Medical Terminology Notes PDF

Terminology Word roots, prefixes and suffixes Root Prefix: pre=before Suffix Which is the main unit of Which is put at the Which appears a...

Terminology Word roots, prefixes and suffixes Root Prefix: pre=before Suffix Which is the main unit of Which is put at the Which appears at the the word e.g. colon, beginning of the root end of the root e.g. head cardi (heart) etc. e.g. pericardium= carditis denoting membrane around the inflammation heart peri=around 1 Definition & Examples of different Roots I Respiratory system Word root Meaning Example û Bronch- û Windpipe û Bronchus û Trache- û Windpipe û Trachea û Nas-/naso- û Nose û Nasal obstruction û Or-/oro- û Mouth û Oral therapy û Pharyng- û Throat û Pharyngitis û Pne-/pnoea- û Breathing û Apnea û Pneumo- û Lung, air û Pneumonia û Rhin- û nose û Rhinorrhea Bimaristan Library 1  Terminology II CVS Word root Meaning Example û Cardi- û Heart û Cardiology û Sphygmo- û Pulse û Sphygmo- manometer û Diastole- û Dilatation û Diastolic time û Systole- û contraction û Systolic time Word root Meaning Example û Angi (o)- û Blood vessel û Angiogenesis û Vaso- û Blood vessel û Vaso-dilatation û Arteri (o) - û Artery û Arterial blood û Ven- û vein û Venous blood Word root Meaning Example û Cyte- û Cell û Erythrocyte û Emia û blood û Anemia û Thromb- û clot û Thrombosis Bimaristan Library 2  Terminology III Endocrinal system Word root Meaning Example û Aden-/adeno- û Gland û Lymphadenitis IV CNS Word root Meaning Example û Cerebr- û Brain/cerebrum û Cerebral hemorrhage û Encephala- û Brain û Encephalitis û Meninges û --------- û Meningitis û Crani- û skull û Cranial nerves û Myel (o)- û Bone marrow or û Myelopathy spinal cord û Neur (o)- û Nerve û Neuritis Bimaristan Library 3  Terminology V GIT Word root Meaning Example û Gastr- û Stomach û Gastric mucosa û Enter- û Intestine û Enteritis û Chol- û Bile û Cholecystitis û Splanchn- û Viscera û Splanchnic nerve û Proct- û Rectum û Proctitis û Rect- û Rectum û Rectal tumor VI Urinary system Word root Meaning Example û Nephr (o)- û Kidney û Nephritis û Ren- û Kidney û Renal stone û Pyel- û Pelvis of the kidney û Pyelo-nephritis û Cyst- û Bladder û Cystitis û Vesic- û Bladder û Vesical tumor Bimaristan Library 4  Terminology VII Obstetrics & genecology Word root Meaning Example û Gyn- û Woman û Gynecology û Colp- û Vagina û Colposcopy û oo-, oophor- û Egg/ovum û Oophoritis û Hyster- û Uterus û Hysterectomy û Salpingo- û Tube û Salpingitis VIII Others Word root Meaning Example û Ophthalm- û Eye û Ophthalmology û Oculo- û Vision/eye û Ocular û Kerato- û Cornea û Keratitis û Blephar û Eye lid û Blepharitis Word root Meaning Example û Aud- û Related to û Auditory sound/ear û Oto-, ot- û Related to the ear û Otitis Word root Meaning Example û Derm- û Related to the skin û Dermal eruption û Dermato- û Related to the skin û Dermatology û Cut- û Superficial horny û Cutaneous layer Bimaristan Library 5  Terminology IX MSK Word root Meaning Example û Spondyl- û Vertebra û Spondylosis û Cost- û Rib û Costal û Arthr û Joint û Arthritis û Oste û Bone û Osteology Questions Define crani and give example ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the root in the word pharyngitis ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the ward root of eye and give example ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan Library 6  Terminology 2 Definition & Examples of different prefixes I Introduction Prefix Meaning Example û Mono - û Single/one û Monocyte û Uni û One û Unicellular û Bi û Two û Biceps muscle û Di û Two û Dichloride û Tri û Three û Triceps muscle û Quadr û Four û Quadriceps û Quadriplegia (paralysis û Quadr û Four of the four limbs) û Hemi û One side û Hemiplegia û Semi û Half û (semilunar valve) û Polyarthritis û Poly û Many (inflammation of the many joints) II Prefixes for degree and/or size Prefix Meaning Example û Micro û Small û Microcyte û Macro û Large û Macrocyte û Mega û Exceptionally large û Megacolon û Normo û Normal û Normotensive û Euo û Normal û Euoglycemia û Pseudo û False û Pseudo û Neo û New û Neonate û Hypo û Low/below û Hypoglycemia û Hyper û Above/beyond û Hypertension û Oligo û Few û Oliguria û Poly û Much û Polyuria û Pan û All û Pancarditis Bimaristan Library 7  Terminology III Prefixes for site & position Prefix Meaning Example û Ante û Before û Antenatal Care û Pre û Before û Prediabetic û Post û After û