Philippine History (Social Science 7) PDF

Philippine History Social Science 7  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago with a tropical climate and a mountainous terrain. It is located a little above the equator and bounded by the Pacific Ocean, the China Sea and the Celebes...

Philippine History Social Science 7  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago with a tropical climate and a mountainous terrain. It is located a little above the equator and bounded by the Pacific Ocean, the China Sea and the Celebes Sea. It lies some 600 miles southeast of the coast of mainland Asia and is strung on the north-south axis, bounded by China to the north and Indonesia and North Kalimantan to the south. The geographic position of the Philippines makes the Filipino people literally close to the center of the world proletarian revolution and part of a gigantic wave of a powerful revolutionary movements in Southeast Asia. LOCATION  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines Though the Philippines seems surrounded by a moat and is at the outer rim of Asia directly facing U.S. imperialism, the Number One enemy of the world’s peoples, the Filipino people can rely on a great invincible political rear made up of the People’s Republic of China and all revolutionary peoples of Asia. LOCATION  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines The Philippines consists of 7,100 islands and islets with a total land area of 115,000 square miles. The two largest islands which are at the same time principal regions are Luzon and Mindanao. The former has a total land area of 54,000 square miles and the latter has 37,000 square miles. The third principal region is the group of islands and islets called the Visayas in the central part of the archipelago. The irregular coastline of the whole country extends to a little less than 11,000 miles. All the islands are seasonally inundated by river systems flowing from mountains. The plains and valleys are well- populated. TERRAIN  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines The mountains, many of which are volcanic in origin, the extensive river systems and the tropical climate endow the Philippines with extremely fertile agricultural lands suitable for a wide variety of crops for food and industrial use. It has vast forest, mineral, marine and power resources. Its forests cover a little over one-third of the land. TERRAIN  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines Its mineral resources include iron, gold, copper, nickel, oil, coal, chrome, and so many others. Its principal rivers can be controlled to irrigate fields continuously and also to provide electricity to every part of the country. It has rich inland and sea fishing grounds. Numerous fine harbors and landlocked straits are available for building up the maritime industry. TERRAIN  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines If the natural wealth of the Philippines were to be tapped and developed by the Filipino people themselves for their own benefit, it would be more than enough to sustain a population that is several times bigger than the present one. However, U.S. imperialism, domestic feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism prevent the Filipino people from making use of their natural resources to their own advantage. As of now, U.S. imperialism and all of its lackeys exploit these natural resources for their own selfish profit and according to their narrow schemes at the expense of the TERRAIN toiling masses.  Location, Terrain and Natural Resources of the Philippines Based on the 1970 Census, the Filipino now number about 37 million and they are increasing at the annual rate of 3.5 per cent. Seventy-five per cent of them live in the countryside under backward and feudal conditions. If the population were not subjected to foreign and feudal exploitation, not only could it become self-reliant economically but it could also excel in all fields of social endeavor. It could be a massive force for progress instead of being a “problem” interpreted in the Malthusian way by reactionaries who constantly prate about “overpopulation” to cover up the basic problems that are U.S. imperialism, TERRAIN feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism.  Origin of the Filipino Race The Filipino people have been generated by several racial stocks. The main racial stock is Malay, which accounts for more than 85 per cent. Other significant factors in the racial composition of the people are Indonesian and Chinese. The Arab, Indian, Spanish, American and Negrito factors are present, but only to a marginal degree. There are many theories on the peopling of the archipelago in prehistoric times. We can cite what are currently the most accepted ones.  Origin of the Filipino Race The aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines were the Aetas or Negritoes, small black people, who first came to the Philippines on land bridges about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago in the Pleistocene era. They were followed by the first Indonesian wave of immigrants who came bringing with them an early stone age culture from Southeast Asia about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. The second Indonesian wave came about 1,500 B.C. from Indochina and south China bringing with them a late neolithic or bronze-copper culture.  Origin of the Filipino Race What would later compose the main racial stock of the Filipino people, the Malay, came in three major waves. The first wave of the Malays came from a southern direction between 300 and 200 B.C. bringing with them Indian cultural influences. The second wave came between the first century and the 13th century and became the main ancestors of the Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Pampangos, Visayans and Bicolanos. As they were equipped with a system of writing, they were the first to leave historical records. The third wave of Malays who came between the latter half of the 14th century and the 15th century came the Arab traders and religious teachers who laid the foundation of Islam in Sulu and in mainland Mindanao.  