Module 5: Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance PDF

Philippine Politics and Governance Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Ferdinand Marcos” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below....

Philippine Politics and Governance Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Ferdinand Marcos” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Corazon Aquino” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Jose P. Laurel” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Manuel L. Quezon” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Guess who are the following President being shown below. “Emilio Aguinaldo” Former President of the Philippines Direction: Arrange the following presidential succession in the table below. PRESIDENT Elpidio Quirino Fidel Valdez Ramos Carlos P. Garcia Jose P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña Corazon Aquino Ferdinand E. Marcos Manuel Roxas Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Rodrigo Roa Duterte Diosdado Macapagal Ramon Magsaysay Manuel L. Quezon Benigno Aquino III Bongbong Marcos Emilio Aguinaldo Joseph Estrada  PRESIDENT 1. Emilio Aguinaldo 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos 2. Manuel L. Quezon 11. Corazon Aquino 3. Jose P. Laurel 12. Fidel Valdez Ramos 4. Sergio Osmeña 13. Joseph Estrada 5. Manuel Roxas 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 6. Elpidio Quirino 15. Benigno Aquino III 7. Ramon Magsaysay 16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte 8. Carlos P. Garcia 17. Bongbong Marcos 9. Diosdado Macapagal Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governanc e MODULE 5 Objectives! At the end of the module, the learners should be able to: Narrate the evolution of the Philippine politics, government and governance. Explain the stratification system during the Precolonial. Enumerate the historical periods that the country has THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND GOVERNANCE. The evolution of the Philippine government may be presented through the various historical periods that the country has undergone. 1. PRECOLONIAL PERIOF (Before 1565) 2. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1598) 3. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1868-1898) 4. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941) 5. JAPANESE OCCUAPTION (1941-1943) 6. POST WAR ERA OR THE THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1946-1871) I. PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD The Philippines was already home to native settlers. The Negritos, the Indonesians, and the Malays race of origin. In strengthening societies was to make alliances and networks rather than territorial conquest. Trades and commerce prospered as described and documented in other countries whose early traders rich the Philippines. Barrow (2011) He said that, in the Philippines, there were no large states, or even great rajas and sultans such as those found in the Malay Archipelago, but instead on every island was a multitude of small communities, each independent of the other. Example of small communities were the Chiefdoms of P’u- tuan(Butuan), Ma-i (Mindoro), Sulu, Maguindanao, Cebu, and etc. When the Spaniards arrived in the country, They realized that they need to persuade and build collaboration later with these chieftains. Small communities are called and organized as Barangay (Balangay) and Sultanate, which with about thirty to one hundred families. Why is it necessary for the Spaniards to establish good terms with the Chieftains or Sultans? The chieftain is the one responsible in decision making, covering all aspects (social, cultural, spiritual, and political) that affect their community life. The responsibility of decision making means it covers the power of Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary. The elders of the village were the counselors. The barangay was a monarchial form, but also a consultative government. Datu or Rajah could not make judicial decisions without the approval of the elders in certain crimes. The system of stratification existed during pre-colonial period. Ex. Social classes, (nobles) Maharlika, Timawas Freemen, and Slaves.  Pre-Spanish Laws 1. Oral laws – Tribal customs and traditions handed down grow generation to generation. 2. Written laws – Promulgated customary laws after consultation with the community elders by the chieftain. Ex. Maragtas code, Code of Kalantiaw in 1433, Kor an, and the Sunnah. Women, in the polities of the early Filipinos, must not also belittled. Political engagement was more on alliance rather than conquest. Among the popular strategies employed are intermarriages, food trades, and ritual feasting where women are actively participating as expected by their customs and traditions. Ballano (2016) said that to understand our Philippine government, is to understand the three branches of the Government (Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary). EXECUTIVE BRANCH – Branch of the government that executes Laws. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH - Branch of the government that creates Laws. JUDICIARY BRANCH - Branch of the government that interprets the Laws including its penalties if it is obstructed or disobeyed. II. Spanish Period  The growth of the Philippines as a colony of Spain, from the time of the first Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1569 up to the time before the 1986 revolutions, is not commendable for Spaniards, because for what 1986 Filipino uprising is all about it. Filipinos were contented as the colony of Spain in general. From 1568 - 1815, Manila - Acapulco galleon trade makes the Philippine (as a colony of Spain) the regional center of trade in Southeast Asia. Goods such as spices from the Moluccas, pepper from Ceylon, ivory from China, and India are transported going to Mexico. While the Philippines exports gold, wax, cordage, and cotton textiles. But it was never an advantage on the part of Filipinos. Some reasons are enumerated as follows: Polo y Servicio - Filipinos works in the shipyards forcibly. They cut and transport timber to the coast and construction of the galleons, but they receive less than the Spanish Sailors. These are the reasons why Pampanga revolt in 1660. Bandala - The provincial commodity quota. Filipinos are obligated to produce the quota of goods but paid at a very low price. Encomienda - It is a policy of reward for performing crown servants of Spain in a colony like the Philippines. It is taking over a portion of land and its population for purposes of tribute, census, and workers. “CHANGES MADE BY THE SPANIARDS” The Spaniards, in enforcing their authorities through the islands, took away the real power from the datos, groupings tha barangay into towns or pueblos, but making the datos “Cabeza de Barangay” or “Gobernadorcillo” Social classes ○Gente Illustrada – Wealthy, educated and influential class. ○Genta Baja – poor and uneducated.  “THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT”  THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT Two types of Local Government units 1. The Alcadia – Led by Alcalde Mayor. governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated. 2. The Corregimiento – Headed by Corregidor. Governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. “The Pueblos” Composed of towns and villages headed by the Gobernadorcillo (little governor), and was called Capitan and his wife Capitana. That Captain was elected by 13 electors (six were former Cabeza de Barangay and six were incumbent Cabeza de Barangay). “THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT”  The Central Government in the Philippines was headed Governor General or Captain, who was appointed by the King of Spain and vested with vast powers. Powers of the Governor General 1. He was the King’s official representative in the colony. 