Philippine Politics and Governance Past Paper PDF

## Senior High School Department ### Pavia National High School "Quality Education Our Pride" Learning Area: Philippine Politics and Governance ### Chapter 6: Pre-hispanic Philippines - Who really discovered our country the Philippines? - Felipe Landa Jocano - one of the first Filipino anthro...

## Senior High School Department ### Pavia National High School "Quality Education Our Pride" Learning Area: Philippine Politics and Governance ### Chapter 6: Pre-hispanic Philippines - Who really discovered our country the Philippines? - Felipe Landa Jocano - one of the first Filipino anthropologist in our country - disputes Beyer's belief that Filipinos descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousand of years ago. - according to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of the country - the only thing that can be positively concluded from the fossil evidence, he says that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia - Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. - His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices and even similar tools and implements. ### Political System #### Luzon ##### Tagalog Datu (Maginoo) - chieftain - rule his people, lead them in fighting, render judgement in disputes ##### How can you become a Datu? - By birth - By valor and feats achieved in war ##### Timawa/Maharlika (Noble class) - datu's fighters - had their rights like harvesting without paying tribute ##### Alipin - they were not slaves but member of the lower level of local society ##### Alipin Namamahay "household" - right to plant their own crops - right to some piece of land - revoked if they were found guilty of a crime - lived in their own house - those handed over their entire harvest to the master ##### Alipin Sagigilid/Saguigilid "hearth slaves" - captives taken in battle or purchased slaves - lived in their masters' house - they could be sold or transferred to another master as payment of a debt #### Visayas ##### Datu - if captured, his followers were obliged to ransom him - he collects tribute ##### Timawa/Tumao "be manly" - illegitimate children of the datu's concubines called binukot - on their fathers death they were called ginoo ##### Oripun - Tumataban or Tumarampok - lowest level of indigenous society - Ayuey (or hayohey) - served in the master's house for three days - Tuhey - slaves who became free after marriage - Lubus Oripun #### Mindanao ##### Datu - Aristocrat (Panglima) ##### Wajir (advisers) ##### Rajah Laut (leader of maritime forces) ##### Qadi (Magistrate) - Sayyid Abu Bakr - a Muslim missionary and the very first sultan of Sulu ##### Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao - first Sultanates of Mindanao ### Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines #### Treaty of Tordesillas - On June 7, 1494, the government of Spain and Portugal divided there spheres of influence in the "New World" of the America #### Age of Discovery #### Colonialism - an economic and political ideology that influenced the European kingdoms to embark on voyages and exploration and conquest - the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically - March 16, 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines - First mass at Limasawa and magellan named the place San Lazaro for it was the feast of Saint Lazarus in his honor - 1565 - Miguel Lopez de Legazpi successfully conquered the native communities in Luzon and Visyas and declared the Philippines a colony of Spain #### Aims of Colonization - G-Gold - G-Gospel - G-Glory #### Reduccion - relocation of local inhabitants #### Parian - term for a place where the Spaniards gathered the Chinese #### Sangley - literally means "Merchant traveler" or "Frequent Visitor" #### Pueblo-towns - modeled after the European town, and the arrangement of buildings and and landmarks emphasized the colonial rule of the Spaniards - surrounded by church, municipal hall, and houses of the principales #### Datu - "barangay head" (cabeza de barangay) ### Encomienda - these are conquered territories that were divided into districts and were distributed among Spaniards who acted as feudal lords or encomenderos #### Encomenderos - feudal lords - tasked to established political authority - improve the local economy (which involved agriculture and trade) - promote education - convert people to Catholicism - received the tribute which the local cabezas de barangay collected #### Royal Audiencia - judiciary body in the Philippines #### Alcaldias - local towns organized into provinces/peaceful *When the tribute totalled 500 the pueblo was erected as municipio #### Governor-general - general - highest and most powerful of the government in the Philippines - commander-in-chief of the military forces - appointed by the king of Spain and acted as the representative in the country - "little king of Spain" ### Alcaldia (later provincial) #### Alclade Mayor (gobernador provincial) - directed the executive, judicial and legislative aspects of governance in the province #### Gobernadocillo - equivalent to town's mayor - "little mayor" #### Barangay - smallest political unit during the Spanish period - headed by the Cabeza de barangay #### Cabeza de Barangay - they were tasked to collect tributes from the people #### Friars/Prayle - from the Spanish word fraile - a priest in a Christian church - The most significant friars were the Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians and Carmelites #### Teniente Mayor/Juez de Policia - tasks to maintain peace and order #### Juez de Sementeras - managed the lands and crops #### Juez de Ganador - managed the livestocks #### Insulares ### Social classes in the Philippines during Spanish period #### Peninsulares - Spaniards born in-the mainland Spain #### Insulares - full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines #### Ilustrados - "the Enlightened ones" - liberal-minded citizens advocating political reforms #### Chinese Spanish Mestizos - People with mixed racial origin and economically sufficient #### Principalia - or noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the pueblos of Spanish Philippines ### Notes: #### Polo y servicio - force labor - All male Filipinos, aged 16 to 60 years old, were sent to different places to provide free labor, for 40 days a year. This was reduced to 15 days in 1884. - Polistas, as the workers were called, were required to do such jobs as building roads and bridges, constructing public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest, working in shipyards, and serving in Spanish military expeditions. #### Visita - unannounced inspection from the Spanish government