Readings In Philippine History Notes PDF

Readings in Philippine History: Notes ===================================== - What is **HISTORY**? \- has always been known as the study of the past. \- was derived from the Greek word ***historia*** which means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation". - **Historiography** - is...

Readings in Philippine History: Notes ===================================== - What is **HISTORY**? \- has always been known as the study of the past. \- was derived from the Greek word ***historia*** which means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation". - **Historiography** - is the history of history. - **Historian** - a person who studies history. **HISTORICAL SOURCES** With the past as history's subject matter, the historian's most important research tools are historical sources. In general, historical sources can be classified between primary and secondary sources. 1. Ex.: *Photographs of the event, photographs, memoirs, archival documents, artifacts, memorabilia, letters, census, and government records.* 2. Ex.: *Textbooks, Biography, Essay, Encyclopedia, Newspaper articles, Journal Articles, Thesis* #### THE PHILIPPINES IN ANCIENT TIMES (200,000 B.C. - 1300 A.D.) Evidences, both material (economic, social, and political structures) and nonmaterial (language, literature, arts, and belief system) demonstrate that the ancient Filipinos were a productive and creative people. They produced their own unique technology and culture that were appropriate to their given natural environment, climate, and geography. Hence, Filipinos were already a civilized people long before the encounter with the West. **EARLY SETTLERS** \- some theories on Philippine prehistory suggest that the Philippines and the rest of the islands in Southeast Asia may have been sites of human evolution between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. \- it is said that it was during this period that the first settlers, a small group of hominid, came to the Philippines. \- the earliest stone tools and animal fossils found in Cagayan Valley in northern Philippines were dated back to at least 200,000 years ago. \- although no human fossils were found yet, the artifacts suggest their existence. Collectively they were called **Cagayan Man or *homo erectus philippinensis****.* *-* in 1962, a **skull cap** of man was discovered in the Tabon caves of Palawan. - **Negritos *(Aeta, Ati, Dumagat)*** - they came to the Philippines by crossing the "land bridges" some 25,000 to 30,000 years ago. \- they were said to have come from the south, by way of Palawan and Borneo. \- they practiced dry agriculture similar to the kaingin system that is practiced today by some hill and mountain people. - **Austronesians** - they came to Southeast Asia by boats from Southern China more than 7,000 years ago. \- much later, some of them came to the Philippines from Indochina and South China also by boats. \- *the Kalingas, the Gaddangs, the Apayaos, the Igorots, and all the Ilongots, all indigenous groups of Luzon; the native Visayans; the Tagbanuas of Palawan, the Bagobos, the Bilaans, the Manobos, and the Tirurays of Mindanao, are probably descendants of this group.* - By 500 to 800 B.C., the early Filipinos knew how to make copper and bronze implements. - another migration allegedly occurred about 300 or 200 B.C., or more than 2,000 years ago. - They had a syllabary or alphabet that might have come from India. **ECONOMIC LIFE** - **Agriculture** - was the main source of sustenance by the ancient Filipinos. - Land cultivation was done in two ways: - - - Aside from agriculture, the ancient Filipinos also engaged in industries such as *fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry and livestock raising, logging, pottery, and weaving* - No currency was used in trading. Goods were bought and sold through the barter system called baligya. **SOCIAL LIFE** - The ancient Filipinos were divided into social classes: ***the nobles, the freemen, and the dependents.*** - - - **Acquisition of the low social status of dependents:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Classification of dependents among the Tagalogs:** - - **Three kinds of dependents among the Visayans:** - - - **Dependents were further classified into three levels or grades:** - - - **WOMEN'S POSITION IN SOCIETY** - - - - - **MARRIAGE CUSTOMS** - - - **Gifts that a man was required to give:** - - - **THE GOVERNMENT** - ***Barangay*** was the basic unit of government. It consisted of 30 to 100 families. - Each barangay was independent and was ruled by a chieftain. - \- he was powerful and exercised the powers of the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. \- he was aided by a council of elders in his role as lawmaker. - Relations existed between barangays. They traded with one another. - Alliances were concluded between barangays for mutual protection against a common enemy. An alliance was sealed through a ritual called ***sanduguan or blood compact.