Philippine Politics and Governance Final Exam PDF

Final Examination PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Ms. Ma. Gezelle A. Liberal WEEK 5 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES I. The Pre-Spanish Government The early Filipinos had a government which they called “balangay”. The...

Final Examination PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Ms. Ma. Gezelle A. Liberal WEEK 5 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES I. The Pre-Spanish Government The early Filipinos had a government which they called “balangay”. The head or the leader was called a datu or rajah who has assisted by the elders in the community. All powers of the government were exercised by the datu or rajah. He was the chief executive, law giver, chief judge and military head. There are three social classes at that time namely; the Maharlika (Nobles), the Timawas (Freemen) and the Alipin (slaves). The Datu or the Rajah came from the Maharlika (the upper class). II. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule The Philippine was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through Viceroy of Mexico. The Philippines was ruled directly by Spain until 1898. The government established in the Philippines was centralized. The national government was headed by a Spanish Governor General, who was appointed by the king of Spain. The Governor-General was at times called “Representative of the King of Spain” or the “Little King in the Philippines”. He was the highest government official in the country, in practice through frailocracy “rule of friars”. Andres Bonifacio organized the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary organization of the Filipinos. Its aim was a complete separation from Spain. It precipitated the Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896. It was replaced by another government when it was discovered by Spanish authority. The new government was headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President in Tejeros convention. The Biak-Na-Bato Republic was created by Gen. Aguinaldo on November 1, 1897 its aim was separation from Spain and formation of the Philippines as an independent state. The Republic existed until December 15, 1897, with the signing of the Pact of Biak-Na-Bato. It resulted in the revolutionary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong provided that General Primo de Rivera would pay $800,000. On May 24 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government when he returned from his exile in Hong Kong. The notable achievements of the Dictatorial Government were: 1) the Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898; and 2) the re-organization of local governments. A Revolutionary Government replaced the Dictatorial Government still with Gen. Aguinaldo as the head. On January 23, 1899, the first Philippine Republic was established with Gen. Aguinaldo as the President. III. The Government during the American Regime The Jones Law of 1906 which became the fundamental law for the Philippines vested the legislative power in an all- Filipino lawmaking body composed of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives. IV. The Commonwealth Government The Tydings-McDuffie Law in 1934 established the Commonwealth Government. It was a form of government in transition toward independence. It provided for a ten-year transition period after which the Philippine independence would be proclaimed and established. The Presidents of the Philippines 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1898-1901) He is the First President of the Philippines. He led the Filipinos in fighting against the Spaniards and the Americans. 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) He served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is also the first elected in a national election. He made Tagalog/Filipino the national language of the Philippines. 3. Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945) He was the President of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation in World War II. 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) He rehabilitated the Philippine National Bank and during his term, Philippines joined International Monetary Fund. 5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) The first President of the Third Republic and during his administration the Philippines stared reconstructing war damages. 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) Vice President Quirino ascended to the Presidency when Roxas died in 1948. He ran for president in his own right in 1949 winning a four-year term. He served as the 2nd President of the third Republic. Things noted on his two objectives during his administration were economic reconstruction and restoration of people’s trust. He created rural banks. 7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) He succeeded Quirino but was not able to finish his term as he died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957. He was immensely popular with the ordinary people. 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) He is the 4th President of the Third Republic, was known for his “Filipino First Policy.” He also implemented revival and economic nationalism. 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) He succeeded Garcia. His administration was known for its socio-economic programs, the abolition of tenancy and the establishment of Land Bank. He sought closer relations with neighboring Asian countries. He changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. 