Medical Terminology: A Foundation for Understanding PDF

Medical Terminology: A Foundation for Understanding Medical terminology is a fundamental language used in healthcare. It is essential for clear and accurate communication between healthcare professionals. by Dr...

Medical Terminology: A Foundation for Understanding Medical terminology is a fundamental language used in healthcare. It is essential for clear and accurate communication between healthcare professionals. by Dr Shimaa Morsy Dr Amany Gamal Definition of medical terminology:  Is a science that deals with the proper use of medical terms.  It is accurately describing the human body and associated components conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner. Medical term formation and Construction. Formation : medical terms and words are usually composed of two or more components:  The root  The prefix  The suffix  A. The root  The main part of the word The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. Example: Cysto► Bladder 4  B. The prefix The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Example: A symptomatic ‫بدون اعراض‬ 5  C- The suffix Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure. Example: Appendicitis ‫التهاب الزائدة الدودية‬ 6 D- Combining vowel: When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a root, a vowel (usually an o) is inserted between the root and the suffix to aid in pronunciation. A combining vowel may be added between a root and a suffix. Thus, when the suffix -logy, meaning “study of,” is added to the root neur, meaning “nerve or nervous system,” a combining vowel is added: neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system).  Basic word structure Any medical term consists of two or more of the following: 1. Word root: the basis of the word A medical term may have one root GASTRIC root (stomach) or more than one root: GASTR/O/ENTR/O/LOGY root root (stomach) (intestines) 1. Prefix: beginning of the word. It modifies the root EPIGASTRIC TRANSGASTRIC Prefix prefix (above) (across) 1. Suffix: end of the word: it also modifies the root: GASTRITIS GASTRIC Suffix suffix (inflammation) (pertaining to)  Example: Electrocardiogram Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. Combining Word Parts Prefix electro- (electricity) Combining Form cardi/o (heart) Suffix gram (record or picture)  1. Combining vowel: a vowel (usually O) linking the root to the suffix or to another root a. CARDI/O/GRAM root suffix (heart) (record) b. ELECTR/ O / CARDI /O / GRAM root root suffix (electricity ) (heart) (record)  OSTE/ITIS root suffix (bone) (inflammation) ADEN / OMA root suffix (gland) (tumor)  SUB/ GASTR /IC prefix root suffix (behind) (stomach) (pertaining to) The entire word means pertaining to behind the stomach Meaning of the constituent parts give the meaning of the entire term  Construction The way in which medical terms are constructed :can be illustrated by the following examples 1. Prefix, Root and suffix ► Pericarditis 2. Two roots and a suffix ►Osteo-myelitis 3. Prefix and root ►Dyspnea 4. Root and suffix ►Cystitis.5 Prefix and suffix ► Epistaxis 18  The Prefixes  Term: A-An  Meaning: lack of –Absence  Examples:  Atrophy: lack of growth  Asymptomatic: Absence of symptoms Acyanotic : Absence of cyanosis Anencephaly: Without head  Anuria: Lack of urine  Anemia: loss of blood  Analgesia: lack of Pain 19  Term: Ab  Meaning: away from-separation  Example:  Abduction: away from body 20  Term: Ad  Meaning: toward-near  Example:  Adduction: Near the body 21  Term: Aden- o  Meaning: gland  Example:  Adenoma: Enlargement of gland  Adenocarcinoma: Tumors of gland  Adenitis : Inflammation of gland 22  Combining Meaning Suffix Meaning form cyt/o Cell -logy Study of Aden/o Gland -oma Tumor Arthr/o Joint -itis Inflammation Bi/o Life -logy Study of Abdomen/o Abdomen -al Pertaining to Combining Meaning Suffix Meaning form gastr/o stomach plasty Surgical repair hem/o, blood -oma Tumor hemat/o hist/o tissue -logy Study of nephro/o Kidney -ectomy Process of cutting out, excision rhin/o nose plasty Surgical repair  SUFFIXES: MEDICAL SPECIALISTS AND THEIR SPECIALTIES Medical Specialists Medical Specialties Suffix Meaning Example Suffix Meaning Example - practitioner pediatrician -logic, - pertaining psychologi iatrician logical to the cal study of -logist one who pulmonologist -iatrics, - medical pediatrics studies, iatry profession specialist or treatment -logy study or gynecologi science of st gynecology Combining Form Meaning Medical Specialty Medical Specialist cardi/o heart cardiology cardiologist dermat/o skin dermatology dermatologi st esthesi/o feeling or anesthesiology anesthesiol sensation ogist gynec/o female gynecology gynecologis t immune/ immune immunology immunologi st Combining Meaning Medica Medical Specialist Form l Special ty ne/o, new, birth neona neonatologist nat/o tology ophthalm/ eye