*** The contracting parties then became "blood-brothers." **HOW WAS A LAW MADE** - The chieftain of a barangay made the laws of the community. When he had a law in mind, he called in the council of elders to give their opinion. - If the elders approved the proposed law, the chieftain ordered a town cryer, called ***umalohokan***, to announce to the community the approval of the law. **DECIDING CASES** - Most disputes during the ancient times were decided peacefully. - The court of justice was composed of the chieftain as judge and the elders of the barangay as members of the "jury." - If conflicts arose between members of different barangays, the differences were resolved by arbitration. A board composed of elders from neutral barangays acted as arbiter. - The trial of a case was usually held in public. The accuser and the accused faced each other with their witnesses. The man who had more witnesses was usually judged to be the winner. - If the defeated person contested the decision of the chieftain, the latter openly sided with the winner and compelled the loser to accept his decision. The loser had no other alternative than to accept the decision of the chieftain. **THE TRAIL BY ORDEAL** - As practiced in the Philippines, the trial by ordeal consisted of ordering the suspects, in the case of theft, to dip their hands into a pot of boiling water. The suspect whose hand was scalded the most was judged guilty. **CULTURE** **CLOTHING** - Among the ancient Filipinos, the male clothing consisted of the upper and lower parts. - - - - The women were usually naked from the waist up. They wore a **s*aya or skirt.*** Among the Visayans, this lower part was called ***patadyong***. A piece of white or red cloth, called ***tapis***, was usually wrapped around the waist or the chest. - The ancient Filipinos had no shoes. They walked about barefooted. **ORNAMENTS** - The ancient Filipinos wore ornaments made of ***gold*** and ***precious stones***. - ***Gold*** was common, so the ancient Filipinos used it not only in making rings, armlets, and bracelets, but also as fillings in between the teeth. - The body was also adorned by tattooing including the face. - Among men tattoing had another use. It was used as a man's war record, that is, the more a man was tattoed the more he was admired by the people of his community for his bravery in battle. - According to the first Spanish missionaries who wrote about the ancient Filipinos, the Visayans were the most tattooed people of the Philippines. For this reason, the Spanish missionaries called the Visayans, ***pintados or painted people.*** **EDUCATION AND SYSTEM OF WRITING** - There were no formal schools but children of school age were taught in their own homes by their mothers who were their first teachers. - Based on the testimony of the Spanish Jesuit missionary, **Father Pedro Chirino**, there was hardly a man or a woman who did not know how to read and write. - Our ancestors possessed a system of writing or alphabet called a ***syllabary, baybayin or alibata*** where every letter is pronounced as a syllable. - The syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, three of which are vowels (patinig) and fourteen are consonants (katinig). - The early Filipinos wrote on large leaves of plants and trees, and sometimes on barks of trees and bamboos. They used the colored saps of trees as ink, while they used pointed sticks or iron as pencil. **EARLY LITERATURE** - The ancient Filipinos had a literature that may be classied into ***written and oral.*** - Among the Tagalogs, the oral literature consisted of: ***sabi (maxims), bugtong (riddle), talindaw (boat song), tagumpay (victory song), uyayi and hele (cradle song), ihiman (wedding song), kumintang (war song), and many more.*** - The early Filipinos had also ***written literature***. The Ifugaos of northern Luzon, for example, had epics which were originally recited but later on were written down. - Example of Epics: - - - - - **RELIGIOUS BELIEF** - The prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul was immortal. - They believed in one Supreme Being they called ***Bathalang Maykapal*** or simply ***Bathala.*** - Aside from the Supreme Being, they also worshipped minor deities whose functions were closely related to the daily life of the people. - - - - - - - - The soul-spirits called ***anito*** were venerated. This is called the "Cult of the Dead." - The memory of the dead relatives was kept alive by carving images made of gold, stone, and ivory. The image was called ***larawan or likha*** among the Tagalogs, ***diwata*** among the Visayans, and ***bulol*** among the Ifugaos. **ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400 - 1600)** **THE COMING OF THE SPANIARDS** **THE TRADE ROUTES** \- connect Asia to Europe - - - \- in 1453, the Turks captured the city of Constantinople through which two routes passed. However, they allowed the Venetians to use the Southern Route on condition that they pay a certain sum as fee. **THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD** - To avoid possible war between Spain and Portugal, ***Pope Alexander VI***, a Spaniard, issued a bull in 1493 dividing the world into two. - ***Treaty of Tordesillas*** on June 7, 1494, an imaginary line was drawn from north to south at a distance of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Lands to be discovered east of this line would belong to Portugal, and those on the west would belong to Spain. **THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION** - Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese who went to Spain to offer his services to the Spanish King. - The expedition consisted of five ships: the flagship Trinidad, the Concepcion, the Victoria, the Santiago, and the San Antonio. - On September 20, 1519, the expedition left Spain and sailed southward across the Atlantic. - In March 1521, Magellan crossed the Pacific and reached the Ladrones Islands, now the Marianas. Magellan named this islands as Islas de Ladrones (Islands of Thieves) because some of the natives there stole one of his boat. - On March 17, 1521, they sighted the mountains of what is now Samar. This event marked the coming of the first Spaniards in the Philippines. - The next day, Magellan ordered his maen to land at Homonhon islet and proceeded to the islet of Limasawa, which at that time was