Philippine Politics and Governance PDF

AL-GHAFAR L. ABDULHAMID 0 Preface This RIGHT Learning Kit for HMS111: Philippine Politics and Governance is aligned with the competencies of the K–12 Basic Education Curriculum set by the Department of Education. This module is designed interactively to cater the needs and demands of the 21 st-Century education. The course, based on its curriculum guide, introduces the learners to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics and governance from a historical-institutional perspective. In particular, it attempts to explain how the important features of our country’s political structures/institutions, processes, and relationships developed across time. In the process, the course helps the learners gain a better appreciation of their rights and responsibilities as individuals and as members of the larger sociopolitical community to strengthen their civic competence. The course is divided into 4 units: ⮚ Unit 1 – Basic Concepts in Politics, where learners understand important political concepts such as basic terms and ideas, political ideologies, and the elements of state; ⮚ Unit 2 – History and Structure of the Philippine Government, where learners go through the different branches of the Philippine government and its evolution in history; ⮚ Unit 3 – Local Government, where learners understand the complexities of our basic government units in the community; ⮚ Unit 4 – The Electoral System, where learners can go through the different electoral systems and political organizations and parties and how they engage with government and various stakeholders. At the end of the course, we envision our learners to be agents of change in the field of politics wherein they are active in political issues and can derive research-based opinions on social issues of the country. They can also spark ideas for youth empowerment and active citizenship. To facilitate academic performance, Written Works (WW) are given to make sure learners can express skills and content in written form. Performance Tasks (PT) let learners translate knowledge and skills in diverse and real-life learning situations, finally, Quarterly Assessments (QA) will measure learning at the end of every quarter. This RIGHT Learning Kit is prepared by Rovic John F. Eslao, LPT and Al-Ghafar L. Abdulhamid LPT from the Ateneo de Zamboanga University Senior High School for the school year 2022-2023. Special thanks to the members of SHS Module Quality Assurance Team for their assistance in finalizing this learning kit. i Table of Contents UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS.................................................................................... 1 LESSON 1: POLITICAL SCIENCE 101......................................................................................... 1 CONTEXT.................................................................................................................................. 1 EXPERIENCE............................................................................................................................. 1 Prelection................................................................................................................................. 1 Notes........................................................................................................................................ 2 Practice.................................................................................................................................. 12 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 14 Generalization........................................................................................................................ 14 EVALUATION......................................................................................................................... 15 Performance task #1: Essay on Philippine Politics.................................................................. 15 LESSON 2: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES....................................................................................... 17 CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 17 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 17 Prelection............................................................................................................................... 17 Notes...................................................................................................................................... 18 Practice.................................................................................................................................. 26 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 29 Generalization........................................................................................................................ 29 EVALUATION......................................................................................................................... 30 Performance Task #2: Ideology Inventory.............................................................................. 30 UNIT II: HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT..................... 34 CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 34 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 34 Prelection............................................................................................................................... 34 Notes...................................................................................................................................... 35 CURRENT STRUCTURE.......................................................................................................... 43 Notes...................................................................................................................................... 43 Practice.................................................................................................................................. 60 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 64 Generalization........................................................................................................................ 64 ii EVALUATION......................................................................................................................... 65 Performance Task #2: Position Paper on the National Government......................................... 65 UNIT III: LOCAL GOVERNMENT......................................................................................... 68 LESSON 1: THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991.................................................. 68 CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 68 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 68 Prelection.............................................................................................................................. 68 Notes..................................................................................................................................... 69 Practice................................................................................................................................. 74 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 76 Generalization...................................................................................................................... 76 LESSON 2: LOCAL GOVERNANCE....................................................................................... 77 CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 77 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 77 Prelection............................................................................................................................... 77 Concept Notes....................................................................................................................... 78 Practice................................................................................................................................. 81 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 83 Generalization...................................................................................................................... 83 EVALUATION......................................................................................................................... 84 Performance Task #1: Position Paper on the Local Government............................................. 