ORAL COMMUNICATION REV PRELIMS (1).pdf

ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO Oral 1. Sender - person who initiates, uttered by the mouth or in words generates and sends the message Communicati...

ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO Oral 1. Sender - person who initiates, uttered by the mouth or in words generates and sends the message Communication 2. Encoding - converting the message describe as the transmission or into symbols. exchange of information, knowledge, 3. Message - the idea of information or ideas, by means of speech that the sender wants to convey. writing, mechanical or electronic 4. Decoding - giving meaningful media. interpretation to the message. Oral Communication 5. Receiver - person or a group of Communicating with spoken words persons who accepts the message. Verbal form at communication where 6. Feedback - receiver's response to you communicate your thoughts, the sender message. present ideas and share information 7. Noise - the disturbing factor kn the process of communication. The Nature Elements & Process of Communication Process of Communication speaker develops an idea to be Communication sent. - came from Latin word speaker encodes the idea or "communicore" which means "to converts it to words or action. share" or "to make common" speaker transmits or sends out the - process of sharing and conveying idea using a specific medium or message or information from one channel. person to another within and across receiver gets the message and channels, context, media, and decodes or interprets it. cultures receiver provides or sends feedback. - can be a face-to-face interaction, a noise may take place and hinder the phone conversation, a group flow of the communication process. discussion, a meeting or interview a letter correspondence, and etc. Models of Communication Nature of Communication Denis McQuail's book Mass Communication Two way process (sender and Theory receiver) Model is a selective representation Continuous (wherever you go there in verbal or diagrammatic form of is communication) some aspect of the dynamic process Dynamic (gadgets that help us of mass communication. communicate) Verbal or Non-verbal (Verbal - use Mode of Communication of mouth; Non-Verbal - body provide us with a visual language, hand gesture, symbol) representation lf the different Goal Oriented (Meetings or group aspects of a communication discussion) situation. Interdisciplinary (communicate with different countries and professional) 8 Major Communication Models Elements Of Communication 1. Linear models of communication  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO communication objects one-way 2. Message - says what communication. 3. Audience/Receiver - whom no feedback 4. Medium - what channel sender sends the message and 5. Effect - what effect receiver only receives. Main elements in linear model: Channel - as the medium, changes the message into speech writing or animation Sender - transmits the message via channel Receiver - finally reaches the receiver who decodes it Example of Linear Communication: 1. Podcast host talking to their audience. c. The Shannon - Weaver Model of Communication a. Aristotle Model of Communication consider communication to occur in five the oldest communication model that parts: dates back to 300 BC, Aristotle's Sender - information source model was designed to examine Encoder - transmitter how to become a better and more Channel - persuasive communicator. Decoder - reception focuses on the sender ( public Receiver - destination speaker, professor, etc) who passes their message to the receiver ( audience) d. Berlo's S-M-C-R Model of Communication Source - Comm, Skills, Attitudes, knowledge, soc thn, culture b. Laswells Model of Communication Message - elements, structure, aims to answer the 5 question: content, treatment, code Who created the message? Channel - Seeing, hearing, touching, What did they say? Smelling, tasting What channel did they use? Whom did they say it? What effect did it have on the receiver? to answer these question offer us the main components of this model: 1. Communicator - who created  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO Receiver - Comm Skills, attitude, 2. Communication is equal and knowledge, soc system, culture reciprocal - Both parties are equally engaged as encoders and decoders 3. The message requires interpretation - Information needs to be properly interpreted to be understood. 2. Interactive Model of Communication Highlight two-way communication with indirect feedback used for new media like the internet there is feedback b. The Westley and MacLean Model of Communication used for explaining mass communication suggest that the communication process does not start with the source/sender, but rather with environmental factors Main Element - Sender - Message - Receiver - Feedback - Field of experience a. The Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication circular model of communication, in which messages go in two directions Transactional Communication Model between encoding and decoding. as more dynamic models, interactive no difference between a sender and communication models refer to two a receiver. Both parties are equally way communication with feedback. encoding and decoding the Senders and receivers interacting message. roles 3 main principles of communication: Simultaneous feedback 1. Communication is circular - individual involved in the communication process are changing their roles as encoders and decades  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO and amount of activities people engage in. 5 Function of Communication 1. Regulations/Control 2. Social Interaction 3. Motivation 4. Information 5. Emotional Expression 1. REGULATION/CONTROL BarnLund's Transactional Model of Communication can be used to control Communication human behavior. It can be used to regulate - recognize that communication