ruled by Rajah Kulambu. **THE BATTLE OF MACTAN** - Rajah Sula asked Magellan's help to defeat his rival, Rajah Si Lapulapu, who, according to Sula, refused to recognize the King of Spain as his sovereign. - Magellan and around sixty of his men, sailed for Mactan early in the morning of April 28. In the battle that followed, Magellan was wounded in the leg. Seeing this, the brave people of Mactan rushed at him and killed him with their spears. **THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPEDITION** - The Victoria, commanded by Sebastian del Cano, succeeded in reaching Spain. - - - **EXPEDITIONS THAT FOLLOWED MAGELLAN** - Loaysa Expedition (1525 - 1526) - commanded by Father Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa. - Cabot Expedition (1526 - 1530) - commanded by Sebastian Cabot. - Sayavedra Expedition (1527 - 1528) - commanded by Alvaro de Sayavedra, which reached Mindanao but did not succeed in settling in any of the islands. - On April 22, 1529 - Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Zaragoza, under which Portugal won possession of the Moluccas after paying Spain the sum of 350,000 gold ducats. - 1538 - 1541 - King Charles of Spain agreed with his viceroys in Mexico and Guatemala that expeditions should be sent to the East, particularly to the Spice or Moluccas Islands. - - November 1, 1542 - Villalobos left Mexico and reached Mindanao in February 1543. - Bernardo de la Torre - was chosen by Villalobos to Tandaya (now Samar) to get some food. - Makandala - local chieftain, who gave De la Torre enough food. - Villalobos named the islands of Samar and Leyte, Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Spain. - Villalobos tried to sail for Mexico but died in Amboina in 1546. **THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION** - In 1556, upon the suggestion of the Viceroy of Mexico, an expedition to the East was sent by King Philip II. - - - - - - - **FIRST SETTLEMENT IN CEBU** - Legazpi and his men entered Cebu harbor on April 27. - Tupas, Cebuano cheiftain. - A land, donated by Tupas and other Cebuano chieftains, was used as Spanish settlement. A fort was constructed and the Spaniards called it Fort San Pedro. - Initially, the Spanish settlement was called San Miguel but Legazpi renamed the settlement "City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus." **THE SETTLEMENT IN PANAY** - Mateo del Saz, Master of Camp by the Spaniards in Cebu. - Gonzalo de Pereira, Portuguese captain, harassed Legazpi by blockading Cebu in order to starve the Spaniards. - Upon learning that there was plenty of food there, Legazpi and some of his men sailed for Panay in 1569. - On the banks of the Panay river, Legazpi founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines. **THE FIRST SPANISH VOYAGE TO MANILA** - Legazpi sent small expeditions to the other islands of the Visayas. Masbate, Burias, and Ticao were claimed in the name of the King of Spain. Then the same expedition, headed by Captain Enriquez de Guzman sailed for southern Luzon and reached Albay. - Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi's younger grandson, led a small expedition to the north. He sailed to Talim Island and claimed it for Spain. - May 8, 1570, the expedition that Legazpi sent for Manila left Panay for Mindoro. - Manila or Maynila was a thriving Muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman or Soliman. **THE FOUNDING OF MANILA** - Legazpi informed his men that the King of Spain appointed him as governor and captain-general of the islands, which was equivalent to governor-general. He was the first governor-general of the Philippines. - - Legazpi decided to leave for Luzon on April 20, with Manila as the object of his expedition. - The Filipinos were defeated and Legazpi took over Manila in 1571. - - On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Philippines. On the same day that Legazpi declared Manila as the capital of the archipelago, a city government or ayuntamiento was organized. **THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH RULE (1600s - 1800s)** **Reasons for Spanish Colonization:** 1. 2. **POLITICAL CHANGES** - The Philippines was administered by the Council of Indies, the most important administrative organ of Spain. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines were appointed by the King of Spain, who issued Royal orders and decrees. - In 1863, the Philippines was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar) - There was no legislature or congress because the laws for the Philippines were made by the Spaniards in Spain and by the governor-general himself. - - **THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT** **GOVERNOR-GENERAL** - - - - - - - **CUMPLASE -** right of the governor-general to suspend the operation of a Royal decree or order. Usually: "I obey but do not comply." **AUDENCIA** - - - - - - - - - **PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT** - \- headed by the ALCALDE MAYOR or Provincial Governor, who was appointed by the governor-general - \- abolished in 1844 because of the abuses of the Alcalde. **MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT** - The town or municipality, composed of several barrios, was headed by **GOBERNADORCILLO** (little governor), also called capitan municipal or simply capitan. Today, he is called mayor. - \- approved by the Spanish friar-curate \- aided by deputies called tenientes, a chief of police, and subordinate officials called alguaciles **THE CITY AND ITS GOVERNMENT** - During the first century of Spanish rule, there were only two cities: Cebu and Manila. By seventeenth century, the Philippines had six