Philippine Politics and Governance Notes PDF

# Philippine Politics and Governance ## Chapter I: The Concepts of Politics and Governance ### a. Politics - came from the Greek word "Polis" (the Greek city-state) - the study of "who gets what, when and how"-Harold Laswell - "the master science" as called by Aristotle (Roskin, et. al., 2012) -...

# Philippine Politics and Governance ## Chapter I: The Concepts of Politics and Governance ### a. Politics - came from the Greek word "Polis" (the Greek city-state) - the study of "who gets what, when and how"-Harold Laswell - "the master science" as called by Aristotle (Roskin, et. al., 2012) - deals with the study of power in society, politics and government - is the exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective decisions, the allocations of scarce resources and the practice of deception and manipulation - According to Heywood (2019), politics, “in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live." - Ex. Politics is when a group of people demand changes from the government. Politics occurs when the government debates on old and new laws to enact and implement. There is politics involved when an employee asks for a raise. - Politics can also be contextualized in decision-making as a compromise and consensus or a means of conflict resolution. Solutions do not need to be forced and one-sided, as these can be attained by compromise, conciliation, and negotiation (Heywood, 2019). ### Brief History - The Greeks formulated the word politics during the 4th and 5th century. - Politics was inseparable from the life in the polis, a "city state" during the period. - According to Aristotle and Plato, humans are not self-sufficing so they find the need for politics and governance to maintain order within a society. - In the ancient Greek sense of the word, politics centers around freedom which is characterized by a state of not being ruled as well as a space created by men wherein they interact along with peers or equals (Arendt, 2007, p.117) ### Important people: - Aristotle - "Father of Political Science" - Niccolo Machiavelli - wrote "The Prince", a handbook for rulers in the art of government - Prof. Francis Lieber - wrote "Manual of Political Ethics"; the first systematic treatise on political science that gives as a well thorough understanding of the discipline ### b. Political Science - systematic study of political and government institutions and processes (Ranney, 1995) - it is a discipline that seeks to understand the relationship between individual and political institution - Bluntschli, a Swiss scholar defined political science as "the science, which concerned with the state, which endeavors to understand and comprehend the state in its fundamental conditions, in its essential nature, its various manifestation, its development (Moten and Islam, 2011) - is a branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics - it deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity, political behavior, and political theories and practices - Political Scientists - refers to people who devote their academic careers to the study of Political Science, they are engaged in analyzing the relationships underlying political events and conditions ### The Development of Political Science #### Politics in Greco-Roman Times - Politics was established as a formal discipline in the 19th century - Plato's The Republic and The Laws focused on political analysis and theories relating to governance - Aristotle's The Politics and Nicomachean Ethics dealt with politics and the history of Greek statesmanship and citizenships - The ancient Romans were influenced by the Greek political philosophy and developed representative democracy and the republican form of government - Roman historians Polybius, Plutarch, and Livy carefully documented and analyzed Rome's political rise in the Mediterranean world - The Roman senator Cicero became known for his discourses and speeches advocating good governance under Imperial dictatorships - Stoicism, a philosophy that advocated hierarchical order and state duties, served as a model for political stability - The emperor Marcus Aurelius was renowned as a Stoic philosopher, along with the philosopher and statesman Seneca #### Medieval and Renaissance Political Thought - The decline of the Roman Empire was characterized by the emergence of monarchies and tyrannies - The end of the Roman period gave way to Medieval times and the rise of powerful feudal nobles - St. Augustine of Hippo was recognized for his writing such as City of God, which was philosophical criticism of the political corruption that characterized the latter part of the Roman Empire - During the High Middles Ages, St. Thomas Aquinas’ writings on ethics were inspired by Aristotle’s work - In Renaissance Europe, the study of political behavior was revived as feudalism declined and political system gave way to the rise of the middle classes stronger monarchies - Important thinkers during this period include Niccolo Machiavelli, who advocated radical pragmatism and analyzed the behavior of princes and rulers in Europe in his book, The Prince. - The English philosopher Thomas More, meanwhile, advocated a moral and ethical ideal state in his book Utopia an ideal society #### The Age of Enlightenment up to the 19th Century - the 17th and 18th centuries were the golden age of political enlightenment - this period was defined by the works and contributions of philosophers such as Denis Diderot, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes, and Voltaire - these enlightenment philosophers advocated the need for a strong government that will impose law and order and protect the rights and privileges of people - John Locke was a strong proponent of Natural Law, which promoted the idea that each individual person possesses inalienable rights that cannot be violated by the state - Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed the concept of Social Contract which limited the powers of the king and made the government answerable to the people - In the United States, political thinkers such as Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson contributed much to the development of American republicanism and democracy - It was only in the late 19th century that political science was established as a formal academic discipline within social sciences - this development was brought about in American universities such as Johns Hopkins University, Columbia, Princeton, and Harvard - In 1903, the American Political Science Association was established and its journal, the American Political Science Review, was first released in 1906 #### Stages in the Study of Political Science 1. Religious Stage-the government, its leaders and laws were considered as divine or divinely inspired. 