Purcom Reviewer.pdf

1. Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics (handout 1) Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s Model ○ Focus on Speaker, Speech, Audience. ○ The speaker tailors the message based on the audience's characteristics (e.g., age, culture). 2. Lasswell’s Model...

1. Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics (handout 1) Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s Model ○ Focus on Speaker, Speech, Audience. ○ The speaker tailors the message based on the audience's characteristics (e.g., age, culture). 2. Lasswell’s Model ○ Described communication in terms of 5 W’s: Who says What in Which channel to Whom with What effect. 3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model ○ Initially for radio/TV communication. ○ Includes elements like Noise, Feedback, Reception, Destination. 4. Berlo’s SMCR Model ○ Focus on Source, Message, Channel, Receiver, and Noise. ○ Source: the origin of the message. ○ Message: content, elements (e.g., language, gestures), structure, code. ○ Channel: the sensory path (e.g., seeing, hearing). ○ Receiver: the decoder of the message. Principles of Effective Communication 1. Know Your Purpose: Understand the reason for communication (inform, warn, etc.). 2. Know Your Audience: Adapt your message based on audience characteristics. 3. Know Your Topic: Have a thorough understanding of what you're discussing. 4. Adjust to Context: Adapt your language to the setting. 5. Work on Feedback: Use audience feedback to improve your communication. 7 C’s of Communication 1. Clear: Be straightforward with your message. 2. Concise: Keep it brief and to the point. 3. Concrete: Use supporting facts and details. 4. Correct: Ensure grammatical accuracy. 5. Coherent: Make sure all ideas are logically connected. 6. Complete: Include all necessary information. 7. Courteous: Be polite and respectful in tone. Ethics of Communication Provide accurate and complete information. Disclose important details appropriately. Establish a value system that promotes integrity. 2. Communication in Today’s Society (Handout 2) Globalization and Communication Globalization: Increased integration across cultures economically, politically, and culturally. Diversity: Acknowledgment of differences such as age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Multiculturalism: Respectful engagement with people from different cultural backgrounds. Cultural Pluralism: Coexistence of different cultures with respect for uniqueness. Key Cultural Dimensions: Individualism vs. Collectivism: ○ Individualism: Prioritizes personal goals and independence (e.g., U.S.). ○ Collectivism: Prioritizes group harmony and loyalty (e.g., Japan). High Context vs. Low Context Communication: ○ High Context: Indirect, relies on non-verbal cues (e.g., Japan). ○ Low Context: Direct, focuses on explicit words (e.g., U.S.). High Power Distance vs. Low Power Distance: ○ High Power Distance: Accepts hierarchies, rarely questions authority (e.g., Saudi Arabia). ○ Low Power Distance: Equal distribution of power, open to questioning authority (e.g., Sweden). Masculine vs. Feminine Cultures: ○ Masculine: Emphasizes competition and material success (e.g., Japan). ○ Feminine: Emphasizes empathy, equality, and quality of life (e.g., Sweden). Intercultural Communication: Enculturation: Learning one’s own culture. Cultural Imperialism: Dominance of one culture over another. Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one’s culture. Cultural Relativism: Respect for different cultures based on their own context. Co-cultures: Subgroups within a culture differing by ethnicity or social characteristics. ○ Assimilation: Attempt to fit into the dominant culture. ○ Accommodation: Maintaining one’s cultural identity while interacting with the dominant culture. 3. Communication with ICTs (Handout 3) Modes of Communication: Face-to-face Interaction: Direct conversation between individuals, often informal. Video Communication: Interaction via web cameras (e.g., Zoom, FaceTime). Audio Communication: Voice communication without visuals (e.g., phone calls, VoIP like Skype). Text-based Communication: Messages through email, social media, or messaging apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Gmail). Digital Communication and ICTs: ICTs: Include tools like computers, the internet, mobile devices, and multimedia platforms. ICTs have transformed traditional communication, making exchanges more dynamic and accessible. Multimodal Communication: Definition: Use of multiple communication modes (visual, auditory, textual) simultaneously. Purpose: Enhances message delivery, catering to different sensory preferences (e.g., combining text, images, and audio). Other Communication Types: Linguistic: Uses spoken or written language. Gestural: Uses body language. Visual: Uses images, designs, and symbols. Aural: Relies on hearing and speaking. Spatial: Relates to the organization of text or message layouts. 4. Research Journal Article Critique (handout 4) 1. Definition of Key Terms Critique: A critical assessment, which can be positive, negative, or a mixture of both. It involves analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of a work (e.g., a research article). Summary: A brief restatement of the key points of an article to give the reader an overview. Research Article: An article that presents original research conducted by the authors. Journal Article: Any article published in a journal, which may or may not include original research. 2. Differences Between Summary and Critique Summary: Focuses on sharing the main points of the article in a concise way, without analysis or evaluation. Critique: Evaluates and analyzes the article, focusing on its effectiveness, strengths, weaknesses, and relevance. 3. Structure of a Journal Article Critique Introduction Author’s name and title of the article: Identify who wrote the article and what it's about. Thesis Statement: A statement that previews your critique and analysis of the article’s content. Summary Provide a brief overview of the article’s main points, arguments, and findings, written in your own words. Critique Strengths and Weaknesses: Discuss both the positive and negative aspects of the article. Clarity, Relevance, and Accuracy: Evaluate how well the article presents its ideas, whether it's relevant to the field, and if it's accurate. Use Specific Examples: Back up your opinions with specific references to parts of the article. Conclusion Summarize the key points from both the article and your critique.  Final Thoughts: Comment on the significance of the research or suggest future research directions. 4. Key Questions to Consider During a Critique 1. Author's Credentials: ○ Is the author qualified to write about this topic? 2. Research Methods: ○ Are the methods appropriate to answer the research question? ○ Are the methods clearly explained and justified? 3. Bias: ○ Is there any evidence of bias or conflict of interest in the article? 4. Relevance and Timeliness: ○ Is the article still relevant, or is it outdated? ○ Does it contribute to current knowledge in the field? 5. Grounding in Theory: ○ Did the author base their research on relevant theories and previous studies? ○ Is there a strong connection to existing literature? 5. Steps in Writing a Journal Article Critique 1. Choose the Right Article: ○ Select an article that meets the criteria set by your instructor. 2. Initial Reading: ○ Read the article thoroughly to understand the main idea. 3. Critical Reading: ○ Re-read the article with a focus on evaluating it. Take note of the following: Author’s qualifications. Appropriateness of research methods. Generalizability of results. Any potential biases or conflicts of interest. 6. Conclusion A well-written critique goes beyond just summarizing an article; it critically assesses its value, effectiveness, and contribution to the field. Use the provided structure to write your critiques: Introduction, Summary, Critique, Conclusion. Always consider the author’s credentials, research methods, and possible biases when evaluating an article.