2. As chief executive, he appointed and dismissed minor government officials. 3. As Vice Royal Patron, he had the right to nominate priest and ecclesiastical positions. 4. Chief justice/ President of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) , he issued executive orders with the force of law. 6. As a Captain General, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the colonial Armed forces. 7. The Governor General has the right to suspend the operation of a royal decree if, in his opinion would not benefit the colony; this act of the Governor General was called “Complase” 8. He has the privilege to engage in trade, “Indulto de Commercio”, to augment the low salary he receives. “THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM” THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM The Royal Audiencia served as the Supreme Court or the Court of Last Appeal for civil and criminal cases, which was created in 1854. The Laws that were enacted upon agreement between the members of the Royal Audiencia and the Governor General were called Actos Acordas. THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM In case of vacancy in the position of the Governor General, due to death or incapacity, Audiencia will act as the Governor General. The Audiencia also audited the expenditure of the colonial government. “FRAILOCRACIA”  FRAILOCRACIA The Friar-curates became very influential and so powerful. They become the ruler of that political unit. The Friars become the supervisor of local elections, administrators of schools, chairman of the board of taxation, health, and charity and responsible through the parish registrar for census taking and for certifying the personal identification card. III. THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION  THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION On August 30, 1896, Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco placed the eight provinces of Philippines under martial law, namely Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. It was because of the uprising of hundreds of rebels and Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio Started at the Cry of Pugad Lawin. Following Bonifacio's death in 1897, the Katipunan was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo.  How did the war end? Pack of the Biak – na – Bato on December 15, 1897. There was a truce that brings Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong. However, in 1889, war broke out between the United States of America and Spain. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines together with the Americans signaling the resumption of Revolution against Spain on May 19, 1898. III. THE AMERICAN PERIOD and THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC On August 13, 1889, the Mock Battle of Manila between America and Spanish forces happened. It was a fact that in the Treaty of Paris, America paid $20,000,000 to Spain in exchange for the Philippines. Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 (known as the Philippine provisionary government). On January 4, 1899, American President McKinley sends a special message to General Otis stating American sovereignty must be recognized in the Philippines without conditions. However, Filipinos longed for independence so much that they fear for other colonizers to invade again. Declaration of war between the Philippines and America happened. During those days, the revolutionary government was drafting the Malolos Constitution until the inauguration of the Republic on January 23, 1899. Teodoro Agoncillo commented that the Malolos constitution is the first important Filipino document ever produced by the people's representatives. It creates a Filipino state that its government is popular, representative, and responsible. It creates a Filipino state that its government is popular, representative, and responsible. It has also three distinct branches - the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. Don Emilio Aguinaldo elected as the first President of the Republic of the Philippines with all his cabinets and secretaries (bureaucracy). However, Aguinaldo was defeated and captured eventually in Palanan, Cagayan. He remained President of the Philippine First Republic until June of 1901. IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD The Military Government (headed by a general, serving as a chief political executive of an area under military government) was a temporary government established by the Americans in the Philippines at first. The Commander of American forces , issued a proclamation addressed to the Filipino people, announcing the military occupation of Manila. Civil Government It was until replaced with the Taft Commission - started organizing local governments. U.S Congress enacted the Philippine Organic Act, which abolished the Office of the military governor but created the Philippine assembly composed of elected Filipino leaders. The Taft Commission in the Philippine Commission became the upper house. The Organic Act served as the Philippine basic law until it was replaced by the 1935 Constitution. “THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC” November 15, 1935, was the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. America promised the Philippines’ liberation only if they are ready. It all started with the Jones Law of 1916, and then the Tydings - McDuffie Act followed. The Jones Law 1916 - AN ACT TO DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES AS TO THE FUTURE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS. The Tydings-Mcduffie Law – Provided a Philippine Commonwealth to govern the country for a period of 10 years, after which the US granted independence to the Philippine on July 4, 1946. “ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JAPANESE RULE” As the Filipinos were hoping for independence, the Second World War broke out on December 8, 1941. The aggressive Japanese tried to invade the Philippines. That prompted President Manuel L. Quezon with his Cabinet left for the United States. While the President was on exile, the commonwealth government functioned to represent the country continually outside the country. But Philippines back home was one step closer to its defeat when the Japanese capture Corregidor, Bataan, and the USAFFE defense collapse on April 3, 1942. During the war, some Filipino elite leaders collaborated extensively with the Japanese in their harsh exploitation of the country. The First President of the Second Republic, Dr. Jose P. Laurel, regretted becoming one of them.  HUKBALAHAP REBELLION While the Japanese thought of winning the war, Filipino organized into groups called guerillas and once again join forces with the Americans. The largest guerilla group formed was called the HUKBALAHAP (People's Anti-Japanese Army) led by Luis Taruc. QUESTION/CLARIFICATION? Thank you for listening! Do you have any questions? drigobautista024mail.com +63 956 304 6890 Fb: Drigo Patungan Bautista