84 UNIT IV: THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM................................................................................... 87 LESSON 1: ELECTIONS........................................................................................................... 87 CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 87 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 87 Prelection.............................................................................................................................. 87 Notes..................................................................................................................................... 88 Practice................................................................................................................................. 92 REFLECTION........................................................................................................................... 94 Generalization...................................................................................................................... 94 EVALUATION......................................................................................................................... 95 Written Work #2: Position Paper on Elections........................................................................ 95 LESSON 2: POLITICAL AND CIVIC GROUPS.................................................................... 97 iii CONTEXT................................................................................................................................ 97 EXPERIENCE........................................................................................................................... 97 Prelection.............................................................................................................................. 97 Notes..................................................................................................................................... 98 Practice............................................................................................................................... 104 REFLECTION......................................................................................................................... 106 Generalization.................................................................................................................... 106 EVALUATION....................................................................................................................... 107 Performance Task #2: Political Party.................................................................................... 107 FINAL PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT.................................................................... 109 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 112 Note: Table of Contents is clickable in PDF format iv UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICS LESSON 1: POLITICAL SCIENCE 101 CONTEXT Learning Competencies At the end of the lesson, learners can: 1. Explain the concept, relationship and importance of politics, governance and government. 2. Explain citizenship. Value Integration Culture, Character, and Conscience EXPERIENCE Prelection Instructions: Before proceeding to the lesson, write your ideas and understanding on the (I) part and answer the follow-up. Is the Philippines a State or a Nation? Why? How? I R F (Initial) (Revised) (Final) 1 FOLLOW UP: 1. What does the state or nation have to do with political science? 2. What problems/issues do political science try to solve or study? Notes DEFINITION OF POLITICS Politics refers to the art or science of government concerned with the proper management of the affairs of the society. Politics is the study of “who gets what, when and how” as Harold Laswell states. Who gets power, authority, and leadership? Politics indeed could also be viewed as a social activity wherein there is an interaction between and among the members of the society to resolve disagreements and conflicts to attain common solutions. Also, politics is said to be a natural outgrowth of human development having capable of reasoning that named man as a political animal (Dooley et, al., 2013). Politics is the exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective decisions, the allocations of scarce resources and the practice of deception and manipulation. Moreover, Politics consists of people acting politically, by organizing political interest groups and trying to induce governments to act in ways that will promote their interests over those of their opponents. To further understand politics, it must start by knowing something about how people acquire their political beliefs, values, and notions of how they act and should act politically. Politics as an activity that involves the interaction of people, whose relationship is characterized by conflict and cooperation, and who together solve such disagreements through binding solutions. However, politics is no utopian solution. There are disagreements that remain as such. (Heywood, 2013) Any form of social interaction that involves the art of government, public affairs, compromising and consensus, or power and distribution of resources is politics. 2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science is derived from the Greek words: “Polis” (meaning “city”) and “Scire” (meaning “to know”). Political Science is a social science regarding the practice and theory of politics, the analysis of the political systems, and the study of political behavior. It also analyzes the state and the relations people have with the government (Jacobsohn). Political Science is a course discipline which https://www.unk.edu/academics/psci/political-science-7-12-teaching-subject-endorsement.php possesses core competencies, knowledge and skills that imbue the learners the understanding, appreciation and application of the legitimate purpose of the study. Therefore, political science is to foster nationalism, knowledge and understanding of the government with regard to the State, and political education for the citizens of the nation. 3 Scopes of Political Science Political Theory Public Law Public Administration is the body of doctrines relating Organization of the is focused on the 3 methods in to the origin, form, behavior government body; actual management of the state Limitations upon government and purposes of the state are affairs through Executive, authority; dealt with in this study. Powers and duties of legislative, and judicial Ex: government offices and branches of the government. Natural Law- Divine Right officials; and Power-might makes right The obligations of one state Social Contract to another. LEARNING ANCHOR: What specific issues or topics do political science study about? How? 3 THE STATE State is a community of persons permanently occupying a demarcated territory, having a government of their own and freedom from external control ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 1. People – This refers to the mass of the 2. Territory – Includes not only the land over population living within the state. There is no which the jurisdiction of the state extends, but also requirement as to the number of people that the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the should compose a state. But it should be neither sea which abuts upon its coasts and the air space too small nor too large: small enough to be well- above it. The smallest state in point of territory is governed and large enough to be self- sufficing. Vatican located just outside the western boundary Without people there can be no functionaries to of Rome with an area of only 1/6 square mile or govern and no subjects to be governed. 0.43 square kilometer. It would fit in Arena Blanco, Zamboanga City. 3. Government – It refers to the agency (which 4. Sovereignty – It is the supreme power of the the will of the state is formulated, expressed and state to command and enforce obedience to its will carried out) through which the will of the state is from people within its jurisdiction, and to have formulated, expressed and carried out. It also freedom from foreign control. refers to the person or aggregate of those persons a. Internal or the power of the state to rule within in whose hands are placed for the time being the its territory. function of political control. b. External or the freedom of the state to carry out Classifications of Government its activities without subjection or control by Government de facto (The factual right to do so) Government de jure (The legal right to do so) other states 4 LEARNING ANCHOR: 1. What is the significance of the elements in the state? 