Oral Communication - PDF

Learn about It! Definition of Communication Communication the transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues comes from the Latin word communis, which means “common” helps people adapt to or survive in the place they...

Learn about It! Definition of Communication Communication the transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues comes from the Latin word communis, which means “common” helps people adapt to or survive in the place they live in  Learn about It! The Process of Communication stimulus - an idea or concept that the sender has and would like to convey sender - encodes the message by putting it into words and then expresses the ideas in proper sequence receiver - accepts and decodes the message; chooses whether to respond  Learn about It! feedback - given by the receiver when responding to the message noise - causes breakdown in the communication process; any barrier or hindrance that obstructs the understanding of the message  Learn about It! Verbal Communication the use of words or speech in sending messages and transmitting ideas or feelings makes use of language/words  Learn about It! Types of Nonverbal Communication Proxemics how the space or distance between the sender and the receiver affects their communication includes intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance  Learn about It! Kinesics the use of body language in communication includes gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions  Learn about It! Nonverbal Communication the act of expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words. uses body language, appearance, voice, and environment as nonverbal cues  Learn about It! Haptics the use of touch to convey meaning in a conversation often dependent on culture Chronemics refers to the role of time in the communication process  Learn about It! Paralanguage the tone, speed, and volume of a speaker’s voice includes sighs and gasps  Learn about It! Elements of Communication Participants the communicators can be both senders and receivers sender - transmits the information to the receiver receiver - decodes the message to formulate a response  Learn about It! Context - refers to the interrelated conditions that affect the message; these include physical, psychological, social, and cultural factors Physical context refers to the place, time, environment, and distance between communicators. Social context refers to the relationship of the communicators.  Learn about It! Psychological context refers to the moods and feelings of the communicators. Think about the times when your mood or feelings caused you to communicate differently. Cultural context includes the beliefs and norms of the participants. This comes into play when you are speaking with someone who is of a different gender, age, social status, religion, or nationality.  Learn about It! Message the main point of having communication the main idea or information that the sender would like to convey to the receiver It is important for the message to be stated clearly and in a way that is understandable to the receiver.  Learn about It! Channel the means of delivering the message can be a face-to-face conversation, a letter, a phone call, an e-mail, or social media  Learn about It! Feedback the response of the receiver helps the sender of the message determine whether the message was understood by the receiver If the participants of the conversation continue giving feedback, the flow of communication continues.  Learn about It! Model of communication conceptual representation that is used to explain the communication process Each model offers a different perspective on the communication process.  Learn about It! Linear communication model presents communication as a one-way activity in which information flows from the sender to the receiver shows only a passive receiver feedback - not a part of the process  Learn about It! Interactive communication model shows communication as a two-way activity The sender and the receiver have the same role in the activity: either one comes up with an idea, sends a message, and reacts to it. involves feedback may also include noise, an element that affects the interpretation of the message  Learn about It! Transactional communication model presents communication as a simultaneous activity senders and receivers - capable of both sending and receiving messages anytime or at the same time feedback - includes nonverbal cues such as gestures, tone of voice, or body language takes into account that communicators react to the situation based on their own background The diverse perceptions and backgrounds of the communicators influence their response to a particular communication situation.  Learn about It! Culture the system of knowledge that is shared by a particular group composed of a relatively large number of individuals When you identify yourself as being part of a particular culture, you should not only share certain characteristics with members of that group, but you should also be able to observe yourself and others like you who possess these features and distinguish others who do not have them as members of a different culture.  Learn about It! Through communication with others, culture is created, learned, and shared. Without communication, there is no way of preserving and transmitting cultural characteristics from one person, place, and time to another. In turn, our culture influences the way we communicate with others. Hence, there exists a dynamic relationship between culture and communication. This is known as intercultural communication.  Learn about It! To engage in intercultural communication, participants should essentially understand the concept of self- awareness. Self-awareness is essential for better communication with others, especially with those who are different from you. Knowing who you are and in which cultural and social group you belong will enable you to relate better to others and to show sensitivity to them. Also, the way you communicate with others is largely influenced by your view of them.  Learn about It! Gender In general, men and women differ in terms of their communication style. In men-only conversations, some tend to dominate the conversation, and they seldom talk about their private lives. On the other hand, in women-only conversations, they usually allow everyone to participate, and they often talk about their personal relationships.  