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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the Cabeza de Barangay?
What is the role of the Cabeza de Barangay?
Which social class was known as 'the Enlightened ones' during the Spanish period in the Philippines?
Which social class was known as 'the Enlightened ones' during the Spanish period in the Philippines?
Who were the most significant friars during the Spanish period?
Who were the most significant friars during the Spanish period?
What does 'Polo y servicio' refer to?
What does 'Polo y servicio' refer to?
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Which group is described as Spaniards born in the Philippine islands?
Which group is described as Spaniards born in the Philippine islands?
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Who is known as one of the first Filipino anthropologists in the Philippines?
Who is known as one of the first Filipino anthropologists in the Philippines?
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What is the highest societal class in the pre-hispanic Philippine political system?
What is the highest societal class in the pre-hispanic Philippine political system?
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How could one become a Datu in pre-hispanic Philippines?
How could one become a Datu in pre-hispanic Philippines?
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What was the status of an Alipin in pre-hispanic Philippine society?
What was the status of an Alipin in pre-hispanic Philippine society?
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Which title refers to the lowest level of indigenous society in the Visayas?
Which title refers to the lowest level of indigenous society in the Visayas?
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What was the role of a Rajah Laut in Mindanao's political hierarchy?
What was the role of a Rajah Laut in Mindanao's political hierarchy?
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What distinguishes the Alipin Namamahay from the Alipin Sagigilid?
What distinguishes the Alipin Namamahay from the Alipin Sagigilid?
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Who collected tribute in the Visayan political system?
Who collected tribute in the Visayan political system?
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What was the primary purpose of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines?
What was the primary purpose of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines?
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Which event marked the landing of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines?
Which event marked the landing of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines?
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What does 'reduccion' refer to in the context of Spanish colonial policy?
What does 'reduccion' refer to in the context of Spanish colonial policy?
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What role did the encomenderos play in Spanish colonies?
What role did the encomenderos play in Spanish colonies?
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What was the Alcalde Mayor responsible for in the provinces?
What was the Alcalde Mayor responsible for in the provinces?
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What characterizes the pueblo-towns established by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
What characterizes the pueblo-towns established by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
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Who represented the highest authority in the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines?
Who represented the highest authority in the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines?
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What was the role of the 'Sangley' in the context of Spanish colonial trade?
What was the role of the 'Sangley' in the context of Spanish colonial trade?
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Study Notes
Pre-Hispanic Philippines
- Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano challenged the prevailing belief that Filipinos descended from migrating Negritos and Malays.
- Jocano argued that the origin of the first Filipinos is complex and not easily traceable solely to Negrito or Malay migration.
- The first inhabitants of Southeast Asia likely evolved and migrated over time, developing shared cultures, beliefs, and practices.
- Similarities in tools and implements suggest a common ancestry among early Southeast Asian populations.
Political System
Luzon
- Tagalog Datu/Maginoo: Chieftains who ruled their people, led them in combats, and acted as judges.
- Datu's Lineage: Becoming a Datu could be hereditary (by birth) or earned through valor and deeds in war.
- Timawa/Maharlika: Nobles, or fighters, had certain rights like harvesting crops without tribute.
Visayas
- Datu: Similar to Tagalog datus, responsible for ruling and collecting tributes in their area, and sometimes commanding warriors.
- Oripun: Other social classes, consisting of those who were captured in battle, or were purchased. These people were considered slaves or servants.
Mindanao
- Aristocrat (Panglima): Leaders, often those of maritime forces
- Rajah Laut: Leaders of the maritime forces
- Qadi (Magistrate): Officials who presided over legal matters.
- Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao: The sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao were the independent Islamic sultanates.
Alipin
- Alipin: Not slaves, but one of the lower classes in society.
- Alipin Namamahay: A specialized group of Alipin who had the right to cultivate their own crops and were granted some degree of autonomy.
Spanish Colonization
- Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Spain and Portugal divided their spheres of influence in the Americas.
- Age of Discovery and Colonialism: Europeans embarked on voyages of exploration and conquest, establishing colonies motivated by economic and political interests.
- Ferdinand Magellan (1521): Landed in the Philippines, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization.
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565): Successfully conquered and consolidated control over Luzon and Visayas.
- Goals of Colonization: The "Three Gs" – gold, glory, and gospel – were the main drivers.
- Reduccion: Relocation of native inhabitants into towns.
- Parian: Area where Chinese settlers lived.
- Sangley: Term for Chinese merchant travelers.
- Pueblo: Towns modeled after European settlements.
Social Classes Under Spanish Rule
- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain; held highest positions.
- Insulares: Spanhiards born in the Philippines but in the Spanish colonial society.
- Ilustrados: Educated Filipino elite advocating for reforms.
- Chinese Spanish Mestizos: Mixed Chinese and Spanish descent.
- Principalia: Ruling class of the pueblos; typically educated.
Polo y Servicio
- Forced Labor: Mandated service to the Spanish government.
- Duties: Included work on infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, etc.), forest work, shipyards, and Spanish military service.
- Length: Initially 40 days, reduced to 15 days in 1884.
Spanish Administration
- Encomienda System: Conquered territories divided and granted to Spanish colonizers.
- Encomenderos: Colonizers; responsible for people within their assigned territories.
- Royal Audiencia: Supreme court of Spanish colonial Philippines.
- Alcaldia (Later Provincial): Local government unit, responsible for running executive, judicial and legislative aspects within a province.
- Alcade Mayor: equivalent to a province's governor/local chief.
- Barangay: Smallest political unit; headed by the Cabeza de Barangay.
- Cabeza de Barangay: Leader of a barangay; responsible for collecting tributes from the people of a barangay.
- Friars/Prayle: Priests of various religious orders; played a significant role in Spanish administration.
- Teniente Mayor/Juez de Policia: Responsible for maintaining order.
- Visita: Unannounced inspections by the Spanish government and authorities.
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Description
Explore the complex origins and political systems of the Pre-Hispanic Philippines. Learn about the anthropological insights of Felipe Landa Jocano and the roles of leaders such as Datus in Luzon and Visayas. This quiz highlights the rich cultural heritage and governance structures present before colonial influences.
