[Q1] TINDALO OralComm.pdf

GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Communication – from the Latin word Linear Model of Communication “communicare” which means to share, to make...

GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Communication – from the Latin word Linear Model of Communication “communicare” which means to share, to make - Communication is considered as one-way common. It is a two-way process of connecting process. both living and non-living. - The message signal is encoded and transmitted Nature of Communication through channel in presence of noise Communication is a message understood. - The sender is more prominent in linear model of Communication is a social interaction through communication messages. - It is generally applied in public and mass Communication is a process. communication like television, radio, etc. Communication can be expressed through EXAMPLES written, spoken words, actions or both spoken Aristotle’s Model of Communication – oldest words and non-verbal actions at the same time. model of communication, speaker-centered and Elements of Communication can be divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Context - This is the setting and situation in which Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. It also communication takes place. contains 3 critical elements of a speaker should Sender - Also called the communicator or source. possess: Ethos, Pathos and Logos The sender has some kind of information — a command, request, question, or idea — that he or she wants to present to others. Encoding - The process of turning thoughts into communication through a medium for the receiver Laswell’s Model of Communication - The goal is to comprehend intended message. to transmit message with one flow to multiple Message - The message or content is the audience. It is framework for critiquing and information that the sender wants to relay to the deconstructing the elements involved in mass receiver communication. The model asks 5 questions: Channel - The medium or in which way a message Who? Said what? In which channel? To Whom? is transmitted With what effect? Decoding – Happens when receiver interprets the message sent by the encoder or receiver. Receiver - The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. Feedback - The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may Berlo’s SMCR (Sender, Message, Content, Receiver) be direct, such as a written or verbal response Model of Communication - Includes numbers of Noise - This can be any sort of interference that factors in each of the element. According to this affects the message being sent, received, or model, people can communicate effectively only understood. It can be as literal as static over a if the factors are met in the proper or adequate phone line or radio or as esoteric as proportion. misinterpreting a local custom. Process of Communication The speaker generates an idea. The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions The speaker transmits or sends out information The receiver gets the message The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context and responds accordingly based on his/her interpretation Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication – Also called as “mother of all models.” Initially designed by Warren Weaver and Claude Shannon in 1948 as a linear model to explain how a message is sent and received. However, Norbert Wiener added feedback to the model and turned it from linear to cyclical. Feedback is taken less important in comparison to the message of the sender. TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 | #TitindigAtHandangSumulong #MatindiPagTindalo Follow us on Facebook! @CCSISTindalo  GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 Interactive Models of Communication Cultural Barriers – communication problems - a process in which participants alternate encountered by people regarding their intrinsic positions as sender and receiver and values, beliefs, traditions in conflict with others. generate meaning by sending messages and i.e. different beliefs, traditions, manners of receiving feedback within physical and dressing or speaking. psychological contexts. Linguistic Barriers – conflicts in regards with Schramm’s Model of Communication - This language and word meanings. i.e. difference in model was proposed in 1954 and had its origins in language, accent, dialect, jargons, slang, speech the Shannon-weaver model. Schramm (1954) defects or language impairments. visualized the process of communication as an External Noises – refer to the sight, sound and exchange of thoughts and ideas. Feedback was other stimuli that draw people’s attention away added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The from the intended meaning. i.e. noise from processes of encoding and decoding are the key vehicles, singing in the neighborhood, visual components of this model. This model also added aids, sound of airplane the concept of noise, interference and field of Internal Noises – thoughts and feelings that experience as factors that can affect the interfere with meaning. i.e. confrontation with a interpretation of the message. friend, fear of speaking in front of class. Semantic Noises – alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols. i.e. idiomatic expressions, excessive use of jargons, incorrect grammar VARIOUS WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson Transactional Model of Communication - Dean Arrange your thoughts before speaking. – have C. Barnlund created the transactional model of clarity of thought before verbalizing. communication to understand basic interpersonal Learn to listen. – know the difference of listening communication in 1970. The sender and the and hearing. receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as Take care of your body language and tone. – communicators. Feedback is given freely and keep emotions in check, maintain eye contact, deliberately to one another or to all members adopt a relaxed tone participating in the communication transaction. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback Noise are present everywhere and topic may and observing others. – practice with the people change from time to time. you’re comfortable with. Communicate face-to-face on important issues. – to convey point more clearly with body language, tone and physical presence. Some Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Quipper, n.d. Keep focused. – put in mind the purpose of communication. Speak intelligibly. – speak clearly with proper enunciation, stress and pronunciation. Listen with your eyes and ears. – Pay attention to both verbal and non-verbal cues. COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN/BARRIERS Minimize distractions – if possible, look for a Communication Breakdown - defined as a failure place where distractions can be avoided. to exchange information, resulting in a lack of Be specific – ensure a simple and concise delivery communication. Happen when one or both parties of words and be direct to the point. misunderstand what the other is saying. Do not jump to conclusions – Express judgments Communication Barriers and comments after listening. Physical Barriers – Natural or environmental 7Cs of Effective Communication by Broom, Cutlip conditions that act as barrier to the and Center in 2012 communication. i.e. People talking too loud, Completeness – speaker should include Noise from a construction site and Blaring of everything that the receiver needs to hear. It is jeepney horns important for the receiver to grasp intended Psychological Barriers – Also called mental message. barriers. Refers to the social and personal issues Conciseness – words should be straight to the of the speaker towards communication with each point, details should be in least possible words. other. i.e. Stage fright and fear, shyness, lack of Consideration – in regards with receiver’s confidence, depression, trauma background: culture, education, religion, status, moods, feelings and needs. TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 | #TitindigAtHandangSumulong #MatindiPagTindalo Follow us on Facebook! @CCSISTindalo  GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 Concreteness – statements should be supported formal or informal). Formal is the type of by facts, figures and real-life examples. communication used in formal, ceremonial or Courtesy – good choice of words in consideration dignified gatherings. Here, the exchange of of audience’s perspective information is controlled, well-thought out, and Clearness – simple and specific words to express prepared. Informal communication is ideas characterized by free, casual and spontaneous Correctness – right grammar, credibility and exchange between two or more persons. effectiveness of the message. ✓ Brevity - Speakers frequently opt to use simple Strategies to Avoid Helpful Expressions and precise words in delivering their message. It Communication can be achieved by using more direct and clear Breakdowns words and avoiding beating around the bush. It is Use helpful “Really” saying more with less words. expressions to gain “Uhmm” ✓ Clarity - refers to using simple yet exact words time to think “Uh-huh” that directly express your thoughts and emotion. It “Anyway” warrants that the purpose of the message will be “Tell me more...” successfully delivered to the audience. Give positive remarks ”Sounds good” ✓ Ethics - pertains to moral standards that need to or comments “I see what you mean” be considered when delivering a message. The Ask for repetition “Can you please what audiences’ background such as their age, gender, you said?” race, social status and personal convictions shall “What did you say be given due importance for speaking purposes. again?” ✓ Vividness - refers to words that make the “What did you mean, conversation or exchange of information lively when you say that...” and vibrant. The purpose of this aspect of Check for “So, are you saying communication is to simplify thoughts for the understanding that...” audience to easily grasp the message through the “So, what is your use of distinctive language. understanding of this?” Nonverbal communication refers to a collaboration of movements that does not require FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION any spoken words in order to convey a message. Control and regulation - Communication This incorporates actions such as hand gestures, functions to regulate and control the behavior of body language, facial expressions, stance, a person or group of people. i.e. a mother appearance and others in order to convey a reprimanding her child because of what she did. message. Social interaction - Communication functions as a The following are used commonly as non-verbal means to casually interact with other people. i.e. cues. group of friends casually talking with each other. 1. Bodily Kinesthetic Motivation - Communication functions to inspire 1.1. Head Movement or motivate a person or people to be or do better. 1.2. Eye Movement i.e. a school principal telling his students to do their 1.3. Facial Expressions best in the sportsfest in front of many audiences. 1.4. Sitting Information dissemination - Communication 1.5. Standing functions as a way to share information or data in 1.6. Walking order to educate. i.e. teacher explains lesson to 1.7. Hand Gestures eager young learners 2. Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations Emotional expression - Communication functions 3. Manner of Dressing as a way to connect to a person or people for the 4. Tone of Voice purpose of affecting them emotionally. i.e. a Importance of non-verbal communication mother trying to console her child who might have Makes the message more meaningful. shared her problems. Expresses message without the use of words. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Makes audience more enthusiastic. Defines the kind of speaker one is. Verbal communication refers to the use of words Makes one a dynamic speaker. to convey a message. This type of communication can be regarded efficient and successful if the Gives confidence to the speaker. receiver can easily process the message Adds color to a speech. Connects the speaker to the audience. delivered by the sender. Gives the speaker a variety of ways to deliver Aspects you need to consider in this type of his/her message. communication: ✓ Appropriateness - It pertains to the use of SPEECH CONTEXT suitable language form applicable to the nature Context when referring to speech communication of the event or context of situation (i.e. whether is the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background or TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 | #TitindigAtHandangSumulong #MatindiPagTindalo Follow us on Facebook! @CCSISTindalo  GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 setting that determine, specify, or clarify the Entertainment speech - aims to share laughter meaning of an event. and enjoyment to the audience through witty and (LumenLearning.com/Elements of Communication) humorous lines. i.e. speech of a comedian According to DeVito (2005), “Context refers to the ACCORDING TO DELIVERY setting in which the communication takes place. Manuscript speech - is the word-for-word Context helps to establish meaning and can iteration of a written message using visual aids. influence what is said and how it is said. i.e. news anchor with a teleprompter Purpose (why, who, what) Memorized speech - is the rote recitation of a Helps communicate appropriately written message that the speaker has committed Types of Speech Context to memory. i.e. dialogue of an actor Intrapersonal - The speaker acts both