10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) He became the President in 1965 and was re-elected in 1969. Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972, by proclamation No.1081. Marcos by virtue of Presidential decrees curtailed press freedom, closed down Congress and media establishments. Opposition leaders and military activists were arrested including his critic Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. 11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) She succeeded Marcos and became the first woman president. Aquino lacked political experience, but she survived seven coup attempts. She was responsible for the restoration of democratic processes and institutions in the Philippines. The member of the Philippine Senate in 1991 rejected the treaty that would have allowed a 10- year extension of the U.S military bases in the Philippines. 12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) He became the President in 1992 and declared national reconciliation. He was known for his program “Philippine 2000” where he attempted to make the Philippines a “Tiger Economy” of Asia. During his administration capital punishment was re-imposed. 13. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) He is a famous movie actor, became the President by a landslide victory in 1998. His election campaign “ERAP para sa mahirap” won him the votes of the masses. He was removed from office through on January 20, 2001, by EDSA Revolution II because of the controversial impeachment trial against him. He was tried and convicted for Plunder and spent six years prison but given Presidential pardon by his successor Gloria M. Arroyo, his former Vice President Arroyo. 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) She is daughter of the late President Diosdado Macapagal, she had this vision which she called “Sugpuin ang Kahirapan”. Her nine-year administration was marred with issues like in cheating in the Presidential election, poverty, Expanded VAT Law, fertilizer scam, jueteng, and ZTE scandal. 15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-2016 He is the son of former President Cory Aquino and Ninoy Aquino ascended to the Office of the Presidency in 2010 elections. 16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong and Rody is the 16th and incumbent President of the Philippines and the first from Mindanao to hold the office. WEEK 6 ARTICLE VI OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION: LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT Article VI, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vested the legislative power to the Congress of the Philippines. It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives. (Lower house) Section 1: Congress Scope of Legislative power 1. To legislate 2. General, enact laws 3. Special powers; confirm appointments, promote social justice, declare existence of war, impose taxes, appropriate money, impeach, and act as Constituent Assembly 4. Implied powers; conduct inquiry and investigation, punish members for contempt 5. Inherent powers Section 2: Composition of Senate 24 senators elected at large Section 3: Qualification of Senators Natural-born Filipino citizen 35 years of age on the day of election Able to read and write Registered voter Resident of the Philippines for at least two years immediately preceding the day of the election Section 4: Term of Office 6 years up to two consecutive terms June 30th Section 5: Composition of House of Representatives Not more than 250 members from legislative congressional districts and through a party-list system Section 6: qualifications of Members of House of Representatives Natural-born Filipino citizen 25 years of age on the day of election Able to read and write Registered voter in the district in which shall be elected Resident of such district not less than one year Section 7: Term of office of Representative 3 years up to 3 consecutive terms The Leaders of the Congress; the Senate President leads the Upper House while the Speaker of the House headed the Lower House. They preside over their sessions, preserve order and decorum, decide all questions of order, sign acts, resolutions, orders and warrants, issue subpoena, and appoint personnel and discipline them. THE ARTICLE VII OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 1: Executive Power Laws to be executed and administered by the Executive: 1. Constitution 2. Statues enacted by Congress 3. Presidential Decrees 4. Executive Orders of the Presidents 5. Decision of the Courts Sections 2 and 3: Qualifications 1. Natural-born citizen of the Philippines 2. Registered voter 3. Able to read and write 4. 40 years old on the day of the election 5. Resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding the election Section 4: Term of Office Term of office is 6 years from noon of June 30, following the day of the election The President is ABSOLUTELY disqualified for any re-election but may be elected to lower positions. Vice President cannot serve for more than two successive terms but can still be eligible for election as president. A Vice President who has succeeded and served as president for more than 4 years (even in acting capacity) is disqualified for election to the same office at any other time. Voluntary renunciation of the OVP for any length of time does not interrupt the continuity of service for the full- term of 6 years Section 6: Residence and Compensation Malacañan palace is the official residence of the president. Compensation shall be determined by law but shall not receive any emoluments.  