cities: Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo, Cagayan), Arevalo (now a part of Iloilo City), and Nueva Caceres (now Naga). - The city, then and now, was the center of social, commercial, religious, and cultural life. - Its government was different from that of a town. It was called ayuntamiento, equivalent to today's city hall, and consisted of two alcaldes, twelve regidores (now councilors,), a chief of police, a city secretary, and a few other lesser officials. **BARRIO OR BARANGAY** - Headed by a cabeza who did not receive any salary - Given a portion of the taxes collected in his barrio - Considered a member of the principalia or the aristocracy - Given economic and political privileges. **PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH** - In line with the Augustinian Order brought by Legazpi, several missionaries arrived in the Philippines to spread Catholicism. Some of them are as follows: - - - - **THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE** - Because the early Kings of Spain helped much in propagating and defending the Catholic faith, they became closely identified with the Church. - The governor-general had authority to appoint priests to the parishes. The clergy, on the other hand, were active in the government and had political powers. - In some cases, a high Church official was also eligible to become governor-general. Examples of Church officials who became acting governors-general were: - - - - **THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION** - To administer the parishes efficiently, the Catholic Church was divided into districts. In turn, each district was divided into parishes and missions. - - - **THE INQUISITION** - An ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for heretics and those guilty of preaching or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to that of the Catholic Church. - There was no office of the Inquisition in the Philippines but there was a representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition in the Philippines. **THE RESIDENCIA AND THE VISITA** - These two institutions were introduced to stop the abuses of high Spanish officials in the colonies. - - **ECONOMIC CHANGES** - **THE ENCOMIENDA** \- In order to reward the Spaniards who helped in the conquest and the estbalishment of settlements in the Philippines, the King of Spain ordered that lands be distributed to his loyal subjects. \- in principle, was not actually a piece of land, but a favor from the King, under which the Spaniard receiving the favor was given the right to collect tributes of taxes from the inhabitants of an area assigned to him. \- the man who received this favor was called encomendero. \- the encomendero had specific responsibilities such as, to protect and to educate the natives inreading, writing, and Christian doctrines. **3 Kinds of Encomiendas:** - - - - **FORCED LABOR (Polo y Servicio)** \- Filipinos were required to render services to the State and the Church, the same Laws of the Indies provided that the natives, who were ordered to work either for the State or for the Church, should be paid their wages. \- the Spanish officials in the Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the construction of churches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling and cutting timber. \- for a Filipino laborer to be exempted from forced labor, he had to pay a fee called ***falla.*** \- ***Polistas***, force labourers - **THE TRIBUTE** \- in order to raise enough money to finance the administration of the colony, especially, the construction of churches, government buildings, roads, bridges, and improvements in transportation and communication, the Filipinos were compelled to pay a tribute in cash or in kind, in full or installment basis, to the Spanish colonial government. \- a form of recognition of the Filipino's loyalty to the King of Spain. - - **TAXES** - - - - **THE GALLEON TRADE** \- also known as the Manila-Acapulco trade. -trading between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. -a government monopoly owned by the Spaniards that lasted for 200 years. -ended in 1815 when Mexico revolted against Spaniards. - **THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY** \- founded by Governor Basco in 1781 to effectively implement an econiomic policy in the colony. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - **THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES** \- Governor Basco was also remembered for his role in establishing government monopolies, the most important of which was the tobacco monopoly. - \- established in 1780 following the decree issued by the King. It was, however, actually established in the colony in 1872. \- the monopoly led to the development of agriculture in provinces where tobacco was grown, like the Ilocos, Nueva Ecija, the Cagayan Valley, and Marinduque. \- in 1881, the King ordered its abolition, but it was actually abolished in 1882 in the Philippines. \- the government also had other monopolies, such as those on wine and liquor, gunpowder, playing cards, and buyo or anise. - **ROYAL COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES** \- established in 1785. -the aims of the Company were to promote progress of the Philippines by improving the foreign trade of the colony with Spain and to develop the natural resources or the Philippines by encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. \- the encouragement of the cultivation of indigo, sugar cane, pepper, and other spices by the Company, led to increased agricultural production. \- abolished in 1834. - **BANDALA SYSTEM** \- Filipinos were required/forced to sell their agricultural harvest to the government.