Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics PDF

**[LESSON 1:] COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS** **[WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?]** - The word communication comes from [commun] which implies "something in common" and [ication] which suggests "understanding." - Communication means a common understanding of something. - Co...

**[LESSON 1:] COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS** **[WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?]** - The word communication comes from [commun] which implies "something in common" and [ication] which suggests "understanding." - Communication means a common understanding of something. - Communication is the process of people reacting to the various attitudes and behaviors of other individual. - It allows us to receive, transmit and retrain messages and information. **[TYPES OF COMMUNICATION]** A. VERBALCOMMUNICATION: - Intrapersonal Communication - Interpersonal Communication - Public Communication - Mass Communication B. NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION: - Silence - Body Language - Facial Expression - Paralanguage - Touch - Space and Distance - Clothes and Personal Appearance C. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: - Letter - Emails - Social Media - Books - Magazines - The Internet A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Refer to the production of spoken language to send an intentional message to a listener. a. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: - Can be defined as communication with one's self, and that may include self-talks, acts of imagination and visualization and even recall memory. b. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: - Is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people. c. MASS COMMUNICATION - Include television, radio, social media, and print media. - Examples are: commercial advertising, public relation, journalism and political campaigning. d. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION: - Means a communication made in identical form to multiple persons or to the world at large as by televisions, radio, newspaper, letter head business card. **[7 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION]** 1. INSTRUMENTAL \- Used to ask for something 2. REGULATORY \- Used to give direction and direct others. 3. INTERACTIONAL \- Used to interact & converse with others in social manner. 4. PERSONAL \- Used to express a state of mind or feeling about something. 5. HEURISTIC 6. IMAGINATIVE - Used to tell stories & role play 7. INFORMATIVE - Used to provide an organize description of an event or object. B. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: - Is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expression, gestures, postures, touch and the distance between the two individuals. C. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: - A written communication means the sending of messages, orders or instructions in writing through letters, circulars, manuals, reports, telegrams, office memos, bulletins etc. **[THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION]** COMMUNICATION MODELS - One way of thinking about communication processes is by looking at the different communication models available. According to Dennis Mcquail and Sven Windahi (2013) in mass communication. A model seeks to show the main elements of any structure of process and the relationship between the elements. It helps explaining by providing in a simplified way information which would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous. A. ARISTOTLE'S MODEL - The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5B.C, in this model Aristotle explain that the speaker should adjust their message according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular speech. B. SHANON-WEAVER MODEL - The Shanon-Weaver Model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948. shanon and Weaver wrote an article in the bell system technology journal entitle "A mathematical theory of communication" and according to flore this is called the "Telephone Model." - The sender would be the person giving the message. While the encoder would be the transmitter which converts the message into signals. C. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL - In this model pay attention to the rule of interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not automatic process both go through the filter of the interpreter. Therefore, the message may succeed or fail. There are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meaning to the same message and this is termed "Semantic Noise" although the receiver may not fully appreciate all the nuances of the message as there are parts of the sender's experience has no knowledge of it. D. WHITE'S STAGE OF ORAL COMMUNICATION MODEL - The most important contribution from Eugene White's model is concept of feedback. Hence the speaker must also pay attention to the listener verbal and nonverbal cues. When it comes in the message, how the message is organized and what field of experience it comes from should be taken into consideration. When it comes to the sender the best communication is one that involves feedback. **[ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION]** a. SENDER: - The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing information and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator. b. IDEAS: - This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestion. c. ENCODING: - Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible, it's further passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc. d. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL: - The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel for sending the required information, ideas, etc. this information is transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be either formal or informal. e. RECEIVER: - Is the person who receives the message or for whom the message is meant for. It is the receiver who turns to understanding the message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired objectives. f. DECODING: - The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to convert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete understanding. g. FEEDBACK: - Is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and understood the same sense as sender mean it. **[7 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION]** 1. Principle of Clarity - The idea or message to be communicated should be clearly spelt out. It should be worded in such a way that the receiver understands the same thing which the sender wants to convey. 2. Principle of Attention - In order to make communication effective, the receiver's attention should be drawn towards message. People are different in behavior, attention, emotion, etc. 3. Principle of Feedback - The principle of feedback is very important to make the communication effective. There should be a feedback information from the recipient to know whether he has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it. 4. Principle of Informality - Formal communication is generally used for transmitting messages and other information. Sometimes formal communication may not achieve the desired results, informal communication may prove effective in such situations. 5. Principle of Consistency - This principle states that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programs and objectives of the organization and not in conflict with them. 6. Principle of Timeliness - This principle states that communication should be done at proper time so that it helps in implementing plans. Any delay in communication may not serve any purpose rather decisions become historical importance only. 7. Principle of Adequacy - The information communicated should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate information may delay action and create confusion. Inadequate information also affects efficiency of the receiver. So adequate information is essential for taking proper decisions and making action plans. **[COMMUNICATION ETHICS]** - Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision-making and the development of relationships and communities. - Ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fastening truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity and respect for self and others. - In their credo, there are four ethical principles of communication that are especially relevant for students today. **1**. "Advocate Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication." (NCA, 1999) Nowadays. Social media and speeches in public have been filled with black propaganda and white washing that there is a call to reiterate the need for truth and honesty. It is important to be accurate when we communicate, and to have facts and to prove our assertions. **2**. The NCA also endorses "Freedom of expression, diversity, of perspective and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society" (NCA 1999) **3**. The NCA (1999) states that they "Condemn communication that degrades the individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred" (1999) **4**. The NCA (1999) state that "Communicators should accept responsibility for the short and long-term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others. **[ETHICS & MORALS]** Ethics are the principles underlying the best behavior of members of a culture. Ethics are subjective and communal. Ethics are decided upon by a society after debate and trial. Ethics are based on cultural norms, but may conflict with an individual's morals. Involves reasoning. It is beyond rules and universal. It is for the survival of the society. Morals are the principles underlying the ideal behavior of each individual. Morals are subjective and personal. Morals are usually based on a philosophy or religious belief. Morals transcend cultural norms, but may conflict with them. It adhere to what is described. Hard and fast rules: Relative to society/culture. For the survival of individual. **[ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION]** *Difference between morals and ethics* - Morals are personal codes while Ethics are societal. - Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither expected nor required to follow them. - Ethics, on the other hand, are rules accepted and approved by society, so they are imposed upon everyone. **[COMMUNICATION ETHICS]** - It is the system of moral principles that govern all forms of human interactions, including the resulting behaviors, in everyday life. Here are essential principles you should consider to make you a better ethical communicator: **BE HONEST**. Being honest means choosing not to lie, to cheat, or to deceive anyone in any way. **MAINTAIN PERSONAL INTEGRITY**. Ethical communicators earn the trust of others through personal integrity. **BE OPEN-MINDED**. Open-mindedness is the state of decisiveness and willing to listen and consider new ideas, suggestions, and opinions, free from prejudice or bias. **STAY COMMITTED**. Commitment means a state or quality of being dedicated to a purpose/cause/activity. **PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING**. Active listening is a communication technique that requires the listener to have a conscious effort of concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what is being