2. Is Zamboanga City a state? Explain your answer. 5 THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE 1. Police Power 2. Eminent domain 3. Power of Taxation This is the power vested in the This is the right of the State An inherent power of the Legislature by the Constitution to acquire private property state exercised through to make, ordain, and establish all for public use upon payment legislature, to impose manner of wholesome and of just compensation and burdens upon subjects and reasonable laws, statutes and observance of due process. objects within its ordinances, either with penalties jurisdiction, for the purpose or without, not repugnant to the Basis: It is based on genuine of raising revenues to carry Constitution, for the good and necessity and that necessity out the legitimate objects of welfare of the State and its must be of public character. the government. subjects. It must be reasonable and practicable such that it Purpose: Basis: This power is based on would greatly benefit the For raising revenue to carry the legal maxim “salus populi public with the least out the legitimate objects of est suprema lex” (the voice of inconvenience and expense the government the people is the supreme law). to the condemning party ad property owner consistent Revenue Objective – To Requisites: with such benefit. build a just and human 1. Interest of the public is society and the general, not that of particular Requisites: establishment of a class 1. There must be taking of government under certain 2. means used are reasonably public property. ideals and aspirations. necessary for the purpose, and 2. It must be for public use not unduly oppressive upon 3. There must be just individuals compensation LEARNING ANCHOR: How are the inherent powers of the state are exercised? Provide examples to each. 6 STATE V. NATION V. GOVERNMENT Nation State Government An ethnic concept A political concept Agent of the State May or may not be independent from Not subject to external State cannot exist without control government external control Single nation may be May consist one or more Gov't may change but the made up of several states peoples State remains the same Source: 7 LEARNING ANCHOR: Instructions: Before proceeding to the next parts, revise your initial answer in answering the question below. Is the Philippines a State or a Nation? Why? How? I R F (Initial) (Revised) (Final) GOVERNANCE The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance. https://mpost.io/glossary/governance/ 8 Good Governance Good governance has eight major characteristics: Participation Rule of law Participation by both men and women is a Good governance requires fair legal key cornerstone of good governance. frameworks that are enforced impartially. It Participation could be either direct or through also requires full protection of human rights, legitimate intermediate institutions or particularly those of minorities. Impartial representatives. enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. Transparency Responsiveness Transparency means that decisions taken Good governance requires that institutions and their enforcement are done in a manner and processes try to serve all stakeholders that follows rules and regulations. It also within a reasonable timeframe. means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. Consensus-oriented Equity and inclusiveness There are several actors and as many view A society’s well-being depends on ensuring points in a given society. Good governance that all its members feel that they have a stake requires mediation of the different interests in in it and do not feel excluded from the society to reach a broad consensus in society mainstream of society. This requires all on what is in the best interest of the whole groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, community and how this can be achieved. have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Effectiveness and efficiency Accountability Good governance means that processes and Accountability is a key requirement of institutions produce results that meet the needs good governance. Not only governmental of society while making the best use of institutions but also the private sector and civil resources at their disposal. society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. LEARNING ANCHOR: 1. Which among the characteristics of good governance do you like to see in our government the most? Why? 9 2. List characteristics of good governance that is visible in our government today. 3. Justify your answers from the previous question by citing examples of actions of the current administration, either of the national or the local government. CITIZENSHIP Citizenship, relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection. (www.britannica.com) Citizenship implies the status of freedom with accompanying responsibilities. (www.britannica.com) Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and the duty of protection on the part of the state. (Hector De Leon et al., 2014) https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/vector-philippines-state- flag-formed-by-crowd-of-cartoon-people-gm909019542- 250384493?phrase=election%20in%20the%20philippines Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State. Along with other citizens, they compose the political community. Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution: The following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; (2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; (3) Those born before January 17. 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. 10 General ways of acquiring citizenship. 1. By birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth; and 2. By naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of conquest or treaty. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) Jus soli (right of soil) Blood relationship is the basis for the Place of birth serves as the basis for acquiring acquisition of citizenship under this rule. The citizenship under this rule. A person becomes a children follow the citizenship of the parents or citizen of the state where he is born irrespective one of them. This is the predominating principle of the citizenship of the parents. This principle in the Philippines. prevails in the United States. It does not mean though that the principle of jus sanguinis is not likewise recognized. Art. IV Sec 2 Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Art. IV Sec 3 Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. Art. IV Sec 4 Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it. Art. IV Sec 5 Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law. 11 Practice WORKSHEET 1 – WHAT IS POLITICS? Instructions: In your own words, define the meaning of politics, government, and governance in and place them on their respective boxes. Then, on the triangle part, write the relationship of the said words to each other. After which, write the importance of the three to our society today by on the circle. Politics Government Governance 12 WORKSHEET 2 – THE RIPPLE DIAGRAM Instructions: Using the ripple diagram, answer the following questions about citizenship. How does the constitution and society define citizenship? What is the importance of citizenship? How do you define citizenship? 