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Questions and Answers
What was the primary means of sustenance for ancient Filipinos?
Which of the following indigenous groups is not mentioned as a descendant of the Austronesians?
What was the method used by ancient Filipinos for trading goods?
What was the basic political unit among ancient Filipinos?
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In the social structure of ancient Filipinos, which group held the highest status?
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Who ruled each barangay in the ancient Filipino political system?
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Which form of writing might have influenced the ancient Filipinos' syllabary?
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Which of the following industries was NOT part of ancient Filipino economic life?
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Who led the small expedition to Talim Island for Spain?
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What significant event took place on June 24, 1571?
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What was the main administrative body governing the Philippines during Spanish rule?
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What right did the governor-general hold regarding royal decrees?
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What was the title of the local leader of a municipality during the Spanish era?
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How was legislation created for the Philippines during Spanish rule?
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What effect did the abolishment of Alcalde Mayor in 1844 have?
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Who was the ruler of the thriving Muslim kingdom of Maynila before Spanish conquest?
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Who commanded the Loaysa Expedition between 1525 and 1526?
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What was the primary outcome of the Treaty of Zaragoza signed on April 22, 1529?
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Who was the local chieftain that provided food to Bernardo de la Torre during the Villalobos expedition?
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Which title was given to the settlement initially called San Miguel by Legazpi?
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What significant action did Gonzalo de Pereira take against Legazpi in Cebu?
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What was the year Legazpi founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines?
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In which year did King Philip II send an expedition to the East upon the Viceroy's suggestion?
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Which islands did Legazpi's expedition claim in the name of the King of Spain?
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What is the purpose of the ritual known as sanduguan?
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Who had the authority to make laws in the barangay?
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What role did the umalohokan play in the law-making process?
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How were disputes between members of different barangays typically resolved?
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What was the procedure in a trial by ordeal for theft?
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What type of clothing did ancient Filipino women typically wear?
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What materials were commonly used for ornaments by ancient Filipinos?
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How was tattooing perceived among ancient Filipino men?
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Which of the following cities was NOT present in the Philippines during the seventeenth century?
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What is the primary role of a cabeza in a barrio?
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What equivalent term describes the structure of the city government during Spanish rule?
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Who held political powers alongside the clergy during Spanish governance?
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Which was an important duty of the Inquisition?
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What were the individuals appointed by the governor-general to oversee parishes primarily tasked with?
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Which of the following was a significant aspect of the relationship between the Church and the state in early Spain?
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What was the title given to the local officials assisting the chief of police?
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Study Notes
Austronesian Migration
- Austronesians reached Southeast Asia by boat from Southern China more than 7,000 years ago.
- Later migration to the Philippines occurred from Indochina and South China, also by boat.
- Indigenous groups in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao likely descended from these Austronesians.
Early Filipino Culture
- Filipinos developed copper and bronze implements by 500 - 800 BC.
- Another migration occurred around 300 - 200 BC.
- Filipinos used a syllabary or alphabet, possibly from India.
Economic Life
- Agriculture was the primary source of sustenance.
- Land cultivation was done using two methods:
- Kaingin: slash-and-burn agriculture
- Upland Rice Cultivation: rice farming in elevated areas
- Other industries included fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry and livestock raising, logging, pottery, and weaving.
- Barter system (baligya) was used for trading.
Social Life
- Ancient Filipinos were divided into three social classes:
- Nobles: Elite class with high social status.
- Freemen: Middle class with varying degrees of wealth and influence.
- Dependents: Lower class with limited rights and obligations.
-
Acquisition of dependent status:
- Debt
- Crime
- War
- Slavery
- Inheritance
-
Classification of dependents among the Tagalogs:
- Aliping Namamahay: Servants with their own land who worked for their masters and paid tributes.
- Aliping Sa Guiguilir: Servants who worked directly for their masters and received no pay, only food and clothing.
-
Classification of dependents among the Visayans:
- Oripon: Similar to Aliping Namamahay.
- Timawa: Freemen who could become dependents due to debts.
- Ayuey: Similar to Aliping Sa Guiguilir.
