COMMS 01 Review PDF

COMMS 01 STEM 11E ❖ Nature and Elements of Communication ❖ Models of Communication ❖ Dimensions of Communication ❖ Intercultural Communication ❖ Functions of Communication ❖ Vowel Triangle Communication ❖ Comes from the latin word “communicare” which means “common”...

COMMS 01 STEM 11E ❖ Nature and Elements of Communication ❖ Models of Communication ❖ Dimensions of Communication ❖ Intercultural Communication ❖ Functions of Communication ❖ Vowel Triangle Communication ❖ Comes from the latin word “communicare” which means “common” Meaning that both the sender and receiver should have a mutual understanding of something being transmitted to each other. ❖ Communication is a process, communication is always evolving and will never stay as it is. NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION ❖ Speaker The person who creates the message ❖ Message The information or idea that being conveyed by the speaker ❖ Encoding The process of converting thoughts, ideas, or information into words or actions The speaker must use words that is most suited for their audience ❖ Channel The pathway in which the message is being sent through (e.g. oral, visual, and audio-visual) ❖ Decoding The process where the receiver decodes the encoded message sent by the sender ❖ Receiver The recipient of the message ❖ Feedback The reactions, comments, and/or responses of the receiver ❖ Context The environment where communication takes place ❖ Barrier The factor that affects the flow of communication NOISE - Anything that distorts the message being sent by the source/sender ❖ Physical Noise The interference of the physical transmission of the message Ex. Loud fans, cars honking, background noise, etc. ❖ Psychological Noise May include biases of prejudices in both the sender and receiver Ex. Close mindedness, wandering thoughts, switching topics too quickly, etc. ❖ Semantic Noise Caused by the receiver not being able to grasp the intended message by the sender Ex. Spelling errors, grammatical errors, jargon, words with multiple meanings, etc. ❖ Physiological Noise The distraction of the listener due to the receiver’s own body Ex. Hunger, Fatigue, Stress, Pain, etc. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ❖ Linear Model (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) A one-way process of communication No feedback Has 5 elements: Source Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination Ex. Newspaper, radio broadcasts, television, etc. ❖ Interactive Model (Schramm, 1954) A two-way process The sender encodes and sends the message, and the receiver decodes and sends feedback Feedback and noise plays an important role Ex. A teacher teaching in a classroom while the students react by sending feedback  ❖ Transactional Model (Barnlund, 2008) A two-way process with the inclusion of feedback More interactive Back-and-forth communication Both sender and receiver are addressed as communicators Ex. Conversations with friends DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION There are 2 types of communication, Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication ❖ Verbal Communication Explicit use of language Only 35% of all communication is verbal 2 different types of verbal dimensions  Written Spoken ❖ Considerations of the verbal dimensions Register The level of formality Use the appropriate amount/level of formality to show respect to people Types of register Formal Informal Intention The speaker might not be aware of the unintended message they have sent ❖ Non-Verbal Communication Has nothing to do with words but in how we act and present ourselves ❖ Paralanguage Not about what we said, but about how we said it Manner of speech, intonation, voice, volume, and hesitation ❖ Chronemics The usage of time: a display of authority, power, and dissent Culture in nature ❖ Proxemics The use of personal space to convey meaning How physically close one person is to another will indicate how close they are emotionally ❖ Haptics The use of touch to express emotion Also indicated the “closeness” of one person to another ❖ Gestures The way we move our hands and head 4 types of gestures Emphasizing Regulating Illustrating Emblems ❖ Facial expressions The way we move our face ❖ Personal Appearance The way we style ourselves to communicate meaning to others i.e. to help express our personality and viewpoints to others Cultural in nature ❖ Silence The withdrawal of communication Cultural in nature INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Communication between people from different nationalities ❖ Culture A social group’s system of meanings 3 dimensions of culture Culture is lived, defined by demographics like gender, sexual orientation, ethnic background, age, nationality, educational background, etc. Culture as taught, we were taught by our culture to think in a certain way like respecting elders Culture as performed, cultural and social roles Embodiment Reenactment High Context Culture Communication that focuses on underlying context, meaning, and tone, this is something that is not focused on what the message was by itself Low Context Culture Reliant on the pure message being sent and does not have any risk of confusion ❖ The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) Denial Does not recognize cultural differences “All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings, fast food chains and coffee shops” Defense Recognizes cultural differences but is intimidated by them leading them to think that their culture is “better” or “worse” “Their ways are better than my own; I wish I were one of them.” Minimization They see cultural differences but they bank more for the universality rather than seeing the differences by itself “Once we see through cultural differences, we’re all just the same!” Acceptance Starts to appreciate cultural differences in behaviors and values “These people and I have different values and experiences, and I think we can learn from each other!” Adaptation Very open to world views when accepting new perspectives “To address our issue, I have to change my approach to consider my own and others’ background!” Integration Start to go beyond their culture and see themselves through different cultural viewpoints “I can look through things from the perspective of different cultures.”  ❖ Characteristics of a competent intercultural communicator Flexibility Open mindedness Mindfulness Sensitivity Adaptability Politeness Divergent thinking FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION ❖ Social Interaction Purposes: Initiating Relationships Building Relationships Sustaining Relationships Transactions/Exchange Accomplishment of Goals ❖ Information Issues in information Accuracy Usefulness Partiality Credibility of Source Responsibilities of Information Give accurate, complete, and true information ❖ Emotional Expression Responsibilities in Emotional Expression We generally feel good when we express our affection to others ❖ Motivation People are most of the time motivated when they see their needs Issues in motivation Getting influenced in a negative way Being easily persuaded by people ❖ Regulation/Control Guidelines/Policies for us to know what and what not to do VOWEL TRIANGLE ❖ World of Englishes Created by Braj Kachru Reflects sociolinguistic context History Background Influence  Function Concentric Circle Inner Circle Outer Circle Expanding Circle ❖ International Phonetic Alphabet (APL) Provides accurate pronunciation of all languages ❖ Front Vowels Resonates from the front of you mouth ❖ Central Vowels A.K.A. schwa Comes from the space between your hard palate and tongue; the middle of your mouth ❖ Back Vowels Resonates from the back of your mouth ❖ Filipinism Words or phrases that are grammatically incorrect The literal translation of filipino words or phrases Ex. Brownout (Black out/Power outage is the correct way to describe it) ❖ Stress The meaning of the word can change depending on where you enable stress Ex. SUBject(noun) and subJECT(verb)