Cannot be increased but if ever increased, the incumbent president shall not benefit the increase until expiration of the term. President (P395, 898k) per month, Vice-President (P 343, 476k) per month Section 7: Presidential Succession Rules on succession 1. Permanent disability 2. Death 3. Resignation 4. Removal/Impeachment Section 18: Commander-In-Chief Power to control of the military, organization and personnel whether in peacetime or wartime Power to call out armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless, violence, invasion and rebellion Writ of habeas corpus Issued by a court of competent jurisdiction To produce the body of prisoner at a designated time and place Martial Law Laws that have reference to and are determined by the military forces of the State Applies when the military has not superseded civil authority but is called upon to aid in the execution of its vital functions Section 19: Executive Clemency Pardon is an act of grace proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws which exempts the individual who it is bestowed, from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime that has committed Absolute pardon, not subject to any conditions Conditional, subject to any conditions Remission, prevents collections of the fines or confiscation of forfeited property Amnesty, act of sovereign power granting oblivion or a general pardon for a past offense usually granted in favor of a certain classes of persons who have committed crime of political character such as treason, sedition, and rebellion Reprieve, postponement of the execution of a death sentence to a certain date Suspension, postponement of a sentence for an indefinite time Commute, reduction of sentence imposed to a lesser punishment, as from death to life imprisonment May be granted without the acceptance and even against the will of the convict Effect of pardon 1. Removes the penalties and disabilities ad restores the full civil and political rights 2. Does not discharge the civil liability of the convict to the individual they have wronged as the President has no power to pardon a private wrong 3. Does not restore offices, property, or rights vested in others in consequence of the conviction Section 21: Treaty Treaty is a compact agreement made between two or more countries Included are international organization of states, intended to create binding rights and obligations upon parties Also known as pact, convention, or charter ARTICLE VIII OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION: JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Section 1: Judicial power Scope of judicial power 1. Adjudicatory, settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable. To determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch of instrumentality of the government. 2. Power of judicial review, upon validity or constitutionality of the laws of the State and the acts of the other departments of the government, to interpret them, and to render binding judgments 3. Incidental power, are necessary to the effective discharge of judicial functions such as power to punish persons adjudged in contempt Section 4: Composition of Supreme Court Consist of 15 members including Chief Justice If there is vacancy, must be filled within 90 days  Section 7: Qualifications Supreme Court, Presiding Justice, Associate Justice of Court of Appeals: 1. Natural-born citizen 2. At least 40 years old 3. Has been engaged for at least 15 years or more as a judge of lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines Regional Trial Court: 1. Natural-born citizen 2. At least 35 years old 3. Has been engaged for at least 10 years in the practice of law in the Philippines or has held public office in the Philippines requiring admission to the practice of law as a indispensable requisite Metropolitan, Municipal and Municipal Circuit Trial Court: 1. Natural-born citizen 2. At least 30 years old 3. Has been engaged for at least 5 years in the practice of law in the Philippines or has held public office in the Philippines requiring admission to the practice of law as an indispensable requisite THREE BRANCHES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS LEGISLATIVE DEPARTEMENT EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT The law-making body. The law-enforcing body. The law-interpreting body. Power is vested in both the Power is exercised by the government Power is vested in the courts government and the two- under the leadership of president. with the Supreme Court of the chamber congress—the The President leads the country. He/she is Philippines as the highest Senate (the upper chamber) the head of state, leader of the national judicial body. and the House of government, and Commander in Chief of Headed by the Supreme Representatives (the lower all armed forces of the Philippines. The Court, which has a Chief chamber). President serves a six-year term and Justice as its head and 14 The Senate shall be cannot be re-elected. Associate Justices. composed of twenty-four The Vice President supports the President. Interprets the meaning of Senators who shall be elected If the President is unable to serve, the Vice laws, applies laws to at large by the qualified voters President becomes President. He/she individual cases, and decides of the