as the Extemporaneous speech - is the presentation of sender and as the receiver of the message. The a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, message is made up of thoughts and feelings spoken in a conversational manner using brief while the medium is the brain that processes what notes. I.e. campaign speech before a voting you think and feel. i.e. you talking to the mirror, public. assuring yourself you can do something. Impromptu speech - is the presentation of a short Interpersonal – According to Solomon and Theiss message without advance preparation and is for in 2013, “Inter” - how interpersonal communication people knowledgeable about the subject. i.e. connects people and “Personal” - unique qualities doctor’s response to an on-the-spot question of as a person matter during interpersonal a patient communication. SPEECH STYLE 2 types of Interpersonal Communication It is the unique way in which the information is Dyad Communication – communication that delivered to the audience. happens between two people The form of language that the speaker uses which Small Group Communication - interactions characterized by the degree of formality (Martin involving at least three but not more than twelve Joos, 1976) people engaged in face-to-face interactions to TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE achieve the desired goal. Intimate - communication may be private or Public - This communication enables you to send confidential. Used between close family or deliver a message before a crowd. The members or intimate people. It has a high message can be transmitted for informative or incidence of using non-verbal communication persuasive purposes. Unlike interpersonal and such as gesture, facial expression, eye contact small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. and so on. (Most informal) The voice is louder and the gestures are more Casual - communication that usually between expansive because the audience is larger groups and peers who have something to share Mass communication - This refers to and have shared background information but do communication through television, radio, not have close relation. Allows the use of slang, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the profanity or unconventional words. Uses internet, and other types of media. informal language. Speech context tips Consultative - Means of communication is giving When talking to yourself, use self-talk to your or asking for pieces of advice. Used in semi- advantage but don’t overdo it. formal and standard communication When talking to one person or a small group of Formal - it is well-planned in terms of structure, people, you must listen carefully, check your tone sequence and coherence of ideas. It is a one-way and body language. straightforward speech. Uses language that Talking to the public or in front of the crowd follows a commonly accepted format. requires many preparations. Therefore, you must Frozen - Frozen communication is set and it is come prepared. Be yourself while you are on very rarely or almost never altered. It is the most stage and speak in the way that you will be easily formal communicative style that is usually used understood by your audience. during solemn ceremonies and events. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE SPEECH ACT AND DELIVERY An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an ACCORDING TO PURPOSE intended effect Informative or Expository Speech - is mainly There is an action that may happen because of performed for the purpose of educating the language or what we are saying or said. audience on new or relevant piece of Verbal actions that accomplish something information on a particular topic. I.e. lecture of a May contain one word or several words or teacher sentences. Persuasive speech - It is given solely for the “Speech Act Theory” – John Langshaw L. Austin purpose of convincing the audience to agree Locutionary -> Illocutionary -> Perlocutionary with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. In example: i.e. speech of a lawyer TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 | #TitindigAtHandangSumulong #MatindiPagTindalo Follow us on Facebook! @CCSISTindalo  GRADE 11 - TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary welcoming and deploring. i.e. I love you so “Please do By uttering “Please do the much. the dishes” the locution, dishes” would Declaration - a type of illocutionary act which “Please do lead the brings a change in the external situation. Some the dishes,” addressee examples are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, the speaker washing the passing a sentence, and excommunicating. i.e. requests the dishes You are hired! addressee to Notes: wash the All information gathered is from the learning dishes. materials provided and the notes taken among Locutionary - The actual act of uttering or saying the discussions from Week 1 to the last week. something. This act happens when the speaker Feel FREE to share this reviewer to your uttered a sound, a word or even a phrase as a batchmates from other sections. natural unit of speech. i.e. Locution: Hello! You can access the templates and other Illocutionary – The social function of what is said. reviewers here on our Google Drive: In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying https://cutt.ly/dB5H9zx something itself but with the act of saying Download all the fonts to edit and view something with an intention. i.e. Locution: Hello! document files. PDF files are also available. Illocution: to greet Perlocutionary - It refers to the consequent effect of what was said. This is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned. The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change feelings, thoughts, or actions. i.e. Locution: Hello! Illocution: to greet Perlocution: the receiver will response Other example is as follows: Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary “It is raining “It is raining The hearer will outside.” outside” The get an umbrella. speaker - effect of the wishes or utterance on wants the the hearer hearer to use an umbrella if he/she goes out. Five distinct categories of illocutionary acts by John Searle (1976) Assertive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive acts are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. i.e. No one can love you better than I do. Directive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging i.e. Please maintain the cleanliness of our school. Commissive - a type of illocutionary act which speaker commits to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. i.e. From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life. Expressive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, TINDALO S.Y. 2022-2023 | #TitindigAtHandangSumulong #MatindiPagTindalo Follow us on Facebook! @CCSISTindalo