Post-operative û End (o) û Inside û Endocardium û Extra û Beyond/outside û Extra-pyramidal û Peri û Around û Pericardium û Sub û Under û Subarachnoid û Epi û Above (on the surface) û Epidermis û Retro û Behind/beyond û Retro-orbital tumor û Mal û Defective/bad û Mal-absorption û Para û Beside/alongside û Para-vertebral vessel û Dextro û Right û Dextro-cardia û Ecto û Outside/in an abnormal û Ectopic gestation site û Mes û Middle û Mesencephalon û Ab û Away from û Adduction û Ad û Toward/to bring to û Adduction û Trans û Through û Transdermal û Per û By way of (through) û Percutaneous IV Prefixes for color (colour) Prefix Meaning Example û Alb û White û Albino mouse û Leucocyte/ û Leuc/leuk û Colorless/white Leucorrhea û Cyan û Blue û Cyanosis û Chlor û Green û Chlorophy11 û Flav û Yellow û Flavoproteins û Xanth û Yellow û Xanthoma The prefix refer to number, NB degree, site, position, color or negativity Bimaristan Library 8  Terminology V Prefixes for negativity Prefix Meaning Example û An û Without/lack of û Anemia û Un û Absence/loss û Unconsciousness û In û Not/lacking û Incontinence of urine û Contra û Other/against û Contra-lateral û Anti û Against û Antispasmodic û Dis û Remove/separate/absence û Disconnect/dissolve/disagree û Dys û Painful û Dysuria Questions Define the meaning of quadr in quadriplegia ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the prefix subarachnoid and define its meaning ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the difference between the prefix mega macro ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the prefix for blue colour and give example ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan Library 9  Terminology 3 Definition & Examples of different suffix û Diagnosis û Surgical and/or diagnostic procedures û Adjective or a noun giving a part of location in the body û Miscellaneous suffixes (including specialties) û Suffixes identifying plural by adding letters at the end of the word to change the singular to plural (see tables) I Suffixes for diagnosis Suffix Meaning Example û Itis û Inflammation û Gastritis (in the stomach) û Hypovolemia (diminished û Emia û Blood condition blood vol.) û Cele û Cystic fluid û Meningocele û Oma û Tumor/growth û Lymphoma û Fluid û Edema û Lymphedema accumulation û Penia (poenia) û Decrease û Leucopoenia û Existence of û Ism û Hyperthyroidism condition û Sickness/disease û Pathy û Neauropathy state û Hypertrophy (increase in û Trophy û Related to size size) atrophy (decrease in size) û Uria û Pertaining to urine û Hematuria û Sclerosis û Hardening û Arteriosclerosis û Algia û Pain û Arthralgia û Algesia û Sensation û Analgesia û Break,burst or û -rrhage û Hemorrhage flow When a suffix containing (rh) is added to the root the NB “r” is doubled (rr) e.g. hemorrhage diarrhea etc Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 10  Terminology II Suffixes for surgical & diagnostic procedures Suffix Meaning Example û Centesis û Puncture (with a needle) û Thoraco-centesis û Ectomy û Removal of a part û Tonsillectomy û Gram û The recording machine û Electrocardiogram û Electrical record of organ û Graph (y) û Electrocardiograph activity û To look through an optic û Scopy instrument for û Bronchoscopy examination û Osteotomy (cutting û Otomy û To cut through a part bone) û Plasty û To repair by reshaping û Osteoplasty III Prefixes for adjectives or nouns Suffix Meaning Example û Ous û Related to veins û Venous û Oid û Like or similar to û Mucoid û Form û Like or similar to û Epileptiform û Heart (cardiac) û ac ic û Pertaining stomach (gastric) Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 11  Terminology IV Miscellaneous medical suffixes Suffix Meaning Example û Ist û Specialist in û Physiologist û Ian û Specialist in (in medicine) û Physician û Ician û Specialist in (children) û Pediatrician û Particular condition û Ia û Insomnia (due to certain disease) û Pertaining to certain û Iasis û Bilharziasis disease û Penia û Decrease û Lymphopenia û cid (e) û Kill or cut û Fungicide V Prefixes for plural endings û Usually we change the single form singular to plural form by adding the suffix “s” e.g student _ students û When the singular word ends by the letter “Y” it is changed to “ies” to obtain the plural e.g. abnormality – is changed to abnormalities. However there are many exceptions in medical terminology some of these are shown in the following table. Singular Example