ophth ophthalmologist o almol ogy path/o disease pathol pathologist ogy radi/o radiation or radiol radiologist radius ogy  Suffix Meaning example -centesis surgical puncture to Paracentesis aspirate or remove fluid -ectomy excision (surgical appendectomy removal or cutting out) -lysis process of loosening, hydrolysis freeing, or destroying -pexy surgical fixation Nephropexy (securing in a fixed position -plasty surgical repair Rhinoplasty  Suffix Meaning example -rrhaphy suture (fusing a Herniorraphy is wound by stitches) surgical repair of the hernia with suture of the abdominal wall. -scopy visual examination Colonoscopy is a with the use of a means of visualizing lighted instrument the colon with the use of a fiber-optic instrument. -stomy creation of an opening Colostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening for the colon or large intestine through the abdomen. -tome an instrument used for A microtome is used to cutting cut thin sections of tissue. -tomy incision (cutting into Sternotomy is an tissue) incision of the sternum usually performed during heart surgery. -tripsy surgical crushing, Lithotripsy is the breaking, or surgical crushing of a pulverizing‫سحق‬ renal calculus or stone  Suffix Meaning example -algia, -dynia pain Arthralgia is joint pain. Vulvodynia is a chronic pain condition affecting a woman’s external genitalia -cele hernia (results Omphalocele is an when organ pushes abdominal wall defect through the organ or muscle that contains it -ectasia, - dilatation Lymphangiectasis is ectasis the dilation of the -edema swelling Edema denotes the presence of excess fluid in the tissues, causing swelling. -emesis vomiting Hyperemesis means excessive vomiting -emia condition of the Anemia refers to a blood decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood..  Suffix Meaning example -ia, -iasis condition Hysteria is a mental disorder attributed to women in the nineteenth century. -itis inflammation Inflammation of the voice box or larynx is known as laryngitis -ith stone or Fecalith is a hard calculus mass consisting of feces. -malacia soft, softening Chondromalacia patella is the softening of the cartilage underneath the knee -mania excessive Pyromania is a preoccupation compulsion to set things on fire. -megaly enlargement Cardiomegaly is the enlargement of the heart Definition of medical terminology:  Is a science that deals with the proper use of medical terms  Choose the correct answer. 1. The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues that results in swelling is called a. dilatation. b. edema c. emesis. d. ptosis. 2. Surgical repair of the eye is a. ophthalmalgia. b. ophthalmological c. ophthalmoplasty. d. ophthalmorrhagia 3. Herniation of the brain through an opening in the skull is called a. craniectomy. b. craniotomy c. encephalocele. d. encephalopathy. 4. Which of the following terms means dilation of a blood or lymph vessel? a. Angioplasty b. Vascular c. Vasotomy d. lymphangiectasis 5. The medical specialty that studies the nature and cause of disease is a. cardiology. b. dermatology c. pathology. d. urology. 6. A term that means excessive vomiting is a. edema. b. hypoglycemia. c. hyperemesis. d. hysteria 7. A term that means pertaining to the eye is a. adenic. b. ophthalmic c. otic. d. vascular. 8. Excision of a gland is called a. adenectomy. b. appendectomy c. neurectomy. d. tonsillectomy 9. lipoma is a. the breakdown of lipids in digestion. b. a benign tumor composed of fatty tissue. c. surgical crushing of a stone. d. an ectopic pregnancy. 10. A record or tracing of the electrical impulses of the heart is called an a. electrocardiograph. b. electrocardiogram c. electrocardiography. d. electrocardiopathy. 11. The branch of medicine that specializes in the stomach, intestines, and associated structures is called a. gastroenterology. b. internal medicine.. c. intestinology.. d. proctology. 12. Inflammation of the stomach is called a. gastroenterology b. gastritis c. gastric d. gatrology 13. Pericarditis is consists of which of the following: a. Prefix, Root and suffix b. Two roots and a suffix c. Prefix and root d. Root and suffix 14. Dyspnea is consists of which of the following: a. Prefix, Root and suffix b. Two roots and a suffix c. Prefix and root d. Root and suffix 15. Cystitis is consists of which of the following: a. Prefix, Root and suffix b. Two roots and a suffix c. Prefix and root d. Root and suffix 16. which of the following means enlargement of the heart: a. hepatomegaly b. Cardiomegaly c. Splenomegaly d. cardiology  True and false: 1. Prefix added to the end of the root. (f) 2. Hyperemesis means excessive vomiting.(t) 3. Colostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening for the stomach. (f) 4. Anemia refers to a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood..(t) 5.Omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect (T)