13 REFLECTION Generalization Instructions: Based on your initial and revised answers to the question below, formulate your final answer incorporating all the insights you learned. Is the Philippines a State or a Nation? Why? I R F (Initial) (Revised) (Final) 14 EVALUATION Performance Task #1: Essay on Philippine Politics Instructions: You are to write an essay that will describe in your own words the politics of this country, its strengths and failures, based on your definitions in the previous worksheets. At the same time, based on your definition of citizenship, what can you contribute to our country’s politics. The essay should follow this format: Font style: Times New Roman Font size: 12 Spacing: 1.5 Alignment: Justified You may write your online or working draft here: 15 RUBRIC CRITERIA NEEDS OUTSTANDING PROFICIENT AVERAGE FAIR IMPROVEMENT (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) There is an There is one attempt to focus clear, well- There is one The outputs CONTENT QUALITY the essay on a There is no focus focused topic. clear, well- appear to have /20 clear well- on details. The X4 Main ideas are focused topic. one topic. Main focused topic. essay is poor in clear and Main ideas are ideas are Main ideas are general. described clear. somehow clear. somehow thoroughly. scattered. Sources are cited properly with APA format and Some sources are arranged by Sources are cited Some sources are REFERENCES cited properly parts depending properly with cited properly with APA /5 on their use in APA format. with APA format Very few sources X1 format. the output. References are but some are not were used. References are References are relevant to the relevant to the relevant to the relevant to the topic. topic. topic. topic and diverse in terms of its sources. The topic COMPLETENESS includes items The topic The topic lacks The topic lacks The topic lacks that are beyond includes ALL more than two more than 50% /15 one required item X3 the minimum items that are required items of the required based on the requirements required in the based on the items in the guidelines. based on the guidelines. guidelines. guidelines. guidelines. The introduction An introduction is inviting, and states the main states the main topic. There is an COHERENCE topic. Information is introduction. Information is There is an The ideas are not /10 relevant and Information is X2 relevant and attempt to make organized and presented in a somehow logical. presented in a the essay logical. illogical. logical order. There is a logical order. The recommendation. The recommendation recommendation s are strong. s are strong. 16 LESSON 2: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES CONTEXT Learning Competencies At the end of the lesson, learners can: 1. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc.); 2. Differentiate the political ideologies; 3. Recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power. Value Integration Culture, Character, and Conscience EXPERIENCE Prelection Instructions: Using the arrows below, answer the following question based on your own understanding. What does it mean to be part of the left wing in politics? What words are associated with the “political left”? What does it mean to be part of the right wing in politics? What words are associated with the “political right”? 17 Notes POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES The term was created during the French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), and first used in public in 1796. For de Tracy, ideologies referred to a new ‘science of idea’, or an idea-ology, like in biology or psychology. The use of ideology as a political term has a lot to do with the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883). According to Marx, the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas. Like the class which the ruling material https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-political-ideology-can- force of society, is at the same time the ruling intellectual impact-the-success-of-mas/ force. An ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. All ideologies therefore have the following features:. they offer an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a ‘worldview’; a. they advance a model of a desired future, a vision of the ‘good society’; and b. they explain how political change can and should be brought about - how to get from (a) to (b). The following presents a way of looking at this world, particularly in terms of power relations, the type of change that is sought and ways on how to achieve it, and a view of the desired future. Before we focus on the major political ideologies, it is important to present first the spectrum of political attitudes. 18 For more information, access this YouTube link: LEFT is a broad ideological https://www.history.com/topics/korea/north-korea- history disposition that is characterized by sympathy for principles such as liberty, equality, fraternity and progress. It is often associated with preference for equality and common ownership. RIGHT is a broad ideological disposition that is characterized by sympathy for principles such as authority, order, hierarchy and duty. It is often associated with free https://truthout.org/articles/this-is-what-a-revolution- enterprise and private ownership. looks-like/ 19 Left and Right Political Spectrum Left wing Anarchism is a political philosophy advocating for a society characterized by the absence of government and hierarchical authority. It envisions a system where individuals and communities organize themselves voluntarily, relying on mutual cooperation, consensus-based decision-making, and shared resources. Anarchists reject the idea that a centralized authority is necessary for social order, instead believing that people are capable of self- governance and can collectively address their needs and challenges. It emphasizes equality, autonomy, and the dismantling of oppressive structures, aiming for a more decentralized and just way of living together. Communism is a socio-political ideology that envisions a classless, stateless society where all property and resources are collectively owned and shared by the community. It seeks to eliminate social inequalities by eradicating private ownership of means of production, such as factories and land, and distributing goods and services based on need rather than profit. In a communist system, there is no central government; instead, decisions are made collectively through direct democracy or representative bodies. This ideology emerged as a response to the perceived injustices of capitalist societies and aims to create a more egalitarian and cooperative way of organizing society. However, in practice, many attempts to implement communism have resulted in various forms of state socialism, where a centralized government still plays a significant role. Socialism is a socio-economic system that advocates for collective or government ownership and management of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services. It seeks to address economic inequalities and promote a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources. In a socialist system, key industries and resources are commonly owned and operated for the benefit of all members of society rather than being in private hands. The aim is to prioritize social welfare, providing essential services like healthcare, education, and social security to all citizens. While there are various forms of socialism, ranging from democratic socialism that combines elements of market economies with government intervention, to more centrally planned models, all share a fundamental commitment to reducing economic disparities and ensuring a basic standard of living for all members of society. Liberalism is a political and philosophical framework that emphasizes individual rights, personal freedoms, and the rule of law as fundamental principles for a just and prosperous society. It advocates for limited government intervention in the economy, preferring free markets and competition to drive economic prosperity. Liberals believe in equality of opportunity, social tolerance, and the protection of civil liberties. They champion democratic governance and the separation of powers, seeking to ensure that political authority is accountable and responsive to the needs of the citizens. Liberalism encompasses a range of perspectives, from classical liberalism, which emphasizes minimal government interference, to modern liberalism, which acknowledges a role for government in addressing social inequalities and providing essential services like education and healthcare. – “Left Political Spectrum Anarchism, Communism, Socialism, Liberalism” (OpenAI, 2023). 