Origin of the Filipino Race The national minorities of today comprise at least 10 per cent of the population. They inhabited the greater part of the archipelago until a few decades ago when landgrabbers started to dispossess and oppress them. They have been set apart from the rest of the people principally by Christian chauvinism employed by Spanish colonialism and U.S. imperialism, as in the case of the Muslims in Mindanao and the non-Christian mountain tribes all over the country. There is also Malay racism bred by foreign and feudal exploiters of the people. This is often directed against the Chinese and the Aetas.  Origin of the Filipino Race To this day, there are more than 100 languages and dialects. The nine most widely spoken are Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Sugbuhanon, Bicol, Pampango, Pangasinan, Samarnon, and Maguindanao. Tagalog is the principal base of the national language which can now be spoken by the majority of the people in varying degrees of fluency. Development of Ancient Filipino Society Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century CE, the inhabitants of the archipelago already have its own social system. Our ancestors' economy was based in agriculture. There was already an existing system of governance called barangay and sultanate. People were divided between the administration of communities and the security of economic products or helping in the daily work in the community. The people follow traditions and beliefs. A system of laws and justice exists. In general, there is already vibrant civilization similar to the level of development of ancient communities in Southeast Asia. Our ancestors developed a relatively high level of civilization. Before they were called “Filipino” by Spanish colonizers, they organized communities to have a self-reliant economy, defined political structure and laws, and widespread socio- cultural system. It is continuously shown in the rich culture and tradition of the indigenous groups in the islands. Development of Ancient Filipino Society Urduja is a princess warrior who lived in the 14th century CE and led the Kaylukari in the land of Tawalisi. Urduja was first mentioned inn the writings of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler who arrived in Tawalisi from Sumatra before traveling to China. Tawalisi can be found in Pangasinan today, according to estimates of American historian William Henry Scott, the story of Urduja is just a figment of the imagination because there is no material basis before the Spanish colonization of her existence. Nevertheless, the accounts of Ibn Battuta which show the political and military struggle of Urduja is how the communities and barangays of our ancestors reached the political and economic development like our neighboring countries in South-East Asia, and which mirrors the development of technology during the period of Metal or Iron Age.  Development of Ancient Filipino Society People in the archipelago are composed of tribes, groups, and communities. Each has its own economic and political system. The Aetas and other groups live by hunting, gathering, and storing. The Muslim sultanate is the most advanced in Mindanao and Sulu, while the Tagalogs and Kapampangans claimed to have reached a relatively high level of development. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The barangays were most commonly found near rivers and along the coasts. The basic population of the barangay is spread into different ethno-linguistic groups like the Ilocano, Ibanag, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Cebuano, Waray, Tausug, Maranaw, and others. More than hundreds of people are under one barangay which is led by a raha or datu. Each barangay is under one political or economic unit. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society A. Basic Economic Activities The livelihood of native people is based on agriculture. Irrigation is used to develop the most productive farms like the rice terraces of Ifugao in Montanosa, which is known today as Cordillera. The native people grow some crops like palay, corn, coconut, cotton, abaca, hemp, banana, and others. The native people also participate in raising animals, fishing, building boats, mining metals like gold, logging, and weaving. Fishing and shipbuilding developed because of the archipelagic nature of the Philippines. Most of the communities are situated along the coastline or riverbanks. They used simple fishing instruments like nets, bows and arrows, spears, basket and fishing rods. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society A. Basic Economic Activities Rivers are important to our ancestors as source of food and water for bathing, washing, and drinking. Most of the population travel through water ways. The roads follow the direction of the rivers, creeks, and sea. The forests became a rich source of different kinds of sturdy lumber to make boats and other uses. Carpenters and craftsmen produce all sorts of ships for travel, war or commerce. Simple mining of metal like gold, silver, and gem stones is widely practiced. Gems and other precious stones are used as ornaments, jewelries, or currencies for trade Women engaged in weaving which is usually inside their homes, They weave clothes from cotton, abaca, silk, and other fabrics. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society B. Social Class Based on Economic Production The economic activities of ancient Filipinos are influenced by social division. Though there is collective ownership of land, the administration and allocation of land for farming and housing is done by the datu in the name of the whole community. The ancient Filipino society is divided between the classes maharlika, timawa, and alipin. The ruling class is composed of the datu or raha and his family. They collect rent from the timawas who till the land and receive different forms of tributes from the alipin or other members of the community who have debts. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society B. Social Class Based on Economic Production The maharlikas are either born free or were former slaves who earned their freedom. They own the land they till. They also give special services to the datu and his family. The ruled class is composed of groups of people who do not own land or alipin. The timawas pay rent for the land they till while the alipin do not get a share of the harvest. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society B. Social Class Based on Economic Production The alipin is divided into two categories: aliping sagigilid and aliping mamamahay. The full slaves or aliping sagigilid live in the house of their master, while the semi- slaves or aliping namamahay have their own dwelling. The latter serve their master during planting and harvest seasons; and they help build the master's house and serve their guets. Children inherit their parents' social status, and so it follows that children born to timawa or alipin parents also become timawa or alipin themselves. Other assume timawa or alipin for failure to pay debts and taxes, as punishment for crimes committed or for being captured in the inter-barangay wars. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society C. The Sultanate and Growing Trade The Muslim sultanate in Sulu and Mindanao represent a more developed economics and political system than the barangay. The sultanate is a political system which cover up to 20,000 people and a more extensive territory. A sultan rules over some datus. The sultan, the datus, and their clan make up the ruling class. They administer the communal land aside from being landlords. They regard their rule as a "divine right". As landlords, they receive land rent in the form of religious taxes, and lived off the produce of the farmers and artisans. The babaylans, teachers, writers, and warriors give their service to the ruling class. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society C. The Sultanate and Growing Trade There is an active internal and external trade in the islands. Commerce is vibrant between barangays and islands. Trade vessels from Luzon regularly dock in Mindanao. The inhabitants of Mindanao and other islands send their produce for trade in Luzon communities for trade in Luzon communities. There is already trade relations between native people of the islands and inhabitants of neighboring countries. Our ancestors developed trade relations with China, Kampuchea, Siam, Japan, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Malaysia. This helped in the development of communities in the sea coasts of Manila, Cebu, Jolo, and Butuan. In turn Sulu is considered as an important international trade center in the 9th century CE. In the whole region, Chinese and other foreign traders frequently mention that our ancestors are honest and industrious traders, as they acknowledge agreements and contracts. ANCIENT ECONOMY  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The datu or raha leads the barangay. He/she wielded absolute power and authority to his subjects. He/she is the chief executive, lawmaker, and judge. The datu or raha is also the highest military commander in times of war. In exchange for protecting his subjects, the datu or raha accepts taxes as barangay leader. The timawa and alipin help the leader of the barangay in many ways such as in building of the house of the datu's family, serving as warrior in time of war, accompanying the datu in his travels and during planting and harvest season. ANCIENT POLITICAL  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The barangay has a system of laws, which were either written or those that formed part of the barangay's tradition. These traditional laws are passed on from one generation to the next through oral means. The leader in consultation with the elders make up the laws. After getting their compliance, the umalokohan (village herald) is called to announce the new law to the people. The early Filipinos have their own unique justice system. The chief serves as judge in all disputes. The elders assist him. The trial is open to all members of the barangay. The accused have the chance to face his or her accuser. After the leader and the elders dispense with their judgment on the case, the punishment is immediately carried out. ANCIENT POLITICAL  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The trial is also done by giving the accused a difficult test. One way is by dipping the hands of the accused in boiling water. Whoever refuses this or who has the most burns will be announced guilty. Another test is making the accused hold a lighted candle. The guilty party is the one whose light goes off first. The accused can also be required to dive into the river and whoever emerged first is guilty. They can also be asked to chew on uncooked rice and whoever has the thickest spit is guilty. In some tribes, the trial is done through a duel. Whoever loses the duel is guilty. ANCIENT POLITICAL  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Early Filipinos have developed a culture through interaction with their environment and other cultures. They have a system of