Plural ending Example ending û On û Phenomenon û A û Phenomena û Um û Bacterium û A û Bacteria û A û Vertebra û Ae û Vertebrae û Is û Hypothesis û Es û Hypotheses û Ex û Index û Ces û Indices û Us û Fungus û I û Fungi û Ix û Appendix û Es û Appendices û Y û Abnormality û Ies û Abnormalities û Nx/anx û Phalanx û Nges û Phalanges Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 12  Terminology Questions Define the meaning of the suffix oma and give example ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the suffix in arthralgia and define its meaning ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the difference between osteotomy and osteoplasty ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the plural of vertebra ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 13  Terminology Terminology of body systems I Cardiovascular System Chronotropism means heart rate. Inotropism means cardiac contractility Arrhythmia means irregularity of heart rate Aneurysm means dilatation in the wall of an artery Ecchymosis means extravasation of blood into tissues II Digestive System Glossitis means inflammation of the tongue Stomatitis means inflammation of the mouth cavity Gingivitis means inflammation of the gums Anorexia means loss if appetite Hyperphagia means excess eating Polyphagia means excess eating Polydipsia means excess thirst sensation III Respiratory System Rhinitis means Inflammation of mucus membrane of the nose Rhinorrhea means Nasal discharge Tachypnea means Increase respiratory rate Hemoptysis means Cough of blood Epistaxis means Bleeding from the nose Hiccough means Spasm of diaphragm Bronchiectasis means Dilatation of the bronchi Pneumothorax means Free air in the pleural space Dyspnea means Difficulty in breathing Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 14  Terminology IV Urinary System Dysuria means Painful urination Nocturia means Urination during night Enuresis means Bed-wetting at night Pyuria means Pus in urine Hematuria Blood in urine Nephropathy means Disease in the kidney Hemodialysis means Removal of toxic material from blood V Genital System Menarche means Date of first menstruation Dysmenorrhea means Painful menstruation Leukorrhea means White discharge Mastodynia means Breast pain Azo-spermia means Absence of sperms Oligo-spermia means Decreased sperm number VI Locomotor System Abduction means Movement away from the midline Adduction means Movement towards the midline Scoliosis means Lateral curvature Spondylosis means Affection of the vertebral column Lordosis means Backward curvature of the vertebral column Kyphosis means Increased convexity of the vertebral column Crepitus means Cracking on joint Ankylosis means Stiffness at joint Chondroma means Tumor of cartilage Osteoma means Tumor of bone Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 15  Terminology VII Central Nervous System Dysarthria means Difficult articulation of speech Aphasia means No speaking Aphonia means No voice Insomnia means Difficulty In sleeping Somnolence means Sleepy Narcosis means Stupor = unconsciousness Dysphoria means Un-happiness Psychosis means Psychological disturbance means Major CNS trouble due to cerebral hemorrhage Stroke or thrombus Hydrophobia means Fear to dink water (in case of rabies) Dyskinesia means Involuntary rhythmic movements Sedation means Calmness Analgesia means Absence of pain sensation Questions Define the meaning of chronotropism ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Define stroke ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the difference between abduction and adduction ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the term denoting coughing of blood ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 16  Terminology Symptoms of different body systems The Symptom The Meaning The Image Jaundice ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮا‬ Bleeding ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﯾﻒ‬ tendency Loss of weight ‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻮزن‬ Itching ‫اﻟﺤﻜﺔ‬ Fever ‫ﺣﻤﻰ‬ Fatigue and ‫ﺗﻌﺐ وﺿﻌﻒ‬ weakness Biliary colic ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺺ اﻟﺼﻔﺮاوي‬ Pain in right ‫اﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاق‬ hypochondrium ‫اﻻﯾﻤﻦ‬ Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 17  Terminology Halitosis ‫راﺋﺤﺔ ﻓﻢ ﻛﺮﯾﮫ‬ Xerostomia ‫ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﻔﻢ‬ Anorexia ‫ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺸﮭﯿﺔ‬ Dysphagia ‫ﻋﺴﺮ اﻟﺒﻠﻊ‬ Hematemesis ‫ﻗﻲء دﻣﻮي‬ Vomiting ‫ﻗﻲء‬ Dyspepsia ‫ﻋﺴﺮ اﻟﮭﻀﻢ‬ Flatulence ‫اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ‬ Diarrhea ‫اﺳﮭﺎل‬ Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 18  Terminology Constipation ‫اﻣﺴﺎك‬ Melena ‫دم ﻣﮭﻀﻮم‬ Bleeding per ‫ﻧﺰﯾﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ rectum Dyspnea ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬ Wheeze ‫ﺻﻔﯿﺮ‬ Cough ‫ﺳﻌﺎل‬ Expectoration ‫ﺑﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎل ﻣﺼﺤﻮب‬ Hemoptysis ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺎء‬ Chest pain ‫اﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪر‬ Cyanosis ‫زرﻗﺎ‬ Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 19  Terminology Dyspnea ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ Orthopnea ‫اﻻﺿﻄﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬ Paroxysmal ‫ﺿﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻠﯿﻠﻲ‬ nocturnal ‫اﻻﻧﺘﯿﺎﺑﻲ‬ dyspnea Chest pain ‫اﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪر‬ Palpitation ‫ﺧﻔﻘﺎن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ Edema lower ‫ﺗﻮرم اﻟﻄﺮف‬ limb ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ Cyanosis ‫زرﻗﺎ‬ Mental symptoms ‫ھﻠﻮﺳﺔ‬ consciousness – hallucination Speech: dysarthria – ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻼم‬ aphasia Increased intra- cranial tension: headache – ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ‬ vomiting – ‫اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬ blurring of vision Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 20  Terminology Questions Mention 3 upper GIT symptoms ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention 3 manifestations of chest affection ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention 2 symptoms of increased intracranial tension ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 21  Terminology Measurements Definitions X These are the subjective feeling of the patient and they Symptoms constitute his complaint. Usually the symptoms are felt by the patient but mostly not observed by the physician (e.g. pain headache, nausea etc) X These are objective evidence or physical manifestations of a disease which are usually observed by the examining physician the patient may or may not feel them Signs X Examples of signs are redness of the skin swelling in the abdomen sore throat abnormal heart sounds etc X N.B. sometimes the symptom may be as well a sign (felt by the patient and observed by the physician) as in fever swelling in a joint etc Syndrome A group of symptoms signs or both which characterize a disease X This is an involuntary response to a stimulus it may be: - A sign of a local disease as in the guarding rigidity of the Reflex muscles of the right lower abdomen due to appendicitis - A sign of a systemic disease (e.g. knee jerk) which means the extension of the leg in response to a quick tap on the patella Medications treatment therapy the means to cure a disease (usually implies a planned program of single act) which may include treatment of the disease rather than a medication (drugs) surgery bed rest single act Both definitions are overlapping There are known abbreviations commonly used by physicians for instructions given to patients as for the time or frequency of administration of the medicament (drug) e.g.: Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 22  Terminology Abbreviation Meaning b.i.d. Twice daily Three times t.d.s daily q.h Every hour a.c Before meals p.c After meals Physicians prescribe medicines in terms of weight measures or volumes usually adopting the metric system e.g 1-milli=1/1000 Metric 2-dece=10 3-kilo=1000 Examples Wight 1-one kilogram(kg)=1000gram 2-one gram(gm)=1000 milligram Volume 1-one liter=1000 milliliter (or cubic centimeter “cc” or ml) 2-deciliter=100 milliliter(ml) 3- one tablespoonful=15ml 4-one teaspoonful=8ml.ml Questions Define syndrome ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the meaning of the abbreviation b.i.d ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the difference between symptoms and signs ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Mention the meaning of the abbreviation t.d.s ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 23  Terminology Bimaristan & Dr Amro Ashraf 24