20 Right wing Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the preservation of established traditions, institutions, and values in society. It seeks to maintain stability and resist abrupt or radical changes, preferring gradual reform over revolutionary upheaval. Conservatives often advocate for limited government intervention in the economy, favoring free markets and individual initiative. They place importance on personal responsibility, a strong national defense, and a respect for established cultural norms. While conservatism can encompass a range of viewpoints, from traditionalist conservatism that prioritizes cultural continuity, to fiscal conservatism that emphasizes economic prudence, all forms share a common inclination towards preserving and safeguarding existing social structures and practices. Monarchism is a political ideology that supports the idea of a monarchy, where a single individual, often hereditary, holds significant political power as the head of state. This person, known as the monarch, typically inherits their position, and their authority is not determined by popular election. Monarchists argue that a stable and enduring monarchy can provide continuity, stability, and a sense of national identity. They believe that a monarch, due to their lifelong commitment and lack of political party affiliations, can act as a unifying figure for a nation. While monarchism has evolved over time, modern constitutional monarchies often blend elements of traditional monarchy with democratic governance, where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution and real political authority lies with elected officials. Nazism, short for National Socialism, was a far-right political ideology that emerged in Germany in the early 20th century. It was the driving force behind Adolf Hitler's regime from 1933 to 1945. Nazism combined extreme nationalism with elements of racism, anti-Semitism, and authoritarianism. It advocated for a racially "pure" and homogeneous society, viewing Aryan Germans as superior and seeking to exclude or eliminate other groups, particularly Jews. The Nazi party aimed to establish a totalitarian state with strict control over all aspects of public and private life. This included aggressive territorial expansion, which led to World War II. The Holocaust, one of the most heinous genocides in history, resulted from the Nazis' systematic attempt to annihilate millions of Jews and other targeted groups. Nazism is universally condemned for its atrocities and is a potent reminder of the dangers of extreme political ideologies. Fascism is a far-right political ideology characterized by authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, and the suppression of dissenting voices. It emerged in the early 20th century and gained prominence in Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler. Fascists seek to create a centralized, dictatorial government led by a single charismatic leader, often emphasizing militarism and glorifying notions of racial or national superiority. They reject individual freedoms and civil liberties, instead promoting the subordination of the individual to the interests of the state. Fascism also frequently targets marginalized groups, employing discrimination and persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political beliefs. This ideology is widely condemned for its aggressive expansionism, human rights abuses, and the devastation it wrought during World War II. – “Right Political Spectrum, Conservatism, Monarchism, Nazism, Fascism” (OpenAI 2023). 21 IDEOLOGIES AND THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY TRY IT: If you want to know your personal ideology, you may try using the Political Compass. Disclaimer: It is not a perfect tool to identify your ideology since there are many ways on how to identify. The politics of the Philippines takes place in an organized framework of a presidential, representative, and democratic republic whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. One may ask how political ideologies have affected Philippine politics and society. Ideologies are critical in a country’s political life as they make and unmake regimes and governments. In the Philippines, ideologies remain to be sharpened and fashioned to the country’s needs and demands for development. Many of the solutions proposed by various ideologies are shaped by the way the national problems are defined and seen. (Buendia, 1992). While the larger portion of the Philippine society is not motivated by any ideology, several groups, political parties, and sections of the country expose certain ideologies. These organizations and their ideologies continue to compete in offering solutions and programs of government to respond to the nation’s problems 22 LEARNING ANCHOR: 1. Which values and beliefs were materialized in the Philippine political history? 2. Has liberalism triumphed over other beliefs in our country? 3. Has communism weakened in the Philippines? Why or why not? 23 NATURE OF POWER http://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-power-and- leadership/ Power is the ability to influence another—the way one thinks or behaves—in a manner not of his or her own choosing (Lasswell 1936). It thus involves one’s capacity to get things done, and to make someone do something he or she would not otherwise do. – Political power involves three interrelated concepts: legitimacy, authority, and sovereignty. According to Roskin et al. (2012), legitimacy refers to the people’s perception that their government rules rightfully, and thus must be obeyed. Sovereignty, on the other hand, speaks of the ability of a national government to be the sole leader, which has the last word of law in that society. Lastly, authority is seen as the political leader’s ability to command respect and exercise power. MAIN FORMS OF POWER 1. Influence is the ability to persuade others to do your will, to convince them to want to do what you want them to do. 2. Coercion is the deliberate subjection of one will to another through fear of harm or threats of harm. 3. Authority is a form of power in which people obey commands not because they have been rationally or emotionally persuaded or because they fear the consequences of disobedience, but simply because they respect the source of the command DIMENSIONS OF POWER Power as decision-making - Power is perceived as the influence on the content of decisions. Who decides, what to be made, and how to execute such decisions all involve power. Power as agenda-setting - Power involves the ability to set or control political agenda, highlighting one at the exclusion of other issues. Power as thought control - Power is seen as an ideological indoctrination or a psychological control where one has the ability to change or shape how another thinks or behaves. (Heywood, 2013) 24 Practice WORKSHEET 1 – POLITICAL SPECTRUM Instructions: Using the worksheet below, write at least two statements per column about the following issues that best describes the different perspectives using the political spectrum. Political Spectrum Issue LEFT RIGHT Legalizatio n of same- sex marriage in the Philippines Proliferatio n of political dynasties in Philippine politics 25 WORKSHEET 2 – POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES Instructions: Read and analyze the article in which the QR code is given below. Write at least two opposing statements on the issue in the news article and elaborate each stance thoroughly. Issue: LEFT RIGHT How does the dominant ideology exercises power? 26 WORKSHEET 3 – POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES 2.0 Instructions: Choose a current and trending social or political issue in the Philippines and then provide supporting statements that are appropriate in each spectrum. Issue: LEFT RIGHT How does the dominant ideology exercises power? 27 REFLECTION Generalization Instructions: Based on the current issues that you mostly hear nowadays, choose (1) among them and then explain your view on both sides based on the concept of political ideologies. Write your stance on their proper columns. LEFT RIGHT OVER-ALL CONCLUSION: 28 EVALUATION Performance Task #1: Ideology Inventory Goal To clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how it can be studied. Role Campaign Manager Audience Party Committee Members Your party is up for elections next year. You were tasked by the party committee to review the ideologies and ideas that your party stands for. During their next Situation meeting, you are expected to present the political issues that the party needs to prioritize. Product Ideology Inventory Standard Quality of Content, References, Coherence, and Construction Instructions: Among the issues you have explored during the course of Unit I, write an essay answering these guide questions: 1. What are your Top 3 preferred political phenomena/issues? Expound the criteria you used to choose them. 2. Why is it a problem? How can political science address or study those phenomena/issues? 3. What concepts in political science can be seen in the phenomena/issues? Expound each by citing pieces of evidences. 