Philippines, as may be serves a six-year term. if laws violate the provided by law. Cabinet members serve as advisors to the Constitution. The House of Representatives President. They include the Vice President Judicial power includes the shall be composed of not and the heads of executive departments. duty of the courts of justice to more than two hundred and Cabinet members are nominated by the settle actual controversies fifty members, unless President and must be confirmed by the involving rights which are otherwise fixed by law. Commission of Appointments. legally demandable and enforceable. LOCAL GOVERNMENT Political subdivisions of a nation or state Constituted by law and has substantial control affairs, with officials elected or otherwise locally selected RA 7160 or Local Government Code of 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN THE PHILIPPINES Barangay Venue to consider the collective views of its residents and to resolve disputes Created out of “contiguous territory” with a 2, 000 inhabitants Except cities and municipalities under metropolitan or highly urbanized cities with 5k inhabitants Chairman Seven members of Sangguniang Barangay Chairman of Sangguniang Kabataan Municipality Group of barangays and the Code provides that the municipality must serve Annual income must be at least 2.5M (1991) with 25k inhabitants and minimum contiguous territory of 50 square kilometres Municipal Mayor  Vice-Mayor Members of Sangguniang Bayan City More urbanized and developed barangays Coordination and delivery of basic, regular and direct services to the residents within his territory Two-component and highly urbanized 20M annual income (1991) Contiguous territory at least 100 square kilometers 150k inhabitants Component city likewise be independent of the province Independent component cities prohibits its voters from voting provincial elective officials Highly urbanized city not less than 200k and 50M annual income Mayor, Vice-Mayor, Sangguniang Panlungsod Province Largest unit in the political structure of the Philippines Political and corporate unit for development processes and effective governance of local government units 20M annual income (1991) 2k square kilometers and 250 inhabitants Governor, Vice-Governor and Sanguniang Panlalawigan WEEK 7 ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES Article V of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Suffrage Section 1: Suffrage Right and obligation of qualified Filipino citizen to vote in the national and local elections in the decision of public questions submitted to them. Merely a privilege to be given to the citizens by the law making power Subject to constitutional limitations. Classified as a political right, such as election, enabling every citizen to participate in the process of government to assure that it derived its power from the consent governed. Scope of suffrage 1. Election - people choose for definite and fixed periods and to whom they entrust, from the time being as their representatives, the exercise of powers of government. 2. Initiative - power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose and enact legislation (Constitution, Statutes, Local Legislation). 3.Referendum - power of the electorate to approve or reject legislation through an election called for the purpose (Statutes and Local Law). 4. Plebiscite - popular vote of the people expressing their view within their choice for or against a proposed law submitted to them. 5. Recall - a public officer may be removed from the office during their tenure or before the expiration of the term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified voter. Types of election 1. Regular - election of officers either nationwide or in certain sub-divisions thereof, after the expiration of the full term of the former officers. 2. Special - held to fill a vacancy in office before the expiration of the full term for which the incumbent was elected. Qualification of voters 1. Citizen of the Philippines (male or female) 2. Not otherwise disqualified by law 3. At least 18 years of age 4. Resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months preceding the election. Who are disqualified to vote? 1. Person sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year, such disability not having removed by plenary pardon or granted amnesty. But such person shall automatically require to vote upon expiration of five years after service of the sentence. 2. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority. This person is not qualified to vote even if they have the necessary qualifications. Party System – It is referred to as the interactions of parties with each other. The party system is not equated to parties because a party system is seen as macro perspective whereas parties are micro perspective just focusing on the particular party. Political Party - Group of people organized for the purpose of winning government power by electoral or other means. It is also a voluntary association of individuals who advocate certain principles or policies as superior to all others for the general conduct of government and which nominates and supports certain of its leaders as electoral candidates. Types of Political party Major parties - correspond typically to traditional parties Minor parties or party-list organization - rely on the party-list system to win Congressional seats Regional or Provincial parties - correspond to a region-wide or province-wide organization CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT Civil Society is comprised of groups or organizations working in the interest and will of the citizens but operating outside of the governmental and for-profit factors. Civil Society is a crucial factor in development and shaping of events in a country. It can influence both government and economy. SOCIAL MOVEMENT Defined as a particular form of collective behavior wherein the impetus to act comes from the attitudes and aspirations of its members. Rather than necessitating a formal membership, being a member of a social movement demands deep-seated conviction and commitment. Social movements are a specific type of group action in which large informal groups of individuals or organizations work for or against change in specific political or social issues. For Hague and Harrop, Social Movements consist of people from outside the mainstream who come together to seek a common objective through an unorthodox challenge to existing political order. Social Movements seek to introduce what they believe are reforms and positive changes to the existing order. WEEK 8 ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP Citizenship (Article IV) Section 1. Citizens of the Philippines are the following: Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. Section 2. states that the Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Citizenship by birth have two categories, 1. Jus Soli or loci is determined by place of birth 2. Jus Sanguinis is determined by blood relations. Citizen – A member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State. Citizens may be regarded by all nations either born in their territories or born of their citizens, or it could be both. Citizenship – It denotes membership of a citizen in a political society which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the members and duty of protection on the part of the state. QUALITIES OF GOOD CITIZEN: Galston (1991) listed four types of civic virtues of citizen that are required for a flourishing democracy. It is the morality or a standard of righteous behavior in relationship to a citizen's involvement in society. 1. General virtues (courage, law-abidingness, loyalty), 2. Social virtues (independence; open-mindedness), 3. Economic virtues (work ethic; capacity to delay work gratification; adaptability to economic and technological change, and 4. Political virtues (capacity to discern and respect the rights of others, willingness to demand only what can be paid for; ability to evaluate the performance and willingness to discourse. (Galston 1991, 221-4 cited in Kymlicka and Norman 2010,7). A blog journal posted by Fabrega introduced 10 ways to show good citizenship. This can also be helpful in strengthening one’s qualities. 1. A good citizen is patriotic, it is being proud to the country, its cultural values and identity. 2. Modeling good qualities, one’s people sees it they might follow it, then it channeled to one person to another. 3. Be productive, it makes positive contribution not to oneself but to the society. 4. Be informed, remember that knowledge is power 5. Be vigilant, to ascertain that government is doing well. 6. Be socially active, participation to solve the problem makes the problem less complicated. 7. Be politically active, exercise your rights. 8. Be a mentor, make your own mark of legacy. 9. Be well-rounded, be more productive develop more skills and acquire more information 10. Make yourself order, start small create order in everything. Active Citizenship Active citizenship is someone who takes a role in the community (Tisch, 2010). With the issues confronting the society active participation is important. It’s an old saying the body cannot fully function without its parts. Therefore, every citizen must uphold the law and perform its duties and responsibilities supporting the governments’ good projects or programs to achieve common goals. As Chinese philosopher Confucius once said the following: “To put the world in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must first put the family in order; to put the family in order; we must first cultivate our personal life; we must first set our hearts right.” POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND YOUTH EMPOWERMENT Who are the Youths? RA 8044 Youth in Nation Building Act of 1995 Critical period in a person’s growth and development from the onset of adolescence towards the peak of mature, self-reliant and responsible adulthood comprising the considerable sector of population form the age of 15 and 30 years old Article II section 13 of the 1987 Constitution “The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs” Sangguniang Kabataan Ferdinand Marcos enshrined youth participation in politics Kabataang Barangay (KB) or Village Youth KB’s demise was concurrent with the return of constitutional democracy in the aftermath of 1986 Unique representation in the grass root level Under Local Government Code of 1991, provides for the election of barangay youth councils by those from 15 to 18 years of age SK president is automatic member of municipal or city council aside from participation in local policy-making SK receives 10% from barangay budget to implement youth-oriented welfare programs National Youth Commission Under RA 8044, it provides that NYC shall be the policy-making body of all youth –related institutions, programs, projects, and activities of the government NYC specifically addresses surrounding the Filipino Youth