other BODY PLANES Plane is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections. It serves as points of reference to identify the different sections of the body in anatomical position. Most commonly used planes are: Coronal (frontal) Transverse (horizontal) Midsagittal (median) SUFFIXES FOR BODY CHEMISTRY Coronal plane divides the body into an anterior and posterior section Midsagittal plane (median) divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into top and bottom sections Directional terms Help indicate the position of structures, CHAPTER 5: surfaces, and regions of the body. These terms are always identified relative to the anatomical position. Identify the location of diseases, injuries, and surgical sites.  Pronation Turning the arm or foot downward(palm or sole of the foot - down)Prone Supination Turning the arm or foot upward(palm or sole of the foot -up)Supine Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline POSITION AND DIRECTION Lateral Flexion SUPINE- LYING FACE UP Side-bending left or right PRONE- FACE DOWN Radial Deviation MOVEMENTS Movement of the wrist towards the Flexion radius or lateral side. Bending a joint or decreasing the angle Ulnar Deviation between two bones Movement of the wrist towards the ulna In the Fetal Position we are flexing or medial side. our joints Opposition Extension Movement of the thumb across the palm Straightening a joint or increasing the of the hand. angle between two bones Dorsiflexion the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Ankle movement bringing the foot Hyperextension towards the shin Excessive extension of the parts at a Plantarflexion joint beyond anatomical position. Ankle movement pointing the foot Retraction downward Moving a part backward Inversion Protraction Turning the sole of the foot inward Moving a part forward Eversion Elevation Turning the sole of the foot outward Raising a part ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS Depression To locate the site of an abdominopelvic Lowering a part abnormality in clinical studies, the  abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into quadrants by passing into imaginary horizontal and vertical lines through the umbilicus. To describe the location of organs easily, the abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into nine regions by drawing four imaginary lines.