4. Based on the political spectrum and your preferred ideology/ies, articulate your personal position statements about those political phenomena/issues. Highlight them in the essay. Write the essay in the box found in the succeeding pages or in a Microsoft Word Document using the layout format: Font Style: Times New Roman Font Size: 12 Line and Paragraph Spacing: 1.5 Alignment: Justify 29 RUBRIC NEEDS OUTSTANDIN PROFICIENT AVERAGE FAIR IMPROVEM G (4) (3) (2) ENT (5) (1) The essay clearly identifies a The essay clearly Political specific political The essay The essay identifies a The essay Science phenomenon and somehow does not specific political identifies a Concepts how it can be identifies a identifies a phenomenon and political X6 studied and political political how it can be phenomenon. /30 provide real-life phenomenon. phenomenon. studied. examples to prove their claim. The essay was The essay was The position The position able to articulate able to articulate statements are statements are Political position position provided but provided but The essay has Ideologies statements with statements that its connection has no no position X6 reasons that are are based on to political connection to statements. /30 based on political political ideologies are political ideologies. ideologies. not clear. ideologies. Sources are cited properly with APA format and Some sources Sources are cited arranged by parts are cited properly with References depending on properly with Very few APA format. No sources X3 their use in the APA format. sources were References are were used. /15 essay. References References are used. relevant to the are relevant to the relevant to the topic. topic and diverse topic. in terms of its sources. The essay includes answers The essay was The essay was The essay was Completene that are beyond The essay not able to not able to not able to ss the guide answered ALL answer one answer more answer more X2 questions yet the guide guide than one guide than two guide /10 enriched the questions. question. question. questions. content of the essay. The introduction is inviting, and An introduction There is an states the main states the main introduction. topic. topic. Information There is an Coherence Information is The ideas are Information is is relevant and attempt to X2 somehow not organized relevant and presented in a make the /10 logical. There and illogical. presented in a logical order. The essay logical. is a logical order. The conclusion is conclusion. conclusion is strong. strong and 30 provided recommendations. All sentences are well constructed and Most sentences Some of the Few have varied are well sentences sentences Sentences structure and constructed and have varied have varied are not well length. The have varied structure and structure and thought of. Constructio author makes no structure and length. There length. There There are n errors in length. There are at least are at least more than 6 X1 grammar, are at least one three to four five to six grammar or /5 mechanics, to two grammar, grammar or grammars or spelling and/or spelling spelling errors spelling spelling errors found that interferes found in the errors found errors found in the essay. with the essay. in the essay. in the essay. meaning of the essay. TOTAL____ /100 31 32 UNIT II: HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT CONTEXT Learning Competencies At the end of the lesson, the learners can: 1. Analyze the roles and powers of the executive branch of the government; 2. Differentiate the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives; 3. Describe and analyze the different stages in the evolution of Philippine politics and governance; 4. Analyze the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary. 5. Values Integration Competence, Culture, and Compassion EXPERIENCE Prelection Instructions: Based on the picture below and your knowledge, how would you describe the way Filipinos in the old times govern themselves? Write your answers on the empty area. 33 Notes BASIC PRINCIPLES ON BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT THE CURRENT SETUP OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT Source: Philippine Information Agency One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary.  The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress.  The Executive branch carries out laws passed by the legislative branch. They ensure that all of these laws are implemented and executed properly.  The Judicial branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. 34 PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BEFORE 1565) Philippines is an archipelago organized into several independent and self-sufficient political units known as barangay/s and headed by a chief called datu. The datu held the legislative, executive and judicial powers; and also served as the head of the military. In Luzon and Visayas, the datu were part of the ruling class called the maginoo; ginoo was a title of respect for both men and women. The datu were defined by their https://esielcabrera.wordpress.com/2016/02/26/philippine-literature-during-pre- own following (dulohan or barangay). colonial-period/ Usually, four to ten datu lived with their dulohan in a bayan (town). These datu should not be confused with Luzon and Visayas’ paramount chiefs, known as the lakan or rajah, and kadatoan respectively, who dominated the seaports and deltas for control of trade (Scott, 1994). Datu were expected to govern their people with fairness and to settle disputes, to protect them from enemies and to lead them in battle. In exchange, the people rendered their labor, tribute, and tangible support to their leadership (Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office, 2015). In Mindanao, while the social organizations in communities were like those in Luzon and Visayas, some areas that were Islamized developed centralized governments headed by a sultan— a position inherited by a direct descent in a royal bloodline who could claim the allegiances of the datu. This semi-mythical genealogical record of the ancestors of the sultan, called the tarsila, legitimized the sultan’s claim to power (Majul, 1985). A sultan had his own followers, like those of the datus, but there were subordinate datus under him. During this period, the barangays already held a legal system. Most of the laws, were evolved based on native customs and traditions, were unwritten and were passed on from one genre to the next by oral tradition. In terms of justice, a system trial in the form of trial by ordeal was administered. A system of punishment also existed. The barangays administered laws, and cases were settled as well through meditation and compromise. 35 The Philippine Electoral Almanac sums up the political landscape of Philippine pre-colonial society citing William Henry Scott’s Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture & Society(1994): 36 37 LEARNING ANCHOR: 1. How does politics work in the Philippines during the pre-colonial times? 2. How different is the politics during that time from now? Provide examples. SPANISH OCCUPATION Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in 1521 signaled the start of Spanish dominion over the Philippine archipelago. Then, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi’s conquest of the islands in 1565 did the formal establishment of a colonial government. The Philippines was indirectly governed by the Crown of Spain through Mexico through the Council of Indies in Spain. When Mexico gained independence in 1821, the Philippines was directly governed by Spain until 1898 when the country was ceded to the USA under the Treaty of Paris. According to the Philippine Electoral Almanac, the following positions make up the Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy for most of the time of the occupation: 38 Madrid, Spain: COUNCIL OF THE INDIES  Composed of 6 to 10 appointed royal councilors  Governed all the Spanish colonies in the King’s name, and had legislative power  Served as the court of appeals for the colonies Viceroyalty of New Spain: VICEROY OF NEW MEXICO  Governed New Spain on the King’s behalf Central Government in Manila: CAPTAIN GENERAL  Initially exercised executive (as Governor), legislative, judicial (as President of the Audiencia), military (as Captain General), and ecclesiastical (as Vice Patron) powers  By 1821 or 1875, the office became Governor General  Appointed by the King with the advice of the council and probably the Viceroy prior to 1821  Balanced by