said. **BE RESPECTFUL**. Respect means giving due regard for the feelings, opinions, rights, or culture of others. **BE ACCOUNTABLE**. Accountability means being responsible for what you do, say, and write; be ready to give a satisfactory reason for doing it. **[LESSON 2:] COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION** - **Communication** Latin: Communicare/Communicatio -- to share Old French: Communicacion - is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. - One sender, a message and a recipient - Sent by the sender through a channel to the receiver/s. - Verbal, nonverbal, written, and visualizations - **Globalization** Early 20^th^ Century: supplanting an earlier French term **mundialization** Second Half of 20^th^ Century: developed its current meaning **globalization** 1990s: **globalization** came into use - is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. - Interdependence of nations through free trade - Increases interactions between different regions and populations - One of the most powerful sources of change in the world **GLOBALIZATION AND THE\ GLOBAL VILLAGE** - **Global Village** The late Herbert Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian media and communication theorist, coined the term "Global Village" in the year 1964 to describe the phenomenon of the world\'s culture shrinking and expanding at the same time due to persuasive technological advances that allow instantaneous sharing of culture. - is about the world considered as a single community linked by telecommunications. - Easy travel, mass media and electronic communications - Idea that people become a single community - Interconnection due to propagation of media technologies **DEFINITION OF CULTURE** - is the patterns of learned and shared behavior and beliefs of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. - Complex whole of collective human beliefs - Language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions [Culture is...] - Learned through active teaching, and passive habitus. - Shared meaning that it defines a group and meets common needs. - Patterned meaning that there is a recourse of similar ideas. Related cultural beliefs and practices show up repeatedly in different areas of social life. - Adaptive which helps individuals meet needs across variable environments. - Symbolic which means that there are simple and arbitrary signs that represent something else, something more. **[5 Components of Culture]** 1. [Symbols] - A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. Either physical or non-physical. - Example: - A flag is a symbol of a physical symbols. - Bows and curtsies are examples of non-physical symbols. 2. [Language] - Used for communication - Written or spoken - When a culture uses the same basic language as another culture, differences in terminology and inflection create new meanings. 3. [Values] - Acceptable behavior within the society - Different for each group to which a person belongs - Example: - Acceptable in the family group to eat certain foods that are not accepted within the religious group a person chooses. 4. [Beliefs] - Fulfill the spiritual needs of a culture - A whole culture can be based on one set of beliefs, yet a larger cultural group may have many different sets of beliefs. 5. [Norms] - Rules, mores and traditions within a culture - As a group develops laws and regulations, norms change. - Traditions are norms that a culture holds onto once the norms are no longer common. - Ex. - Wearing certain clothing for a holiday is an example of a norm that has become a tradition. **[CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE]** 1. [Learned] - It is not biological; we do not inherit it. - We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. - The process of learning culture is known as Enculturation. 2. [Shared] - Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. - Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesn't mean that culture is homogenous (the same). 3. [Based on Symbols] - A symbol is something that stands for something else. - Symbols vary cross-culturally and are arbitrary. - Language, money and art are all symbols. - Language is the most important symbolic component of culture. 4. [Integrated] - This is known as Holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. - All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few. 5. [Dynamic] - Cultures interact and change because most cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. - All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing environments. **[ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES]** - It is an ongoing process where you experience new cultures, where you can learn new development to yourself and find new ability that can make develop your confidence. - In the beginning, it will feel uncomfortable because of the new environment because they wear different clothes, speak the different language, read their different language and do their different lifestyle. In the first place you will experience culture shock and ignorance. - **Culture Shock** - A certain person experiences ignorance and feel unfamiliar way of life due to immigration because of the new culture. 1. [Honeymoon Phase] - Newly arrived and excited about the new surroundings. They are very positive about their relocation and the newness of the place. 