beliefs, language, writing, behavior, and unique traditions , which were enriched by influences from other Asian cultures. Language and Literature More than 1000 languages and dialects exist in the Philippines. This is rooted in the Austronesian or Malay-Polynesian culture and used in everyday communication, even in literary works. The baybayin, the ancient Filipino's writing system is composed of 17 consonants and 3 vowels. Our ancestors have their own written and oral literature. ANCIENT CULTURE  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Ancient literature is in the form of epic, legend, saying, riddles, proverbs and songs. Ifugao: Hudhud at Alim Ilocano: Biag ni Lam-ang Muslim: Bantugan, Indarapatra at Sulayman, Bidasar Tagalog: Talindaw, Diyuna, Kumintang, Dalit at Lumbay, Tagumpay, Balikungkong, Dupayanin at Hilmaraw, Uyayi, Ihiman, Tagulaylay, Tigpasin, Tingad, Kutang-kutang ANCIENT CULTURE  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Dance and Drama Our ancestors also have dances and dramas. The drama or play is presented in the house of the datu or place of worship. Music and dance are weaved into the plays. These are presented in different occasions. The dramas are usually about love, battles, legends, or life of a departed relative or loved-one. Some examples are Pagbati, Tagayan, Pananapatan, Sabalan, and the Tibaw. The Karagatan is a debate in verse form. This is developed into the Duplo and Balagtasan during the Spanish colonial times. Among the Tagalogs, the songs and dances developed together with the plays because the latter could not be staged without the former. Thus, dances developed alongside the songs they were ANCIENT CULTURE performed with.  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Dance and Drama Other ethnic groups also had dances for different functions and occasions. The Negritos of Bataan and Zambales have a dance that told of the story of a thief who stole sweet potatoes from the fields. They have a dance which shows a duel between two warriors and the courtship ritual of a couple. In Cordilleras, the Kalinga tribe have their own version of the courtship dance called Salidsid which is adapted from the action of the rooster calling the attention of the hen, while the Igorot of Bontoc have a dance about effort in work. In turn the Ilocano have the Kinnotan or dance of the ants. Among the Visayans, the dances Dandansoy and Balitaw are well-known. ANCIENT CULTURE  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Music and Visual Arts Filipinos are music lovers. We can see our ancestors' fondness for music in their musical instruments. The kudyapi is well known in the whole archipelago, it is a small guitar. The Ilocano also use a guitar called kutibeng. The kubing is also widely used; it is a harp made of bamboo or bronze and is played by placing it on the lips and plucking the strings. There are also many kinds of percussion instruments like the gangsa. There are also wind instruments like the flute, kaleleng and the diwdiw-as of the Tingguians or Itnegs. ANCIENT CULTURE  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The talents of early Filipinos in the visual arts can be seen in their tools, weapons, and other equipment. The houses, boats, weapons, and plow are sturdy and beautiful. Handcrafted jewelry decorations, body ornaments and embroidered clothes are colorful. There are many sculptures made from wood, bone, animal. horns, and metal. ANCIENT CULTURE  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The influence of neighboring Asian neighbors can bee seen in the language and dialects of early Filipinos. The Tagalog language has many borrowed words from the Chinese because of the long period of interaction and trade. Many Sanskrit words from India which can be found in the languages of the Philippines. These words may be brought by Malay travelers to the islands. Asian  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The influence of Islam can be seen in Maranaw literature. This is also true to works of arts and decorations of Muslims in Lanao. The epic Alim of the Ifugao is similar to the Ramayana of India. Indonesian influence can be clearly seen in the clothing of the Kalinga in Luzon, Maranaw of Lanao and even the Manobo and Bagobo. Malay influence can be seen in musical instruments and sculptures, boats and shield in Sulu, Mindanao, and Montain Province or Montanosa. Asian  Development of Ancient Filipino Society The fabrics, color, weaving techniques and designs made by the women of Montanosa, as well as the delicate fabrics of Iloilo and the cotton design in Mindanao are similar to the products of India and Indonesia. Asian  Development of Ancient Filipino Society Ancient Filipinos worship the Bathala and diwata that are believed to live in nature. They believe that there are powerful beings in their surroundings, there is life in all things, thus they have high respect and recognition for nature. Our ancestors also have high respect for the souls of the dead. Our ancestors believe that Bathala has a big role in their daily life. Spirituality and  Development of Ancient Filipino Society There is a bathala in agriculture, death, harvest, fertility, love, and others. They believe that Bathala has something to do with all things that is happening in their lives. The most powerful of all is the Bathalang Maykapal or the Creator. The native people also worship the sun, moon, and some animals. It is the usual custom of ancient Filipinos to give respect to the soul of the dead. They relive the memory of their dead relatives on rocks or gold sculpture. The worship of anito is like the worship of saints today. The spirits, bathala, and anito are given food and other gifts by native people while praying for health, wealth, and safety. Spirituality and