-
Dependent levels:
- Maginoo: Highest level, with privileges.
- Timawa: Middle level, with limited rights.
- Alipin: Lower level, with less power.
-
Women's position in society:
- Played a significant role in family and community.
- Could own property and inheritances.
- Had the right to choose their husbands.
- Some women were warriors and leaders.
-
Marriage customs:
- Often arranged within family or community.
- Dowry system was common, with the man providing gifts to the woman's family.
- Polygamy was practiced, with men allowed multiple wives.
The Government
- Barangay: Basic unit of government, consisting of 30-100 families.
- Chieftain: Ruled each independent barangay, acting as the executive, legislative, and judicial leader.
- Council of elders: Aided the chieftain in lawmaking.
- Inter-barangay relations: Barter and alliances were established between barangays.
- Sanduguan (blood compact): Ritual for sealing alliances between barangays, forming "blood-brothers."
Lawmaking
- Chieftain proposed laws and consulted with the elders.
- Approved laws were announced by the umalohokan (town cryer).
Deciding Cases
- Disputes were settled peacefully through:
- Barangay court: Chieftain as judge, elders as jury.
- Arbitration: Elders from neutral barangays resolved conflicts between barangays.
-
Trial procedure:
- Public setting.
- Accuser and accused presented evidence and witnesses.
- The person with more evidence usually won.
- Chieftain enforced the decision, leaving the loser with little recourse.
The Trial by Ordeal
- Used in theft cases.
- Suspects dipped their hands into boiling water.
- The hand with the most severe scalding indicated guilt.
Culture
Clothing
- Men wore:
- Bahag: Lower garment made of cloth.
- Kanggan: Upper garment made of cloth.
- Putong: A head covering.
- Women:
- Saya or skirt: Lower garments.
- Tapis: Cloth wrapped around the waist or chest.
- No shoes were worn.
Ornaments
- Gold and precious stones were popular ornaments:
- Rings
- Armlets
- Bracelets
- Gold was commonly used as dental filling.
- Tattooing was practiced on the body, including the face.
- Men used tattoos for:
- Adornment
- Status symbol
- Signifying bravery and accomplishments.
Magellan's Expeditions and the Spanish Conquest
- Loaysa Expedition (1525-1526): Commanded by Father Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa.
- Cabot Expedition (1526-1530): Commanded by Sebastian Cabot.
- Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528): Led by Alvaro de Sayavedra, reached Mindanao but did not establish settlements.
- Treaty of Zaragoza (April 22, 1529): Agreed that Portugal would control the Moluccas in exchange for 350,000 gold ducats.
- Spanish expeditions to the East (1538-1541): King Charles of Spain authorized expeditions to the Spice Islands.
- Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546):
- Left Mexico and reached Mindanao in 1543.
- Named Samar and Leyte "Filipinas" in honor of Prince Philip of Spain.
- Villalobos died in Amboina in 1546.
The Legazpi Expedition
- Sent by King Philip II in 1556.
- Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, Andres de Urdaneta, and Martin de Goiti.
- Legazpi's objective was to conquer and colonize the Philippines.
- He arrived in Cebu in 1565.
First Settlement in Cebu
- Legazpi and his men arrived in Cebu on April 27, 1565.
- Tupas: The Cebuano chieftain who welcomed Legazpi and gave him land.
- Fort San Pedro: Built by Spaniards as their initial settlement.
- City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus: Original name of the Spanish settlement in Cebu.
The Settlement in Panay
- Mateo del Saz: Master of Camp for the Spaniards in Cebu.
- Gonzalo de Pereira: Portuguese captain who harassed Legazpi by blockading Cebu.
- In 1569, Legazpi moved to Panay, seeking better resources.
- The second Spanish settlement was established on the banks of the Panay River.
First Spanish Voyage to Manila
- Legazpi sent expeditions to:
- Visayas: Masbate, Burias, and Ticao claimed for Spain.
- Southern Luzon: Albay reached.
- Northern Luzon: Talim Island claimed for Spain by Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi's grandson.
- Manila: A thriving Muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman or Soliman.