2. [Negotiation Phase] - You can experience homesickness; were you do the things that you are not familiar with. - Example: Taking transportation, language barrier where people will judge you, and day to day task a. [Stereotype] - It may help the ego of someone suffering from severe culture shock. b. [Attitude: A Factor for Success] - People who have good attitude can be successful in adapting the new culture and those people who don't have just leave the place earlier than expected. **[THREE MAIN TYPES OF REACTION]** - [Rejecters] - People try to separate themselves from others so the result is for them to return to their old homes because that's the only way they will feel the same harmony of the environment again. - [Adapters] - Some people tend to embrace the new culture during that time they are losing their original identity and decided to stay and live there forever. - [Cosmopolitans] - People manage to adapt the new culture positively while keeping their original identity were, they create their own way of living. 3. [Adjustment Phase] - 6 to 12 months, people usually begin to grow because they know what to expect from their surroundings. Doing the same thing every day become a routine. 4. [Reverse Culture Shock] - People will adjust also to their old ways, where you already adopt the new culture and when you return to your old ways it will be challenging. **[FIVE TIPS TO COUNTER CULTURE SHOCK]** 1. [Learn the Language] - Learning the National language(s) spoken in your adopted country will help you communicate, and reduce the effects of culture shock and misunderstanding. 2. [Prepare for Cultural Differences] - The more you know about the culture of your host country, the more prepared you will be for a different way of life, and the easier it will be for you to cope with new ideas and experiences. 3. [Be Open-Minded] - Be open to accepting cultural differences and alternative ways of doing things. 4. [Be Patient] - Be patient with yourself and allow yourself to make mistakes and learn from them as you go along. 5. [Take Time-Off] - Taking a break from all that is unfamiliar helps. When adapting seems difficult, take part in a familiar activity (read a book, watch a movie or listen to music in your home language). **THE NATURE OF COMMON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES** - **CULTURAL DIFFERENCES** - involves the integrated and maintained system of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of conduct - Contributes to persons' relationship with their external environment - Causes behavior and personality differences like body language, thinking, communication, manners, norms, etc. 1. [Individualism vs. Collectivism] - In Individualistic societies, people define themselves in terms of 'I' and their unique attributes. Autonomy and independent thought are valued and the interests and goals of the individual prevail over group welfare. Personal attitudes and needs are important determinants of behavior. Ties between members are loose. - In Collectivistic societies, people define themselves in terms of 'we' and their group memberships. Members are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Social interdependence and collective harmony are valued. Relational ties and obligations are important determinants of behavior; group goals take precedence over individual goals. Shared living is emphasized. Extended families (with uncles, aunts, and grandparents) provide protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. 2. [Orientation Time] - Cultures with a Future Orientation have a strong tendency and willingness to imagine future possibilities. Members set long-term goals, develop plans, and work hard and persevere to achieve their ambitions. They delay gratification and display a strong propensity to save and invest. 3. [Gender Egalitarianism] - Biological constraints in childbearing have long dictated societal norms about the roles of men and women in many societies. But outside childbearing, sex-role distinctions are purely social constructions. Societies differ with respect to the extent to which they define different social and emotional roles for males and females. 4. [Assertiveness] - Societies with low Gender Egalitarianism typically display high Assertiveness. These societies value assertive, dominant, and 'tough' behavior in both genders. Strength is admired. Aggression is viewed positively (for example, aggression is associated with winning). 5. [Doing vs. Being] - A Doing Orientation encourages self-assertion to master, direct, and change the natural and social environment to achieve group or individual goals. - A Being Orientation stresses fitting into the world as it is. Members focus on appreciating and understanding the world rather than trying to change, direct, or exploit it. Important values include world peace, unity with nature, and protecting the environment. **COMMUNICATING WITHIN AND ACROSS CULTURES** **[KINDS OF RESPONSES]** 1. [Avoiding] - We refuse to comply or do business in cultures that operate according to ethical principles that differ from ours. 2. [Accommodating] - We can accept the different ethical system and conform to practices different from ours. 3. [Forcing] - We can insist on doing business in a way we believe is ethically proper. 4. [Educating-Persuading] - We can try to convince the people with whom we want to do business why our ethical principle is more appropriate. 5. [Negotiating-Compromising] - We and the other party can each give up something to negotiate a settlement. 6. [Collaboration-Problem Solving] - We can work with the other party to face the problem directly and reach a mutually satisfying solution. **GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE** **[INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE]** - Ability to function effectively across cultures, to think an act appropriately, and to communicate and work with people from different cultural backgrounds -- at home or abroad. 