the Audiencia AUDIENCIA  Functioned as the Supreme Court and advised the Captain General  Initially composed of four judges (oidores), an attorney-general (fiscal), and a constable, with attached advocates for the accused, a defender of the naturales (“natives”), and other minor officials; the number of oidores and fiscales would be increased after  Took charge of government upon the death of the governor up to the arrival of his successor Provincia/Alcalde Mayor: CORREGIDOR  If a provincia was large, the alcalde mayor had a corregidor to administer over corregimientos (provincial district)  Exercised executive and judiciary powers 39 ALCALDE MAYOR  Exercised executive and judiciary powers in the province  Collected tribute  Until the mid-19th century, he had the privilege to engage in trade (indulto de comercio), which occasioned many abuses against the local population  No provision was made restricting the alcalde mayor to engage in trade, so this “resulted too frequently in enlisting their interest chiefly in money making and in fleecing the [locals].” Pueblo: GOBERNARDORCILLO  Administered over a pueblo, assisted by other pueblo officials  Position was initially restricted to the local married men of the elite (principalia)  By 1768, the position became elective. Any person elected acquired elite status, diluting the political power given by the Spanish to the hereditary datus the old principalia class. Barangay: CABEZA DE BARANGAY  Administered over a barangay of 40 to 50 families  Collected tribute in the barangay  Position was originally hereditary among the local elites of the pre-colonial period  Position was made elective in 1786; the gobernadorcillo and other cabezas chose a name and presented it to the Governor General for appointment to the position in a specific barangay.  After three years of service, a cabeza was qualified for election to the office of the gobernadorcillo. LEARNING ANCHOR: 1. How did Spain organize the political landscape of the Philippines at the time of their occupation? 2. How different is the politics during the Spaniards colonization from what we have now? 40 SPANISH COLONIAL BUREACURACY (17th – 19th Century) (For full text, scan the QR Code below) 41 CURRENT STRUCTURE Instructions: On the empty box below, describe by drawing your views on how do Filipinos in the contemporary times govern themselves. Notes FIFTH REPUBLIC (1987- ) Bucking to international pressure to legitimize his decades-long rule, a visibly ailing President Ferdinand E. Marcos called for a snap Presidential election in February 1986, ahead of its original schedule in 1987. Marcos won the elections based on official result but a mass revolt forced him into exile and Corazon Aquino took over the presidency. Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which suspended certain provisions of the 1973 Constitution and promulgated in its stead a transitory constitution. A Constitutional Commission, tasked with drafting a new charter, was created by virtue of Proclamation No. 9, s. 1986, issued on April 23, 1986. The new Constitution they produced was ratified through a national plebiscite on February 2, 1987. 42 EXCERPTS from the 1987 Constitution Scan QR Code to read the full text of the 1987 Constitution: Article VI. The Legislative Department Section 1. The Congress The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. Section 2. The Senate The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four (24) senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law. Section 3. Qualifications in the Senate No person shall be a Senator unless he/she is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and, on the day of the election, is at least thirty-five (35) years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two (2) years immediately preceding the day of the election. 43 Section 4. Terms of Office in the Senate The term of office of the Senators shall be six (6) years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June (June 30) next following their election. No Senator shall serve for more than two (2) consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office of any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his/her service for the full term for which he/she was elected. Section 5. The House of Representatives CLAUSE 1. APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES. The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty (250) members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations. CLAUSE 2. APPORTIONMENT OF PARTY-LIST REPRESENTATIVES. The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum (20%) of the total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three (3) consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half (1/2) of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector. CLAUSE 3. THE LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS. Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous and adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand (250,000), or each province, shall have at least one (1) representative. CLAUSE 4. REAPPORTIONMENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS. Within three (3) years following the return of the census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section. Section 6. Qualifications in the House of Representatives No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he/she is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five (25) years of age, able to read and write, and, except the party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he/she shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one (1) year immediately preceding the day of the election. Section 7. Terms of Office in the House of Representatives The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three (3) years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June (June 30) next following their election. No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three (3) consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office of any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his/her service for the full term for which he/she was elected. 44 Section 17. The Electoral Tribunal The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine (9) Members, three (3) of whom shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining six (6) shall be Members of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman. Section 18. The Commission on Appointments There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate, as an ex officio Chairman, twelve (12) Senators and twelve (12) Members of the House of Representatives, elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The Chairman of the Commission shall not vote, except in case of a tie. The Commission shall act on all appointments submitted to it within thirty (30) session days of the Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule by a majority vote of all the Members. Section 20. Congressional Records Open to Public The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be preserved and be open to the public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall publish annually and itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member. Section 21. Power of Inquiry & Investigation The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be respected. Section 22. Appearance of the Heads of Departments The heads of departments may upon their own initiative, with the consent of the President, or upon the request of either House, as the rules of each House shall provide, appear before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to their departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three (3) days before their scheduled appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the security of the State or the public interest so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted in executive session. Section 23. Power to Declare War CLAUSE 1. DECLARATION OF A STATE OF WAR. The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds (2/3) of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war. CLAUSE 2. DECLRATION OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY. In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof. 45 Article VII. The Executive Department Section 1. The President The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines. Section 2. Qualifications No person may be elected President unless he/she is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years immediately preceding such election. Section 3. The Vice-President There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with and in the same manner as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President. The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation. Section 4. Term of Office; Manner of Election The President and Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of six (6) years which shall begin at noon (12pm) on the thirtieth day of June (June 30) next following the day of the election and shall end at noon (12pm) of the same date six (6) years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any reelection. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four (4) years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time. No Vice-President shall serve for more than two (2) successive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the service for the full term for which he/she was elected. … Section 15. Prohibition of Appointments before Elections Two (2) months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his/her term, a President or Acting President shall not make appointments, except temporary appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety Section 16. Appointing Powers The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain and other officers whose appointments are vested in him/her in this Constitution. He/she shall appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he/she may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards. The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effective only until disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next adjournment of the Congress. Section 17. Executive Powers The President shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. He/she shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed. 46 Section 18. Military Powers The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it becomes necessary, he/she may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he/she may, for a period not exceeding sixty (60) days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law. Within forty-eight (48) hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it. The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four (24) hours following such proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call. The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty (30) days from its filing. A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall apply only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with invasion. During the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially charged within three (3) days; otherwise he/she shall be released. Section 19. Pardoning Power Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the President may grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment. He/she shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress. Section 20. Power over Foreign Loans The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty (30) days from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete report of its decisions on applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the Government or government-owned and controlled corporations which would have the effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided by law. 47 Section 21. Treaties No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds (2/3) of all the Members of the Senate. Section 22. Budgetary Power The President shall submit to the Congress within thirty (30) days from the opening of every regular session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures. Section 23. Address & Appear before Congress The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He/she may also appear before it at any other time. Article VIII. The Judicial Department Section 1. The Supreme Court; Judicial Power The judicial power shall be vested in one (1) Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government. Section 2. Congressional Power to Apportion Court Jurisdiction The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe and apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof. No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members. Section 3. Fiscal Autonomy The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released. Section 4. Members and Powers of the Supreme Court CLAUSE 1. COMPOSITION. The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen (14) Associate Justices. It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in divisions of three (3), five (5) or seven (7) Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety (90) days from the occurrence thereof. … Section 5. Powers Granted to the Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall have the following powers: CLAUSE 1. ORIGINAL JURISDICTIONS. Exercise original jurisdictions over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus CLAUSE 2. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in: a) All cases involving the constitutionality of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, and other regulation is in question; 49 b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto; c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue; d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher; e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. CLAUSE 3. ASSIGNMENT OF JUDGES OF LOWER COURTS TO OTHER STATIONS. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six (6) months without the consent of the judge concerned. CLAUSE 4. POWER TO CHANGE VENUE OR PLACE OF TRIAL. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice. CLAUSE 5. RULE-MAKING POWER. Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. CLAUSE 6. APPOINTMENT OF JUDICIAL OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law. Section 6. Administrative Supervision The Supreme Court shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof. Section 7. Qualifications CLAUSE 1. MEMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT. No person shall be appointed Member of the Supreme Court or any lower collegiate court unless he/she is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme Court must be at least forty (40) years of age, and must have been for fifteen (15) years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines. CLAUSE 2. CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORITY TO ALTER QUALIFICATIONS. The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of lower courts, but no person may be appointed judge thereof unless he/she is a citizen of the Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar. CLAUSE 3. OTHER QUALIFICATIONS. A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence. … Section 9. Appointment of Members of the Judiciary The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least three (3) nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy. Such appointments need no confirmation. For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointments within ninety (90) days from the submission of the list. … Section 11. Term of Office of the Members of the Judiciary The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy (70) years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office. The Supreme Court en banc shall have the power to discipline judges of lower courts, or order their dismissal by a majority of the Members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon. 50 CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES The Congress of the Philippines is the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines. It is composed of two houses: the upper house – the Senate; and the lower house – the House of Representatives. All members of the Senate are called senators and are elected at- large, meaning they do not represent any geographical district. This is unlike the House of Representatives which are elected by legislative districts and are officially called representatives but sometimes called congressmen/women. The following is the current composition of the Congress of the Philippines: THE SENATE Photo 1. The Senate traditional photo. Source: Senate of the Philippines - Public Relations and Information Bureau (PRIB) - Philippine Information Agency 51 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The current 19th Congress has 253 congres

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