is a the nature and amount of activities humans circular process and a multilayered engage in. feedback system between the sender and the receiver, both of Forms of Regulation/Control them can affect the message being sent - Doctors' prescriptions - At the same time, both sender and - Parents' instructions to their children receiver are responsible for the - Friends giving advice on what communication effect and course of action to take effectiveness - Scolding Examples of Barnlund's Model of - Employers orders to their employees Communication - Customers making orders Facs to face interaction Chat sessions EXAMPLES: Telephone conversation Doctors' Prescription Meetings, etc. "Take your medicine 3 times a day." Dance Helical Model of Communication Parents' Instruction to their child - views communication as a circular "Wash the dishes now, or else I won't allow process that gets more and more you to go to the party later." complex as communication Friends giving advice on what to do "Move progresses on. He doesn't love you anymore" Commands or Imperatives "Please come in" "Get a chair" FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION "Take your seat" - refer to how humans use language Statements or Declaratives for different purposes I want to be alone. - It includes informing, educating, It's hot in here. persuading, motivating, and You need to hurry. entertaining. Rhetorical Questions - refers to how language is affected by "Why don't we go to the lobby now? different time, place, and situation “Can you pass the salt?” used to control the behavior of “Can I have a moment of silence?” people used to regulate the nature  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO 2. SOCIAL INTERACTION 4. Expressing a need. ("I need to use - Social interaction as a function of the bathroom.") communication refers to the use of communication to socialize or 4. INFORMATION interact with other people. - Communication can be used in FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION giving and getting information. Invitations Basic Forms of Information Greetings - Giving Information Using Appreciations Statements. (“I have three sisters.”) Encouragement - Giving Information Using Rhetorical Marriage proposals Question (“Did you know that some EXAMPLES: earphones can be used as "You are invited to my party". microphones?”) “I wish you a happy birthday and - Getting Information Using Questions more birthdays to come." (“Where is Mrs. Ching?”) "Would you like some coffee, tea, or me?" 5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION "Will you spend the rest of your life - Emotional expression as a function with me?” of communication refers to the use of expressions such as love, fear, 3. MOTIVATION anger, joy, hope, or any other - Motivation as a function of emotion. communication refers to a person Examples of Emotional Expression: using language to express desires, 1. I like you so much! needs, wants, likes and dislikes, 2. I'm scared to lost you. inclinations, choices, ans 3. You made me feel disappointed! aspirations. 4. I won the championship! Basic Forms of Motivation 5. I'm hoping you'll come back. Expressing one's ambitions (I dream of...) Lesson 4: THE 4 TYPES OF Talking about preferences (This is COMMUNICATION good over the other) Ordering in a fast food restaurant (I 1.Verbal want...) - is the use of language to transfer Asking for milk (Can I...?) information through speaking. Making petitions - It is one of the most common types, Expressing a need (I need...) often used during presentations, EXAMPLES: video conferences and phone calls, 1. Expressing one's ambitions ("I meetings and one-on-one dream of becoming a teacher conversations. someday.") Examples of Verbal 2. Talking about preferences ("This ★ PITCH shirt looks better on you than the ○ If we are angry, upset, or other.") frustrated, our pitch might 3. Ordering in a fast food restaurant. ("I raise, conveying to the want to order a sundae and a listener that we are regular fries.”) experiencing a strong emotion.  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO ★ TONE - Visuals are often used as an aid ○ conveys a lot of information during presentations to provide to the listener about how the helpful context alongside written speaker views them. and/or verbal communication. ★ CONTENT Because people have different ○ What we say, and the words learning styles, visual we choose to use, are communication might be more crucial. helpful for some to consume ideas and information 2. Nonverbal - is the use of body language, 4. Written gestures and facial expressions to - is the act of writing, typing or printing convey information to others. symbols like letters and numbers to - Nonverbal communication is helpful convey information. when trying to understand others’ - It is helpful because it provides a thoughts and feelings. record of information for reference. Examples of Nonverbals - Writing is commonly used to share ★ FACIAL EXPRESSIONS information through books, ○ A smile, furrowed eyebrows, pamphlets, blogs, letters, memos or a quizzical expression all and more. Emails and chats are convey information to the common forms of written speaker about how you are communication in the workplace. responding to their Examples of Written conversation. ★ STRUCTURE ★ POSTURE ○ When writing, it is important ○ If you angle yourself towards to think about how you are the person, with a relaxed presenting the information. and open posture, you invite Using paragraphs and line them to engage with you breaks are necessary. more fully. ★ CONTENT ★ GESTURES AND PHYSICAL ○ Leave out the slang, use TOUCH proper punctuation and ○ A gentle touch on the arm spelling. can signal encouragement, while an overly strong Lesson 5: INTERCULTURAL handshake can be an act of COMMUNICATION dominance. ★ EYE CONTACT Intercultural Communication ○ Being able to maintain eye - Communication between people of contact while listening will the different cultural background ensure that the speaker - Interactants do not share same knows that you are present ground rules; they encode and and engaged. decode using different cultural codes - Can lead to 3. Visual - Uncertainty and ambiguity - Is the act of using photographs, art, - Conflict drawings, sketches, charts and - Intercultural communication is graphs to convey information. process a symbolic, interpretive,  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO transactional contextual process in assume all members of that group which people from different cultures have. create shared meanings. 