Learn about It! Men Women In men-only conversations: In women-only Assertive and competitive conversations: Reserved Polite and affectionate Talk about different Expressive topics Talk about one topic at Need personal space length Purpose: To provide Intimate information Purpose: To build or maintain relationship  Learn about It! Mixed Genders In mixed-gender conversations: Men initiate the interaction. Men often interrupt the other person who is speaking. Women usually allow an interruption. Men use fewer adjectives and intensifiers compared to women. Learn about It!  Learn about It! Age People of different ages or generations may have difficulty communicating with one another. A person’s age or the generation to which he or she belongs influences the way he or she communicates with others. Age-related communication also reflects culture. In the Filipino culture, for example, pagmamano and Filipino expressions such as po and opo are taught to children at an early age as a sign of politeness and respect to the elders. In Turkish culture, kissing the right hand is a common way of greeting the elders.  Learn about It! Social Status may affect the way we communicate with others can influence the way that person chooses his or her peers Individuals are more likely to interact with others of the same social standing as them. There is likely to be a communication gap between a person of higher status and that of lower status since they differ in background, education, income, and social habits, among others.  Learn about It! Elements of Social Class Ascribed social class - determined at birth through characteristics such as age, sex, race, and family background Achieved social class - acquired through a person’s ability, talent, skill, and perseverance; can be seen in one’s educational attainment or occupation  Learn about It! Religion Communication between persons belonging to different religions may be a common source of intercultural conflict. This usually arises when the participants engaged in a conversation impose one’s religious views on others who may not share those views. Being aware of religious differences and being open to the religious views of others foster understanding and mutual respect.  Learn about It! Religion Beliefs Jainism Centered on non-violence Focuses on asceticism Practice very strict vegetarianism The aversion to killing is so central that practitioners will try to avoid stepping on all plants and insects. Judaism The predecessor of Christianity Follow the teachings of the torah (holy book that predates the bible; contains many of the same content as the old testament) They still celebrate the passover, which commemorates God’s liberation of the Jews from Israel.  Learn about It! Religion Beliefs Shintoism Devoted to life and embracing humanity’s innate goodness The Japanese devotion to spirits called the kami, who are believed to care about humanity and will bless humans if they respect and revere them well. Shintoists have more localized rituals. Instead of congregating with other believers, Shintoists usually have their own little shrines at home. They do, however, visit the larger shrines around Japan during New Year and other special occasions. This is not usually considered a religion but more of a way of life, as there is no worship of a god or belief in the afterlife. It coexists with Buddhism in Japan.  Learn about It! With these in mind, the foundation of intercultural communication in terms of social status and religion lies in respect for each others’ differences. Always be mindful of what another person will feel when speaking about their position in society or religious beliefs.  Learn about It! Barriers in Communication a. Language barriers - These manifest when two individuals do not have a common language, have an unfamiliar accent, or use unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon, and idioms. A Japanese tourist trying to order food from a local fast-food diner b. Cultural barriers - These are evident when there is difficulty in communication due to differing principles, views, and beliefs. This is also applicable to those who are insensitive to other people’s heritage. A staunch male traditionalist who disapproves of his daughter’s choice to study to be a lawyer instead of waiting to get married and become a housewife.  Learn about It! c. Physical barriers - These are hindrances to better communication caused by environmental factors such as noise, lighting, and distance between the receiver and speaker. Two students trying to speak to each other over the noise of other people talking and laughing in the cafeteria d. Prejudging - This happens when a person believes he or she understood what the speaker means even before the message is completely expressed. It can also happen when the receiver immediately judges the message as unimportant. A group of male programmers ignoring the instructions of their new supervisor, who is a woman, even though her new coding methods are actually effective  Learn about It! e. Information overload – This happens when one gives too much information at a time. A tutor trying to teach a semester’s worth of lessons to a student in one sitting f. Lack of interest and attention - This happens when a person gives information that does not interest others or a person does not give attention to either the speaker or his or her message. A teenager in the backseat putting on earphones and playing music while his father lectures him from the driver’s seat  Learn about It! Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown 1. Use time-gaining expressions to have more time to think. 2. Give positive remarks or comments. 3. Be specific. 4. Ask for repetition or clarification. 5. Check your understanding. 6. Do not jump to conclusions.  Learn about It! Effective Communication more than just the transmission of information from one person to another takes place only when the information is shared and mutually understood enables you to connect better with others, build and maintain relationships, and express yourself and be fully understood  Learn about It! Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown 1. Be focused. ○ Have a specific purpose for speaking or listening. ○ If you are the speaker, determine your purpose for speaking and clearly express yourself to achieve it. ○ If you are the listener, ascertain the speaker’s purpose through his or her verbal and nonverbal cues.  Learn about It! 2. Speak intelligibly. Use the following: appropriate speaking volume (or loudness) and rate (or the pace at which you speak) good enunciation (or the distinctness of the sound of spoken words) proper word stress correct or acceptable pronunciation  Learn about It! 3. Listen with your ears and eyes. Remember that nonverbal communication is as important as verbal communication. Pay attention to the speaker’s verbal as well as nonverbal cues. 4. Minimize distractions. Block out any form of interference, or adjust to different forms of distraction.