1. [WIDEN YOUR FIELD OF EXPERIENCE BY MAKING NEW CONTACTS] - Getting to know people coming from your targeted group whose culture differs from yours make you understand the group and their culture better. 2. [LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORY AND THE EXPERIENCES AND ASPIRATIONS OF PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES] - Taking a course or reading books about people of diverse cultures makes you experience their cultures vicariously, allowing you to understand and appreciate them more. 3. [EXAMINE YOURSELF FOR POSSIBLE STEREOTYPES] - Being fair-minded and unprejudiced makes you realize the possibility that some of your judgments are unfair and wrong. 4. [LOOK AT THE WORLD FROM SOMEONE ELSE'S WAY OF LOOKING AT AND THINKING ABOUT SOMETHING, NOT JUST YOURS] - Be emphatic; try to understand other's perspective-how they make sense of their world-and try to experience what and how they feel. 5. [WORK ON BECOMING MORE SELF-CONFIDENT] - The better we feel about ourselves, the more likely we are to feel good about others, too, and the more able we are not only to understand them but also to learn from them. 6. [APPRECIATE CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES] - It allows you to understand the members of different cultural groups and helps you establish better intercultural relationships and interactions. 7. [ACKNOWLEDGE THE ESSENTIAL EQUALITY AND VALUE OF ALL CULTURES] - Never feel superior to people belonging to any other cultural group, even a minority one. 8. [BE SENSITIVE AND INTERPRET CULTURAL STYLES OF COMMUNICATION] - Develop the ability to understand the communication symbols of the target culture-its verbal language, signs, gestures, body language, and customs. **BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION** 1. [ETHNOCENTRISM] - We implicitly believe our way of doing things and seeing things is the right and only way. 2. [STEREOTYPING] - common to rely on oversimplified clichés about people from different cultures. 3. [PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS] - To manage cross-cultural teams successfully, you need to flex your ow style. It's not easy to go against your natural preferences. People can feel unauthentic and incompetent. 4. [LANGUAGE BARRIERS] - All groups have a common language, but when some people are more fluent than others, it creates social distance between members. 5. [GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE] - In global virtual teams, people don't get the chance to interact and build relationships with each other as in a traditional office environment. 6. [CONFLICTING CULTURAL VALUES] - Culture is like an iceberg: what you see are the behaviors, and those are influenced by the invisible values under the water line. **IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON COMMUNICATION** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **POSITIVE IMPACT** | **NEGATIVE IMPACT** | +===================================+===================================+ | No Barriers | Impact on Interpersonal | | | | | | Communication | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Strengthened Relations | Effect on Non-Verbal | | | | | | Communication | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Better Solutions | Near yet Far | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Online Schools | Reduced Social | | | | | | Interactions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Impact on Relations | Led to Many Addictions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Development | Malicious Motives | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[POSITIVE IMPACT]** 1. [NO BARRIERS] - Communication is now easy; in case of situations when you want to convey something urgently to someone, mobiles and emails come in handy. 2. [STRENGTHENED RELATIONS] - Technology has made it easy to keep in touch with old contacts, and has also helped strengthen relationships. 3. [BETTER SOLUTIONS] - Technology has brought the world closer and promoted exchange of thoughts to find better solutions to any problem. 4. [ONLINE SCHOOLS] - Services like video-conferencing has made it possible to give best education to students via expert faculty on the web. 5. [IMPACT ON RELATIONS] - Technology is the rationale behind the success of long-distance relationships. Video chats and social networking sites have played a big role in keeping people in touch. 6. [DEVELOPMENT] - Technological advancements in the modes of communication have promoted faster decision-making, and led to the development and progress of the world. **[NEGATIVE IMPACT]** 1. [IMPACT ON INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION] - A major reason for this tendency is increased frequency of communication through texting and chatting on websites. 2. [EFFECT ON NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION] - Technological means have also affected nonverbal communication. Lack of face-to-face interaction has reduced the nonverbal grasping power of individuals. 3. [NEAR YET FAR] - Communication is missing, parents are not technology savvy and not used to the communication styles of their kids, and this has increased the generation gap. 4. [REDUCED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS] - Consider the socializing among people. Life has changed a lot; there are no social meetings and get-togethers (the frequency has reduced). 5. [LED TO MANY ADDICTIONS] - People have literally become addicted to the Internet and cellphones, and this addiction has led to many anxiety disorders. People addicted to the Internet feel lonely and isolated. 6. [MALICIOUS MOTIVES] - Many people abuse the social networking sites and communicate to unsuspecting beings pretending someone else. This tendency of people has done more harm than good.