4. Interpretation a. Perception Checking WHY STUDY INTERCULTURAL - To ensure that our interpretation of COMMUNICATION the others person’s behavior is what 1. Increasing interaction between he/she meant to be. people due to globalization b. Listening effectively 2. Increasing diversity in workplaces - To show that we are involved in the 3. Increasing need to develop caring, conversation responsible and ethical business c. Giving feedback leaders - The feedback should be specific and at the appropriate time WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE 5. Culture shock UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN - The feeling of uncertainty, confusion, DIFFERENT CULTURES? or anxiety that people experience - To understand people behavior when visiting, doing business in, or - To prevent misunderstanding living in a society that is different - To respect the differences between from their own. cultures - Culture shock can arise from an - To communicate the right message individual's unfamiliarity with local to the right people customs, language, and acceptable behavior. Barriers to Intercultural Communication 6.Non-Verbal Behavior - Nonverbal communication, also 1. Attitude called manual language, is the - Globalization means that there is process of sending and receiving now one business culture messages without using words, everywhere in the world. either spoken or written. - If they want do business with me - It includes: then they’ll have to adapt to my - Gesture culture - Facial expression - It’s impossible to generalize cultures. - Eye contact There are many differences - Body movement - When going abroad, it is necessary - Touching to have a list of dos and don’ts - The use of space and time 2. Perception - The way we perceive is culturally Cultural Differences When Communication determined and the general lack of - Arabic language is written from right awareness of this is another barrier to left, and almost all other to intercultural communication languages are written from left to 3. Stereotypes right - A stereotype is a fixed, over - In America, people shake hands. But generalized belief about a particular in japan people just lean forward, group or class of people. and in India they just join hands and - By stereotyping we infer that a say namaste person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO STEPS TOWARDS EFFECTIVE certain ideas and replace them with COMMUNICATION others. (Hybels and Weaver, 2012, Develop a sense of cultural p.16) awareness Example: Do not be ethnocentric (the belief - You spent the night thinking and that one's ethnic group is superior to analyzing why a student from the another) other class talked to you on the way Listen genuinely when others home and you decided it probably speak meant nothing! Do not lapse into your own - You felt happy while thinking about language while in the presence of how your teacher appreciated you others who do not speak it for submitting your project before Take responsibility for the due date and you reflected on why communication (e.g., if this was so! miscommunication happens, it is not always the other person's fault) Interpersonal DO NOT STEREOTYPE - A type of communication between and among people and establishes The Intercultural Communication Kit personal relationship - Prepares - According to Solomon and Theiss, - Observes 2013: - Compares - "inter"- highlights how - Reflects interpersonal communication - Inquires connects people - Respects - "personal- unique qualities as - Empathises a person matter during - Takes risks interpersonal communication Types of Interpersonal Context DYAD COMMUNICATIONS SAMPLE - Occurs between two people 1.You offered feedback on speech performance of your classmate TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT 2. You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling Intrapersonal - A type of communication that SMALL GROUP centers on one person where the - Involves at least three but not more speakers acts both as the sender than twelve people engaging in a and the receiver. face to face interaction to achieve - The message is made up of your desired goal thoughts and feelings. - All participants can freely share their - The channel is your brain which ideas in a loose and open discussion processes what you are thinking and feeling. - There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard  ORAL COMMUNICATION MAAM JUDY ANNE NECESITO Example: 1.You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to address the concerns of your students 2.You are having a discussion with your groupmates on how to finish the assigned tasks! PUBLIC - Requires you to deliver the message in front of the group message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes - The channels are more exaggerated, voice is louder, gestures are more expansive due to bigger audience. - PowerPoint can be used. - (Hybels and Weaver, 2012) Example: 1.You deliver a graduation speech to your batch 2.You participate in a declamation, oratorical contest or debate watched by many people! MASS COMMUNICATION - Communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet and other types of media. SAMPLE: - You are a student Journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the school newspaper!