Founding of Manila
- Legazpi appointed as the first Governor-General of the Philippines.
- Legazpi moved to Luzon with Manila as his target.
- Defeated Filipinos and took over Manila in 1571.
- Manila declared the capital of the Philippines on June 24, 1571.
- City government (ayuntamiento) established in Manila on the same day.
The Philippines under Spanish Rule (1600s-1800s)
Reasons for Spanish Colonization:
- Spread of Christianity: To convert Filipinos to Catholicism.
- Economic Gain: Control over trade routes and resources.
Political Changes
- The Philippines was governed by the Council of Indies.
- The King of Spain appointed officials and issued Royal orders.
- In 1863, the Philippines was placed under the Ministry of the Colonies.
- No legislative body existed, with laws made in Spain and by the Governor-General.
The Central Government
Governor-General
- Chief executive of the Philippines.
- Appointed by the King of Spain.
- Held extensive powers, including:
- Executive: Enforcing laws and issuing decrees.
- Legislative: Proposing and approving laws.
- Judicial: Reviewing court decisions.
- Military: Commanding the Spanish military forces.
- Cumplase: Right to suspend a Royal decree or order.
-
Real Audiencia (Royal Audience):
- Supreme court of the Philippines.
- Responsibilities:
- Reviewing decisions made by lower courts.
- Advising the Governor-General on important matters.
- Supervising the administration of justice.
-
The Spanish Council of the Indies:
- Body in Spain that oversaw colonial affairs.
Provincial Government
- Headed by the Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Governor.
- Appointed by the Governor-General.
- Abolished in 1844 due to abuses by the Alcalde.
Municipal Government
- Town or municipality, consisting of several barrios.
- Gobernadorcillo (little governor): Head of the municipality, also called capitan municipal or simply capitan.
- Elected by the residents with the approval of the Spanish priest.
- Aides:
- Tenientes: Deputies.
- Chief of Police: Enforced law.
- Alguaciles: Subordinate officials.
The City and Its Government
- Initially only two cities: Cebu and Manila.
- Six cities by the seventeenth century: Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia, Arevalo, and Nueva Caceres.
- The city was the social, commercial, religious, and cultural center.
- Ayuntamiento: City government equivalent to today's city hall.
- Officials:
- Alcaldes: Two elected officials responsible for judicial and executive functions.
- Regidores: 12 councilors.
- Chief of Police: Enforced law.
- City Secretary: Kept records and documents.
Barrio or Barangay
- Headed by a cabeza:
- No salary.
- Received a portion of collected taxes.
- Part of the principalia, a class of wealthy and influential Filipinos.
- Granted economic and political privileges.
Propagating the Catholic Faith
- Arrival of Augustinian Order with Legazpi.
- Other missionaries arrived for spreading Catholicism:
- Franciscans:
- Dominicans:
- Jesuits:
- Recollects:
The Union of Church and State
- close relationship between Spanish monarchy and the Church.
- Governor-General appointed priests to parishes.
- Clergy involved in government and held political influence.
- Some high Church Officials served as acting Governor-General.
- Archbishop Juan de Arechederra: (Acting Governor-General 1719-1722).
- Bishop Manuel Rojo: (Acting Governor-General 1752-1754).
- Archbishop Manuel Rojo: (Acting Governor-General 1754-1755).
- Miguel Bascuñán: (Acting Governor-General 1761).
The Church Organization
- Districts: Catholic Church divided into districts for administrative efficiency.
- Parishes and Missions: Each District was further divided.
- Parishes: Areas of Catholic population under the care of a priest.
- Missions: Outlying areas with smaller Catholic communities.
The Inquisition
- Responsibility: Searching for and punishing heretics and individuals practicing non-Catholic doctrines.
- No official office in the Philippines.
- Represented by a commissary of the Mexican Inquisition.
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Description
Explore the fascinating history of early Filipino culture and the Austronesian migration. This quiz covers the origins and lifestyle of ancient Filipinos, their social structure, and economic practices. Test your knowledge on the rich heritage and innovations of the early Philippine society.