2. Metaphysical Stage-the state was considered as a human institution, and it is, therefore, absolute (cannot be changed). 3. Modern Stage-the state was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and subjects according to certain principles and laws. ## Governance - defined as the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented) - Governance can be viewed in the following context: a. Corporate governance b. International governance c. National governance d. Local governance - Good governance assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. ### Characteristics of Good Governance (UNESCO for Asia and the Pacific) a. Participation - by both men and women, must partake directly or indirectly (having a representative) in every governmental process b. Rule of Law - impartiality of fair legal framework such as the promotion of a full protection of human rights and dignity especially those members of the minority c. Transparency - means that decisions were taken, and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations, it also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement d. Responsiveness - good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe e. Consensus oriented - good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved f. Effectiveness and efficiency - good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal, and also it covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment g. Accountability - not only governmental institutions but also private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and their institutional stake holders ## Chapter II: Political Ideology ### a. Ideology - Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) coined the term Ideology during the French Revolution and subsequently used in public in 1796 - Idéologie according to Tracy is a new "science of ideas" from a literal term idea-logy (Heywood, 2012) - a political belief system; an action-oriented set of political ideas, the world view of a particular social class or social group - refers to a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s views, actions, and interactions with the world ### b. Beliefs - are people's assessment of reality and what they hold be true ### c. Values - are people's ideas about right and wrong ### d. Political Ideology - is a set of beliefs and ideas that define political activities, policies, and events - Note: Therefore, when beliefs and values are put together in a coherent system, they form an ideology. ### Functions of Ideologies 1. Ideology addresses a basic human psychological needs such as safety, freedom, and community. 2. Ideology provides its believers with a sense of understanding of history and with clues about what kinds of things they should pay attention to or ignore. 3. Ideology is essential. 4. Ideology is powerful. - Four key functions of Ideology 1. It explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of politics work; 2. It evaluates whether a certain political action or program is good or bad; 3. It orients those who subscribes to it to have a sense of identity and direction; and 4. It provides a program or plan of action that will bring about political change ### Ideologies 1. **Liberalism (The Left)** - derived from the Latin word "liber" which means "free men" in short, men who were neither serfs nor slaves - It is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows him to attain economic, political, and social progress (Dooley, 2013) - this ideology considers economic and social inequality as undesirable and seeks to establish a society that provides for growth to all individuals - public policy, therefore, must be oriented toward eliminating discrimination and barriers to growth and development - all citizens must have access to essential services such as health care, education, and social security - it upholds the recognition of human rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion, gender equality, and secular government - thus, the central theme of liberal ideology is a commitment to the individual and the desire to construct a society in which man can satisfy their interests and achieve fulfillment (Heywood, 2012) #### Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism (Heywood, 2012) - **Individualism** -it is a belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body - **Freedom** -the ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation - **Individual liberty** is the supreme political value and the unifying principle of liberal ideology - **Reason** - the power of reason gives human beings the capacity to take charge of their own lives and fashion their own destinies - **Justice** - it is the moral standard of fairness and impartiality - **Toleration** - it is forbearance - willingness to accept views or action with which one is in disagreement 2. **Classical Liberalism** - subscribed to egotistical individualism; have a belief in negative freedom; the state is regarded at best as a 'necessary evil'; and have a broadly positive view of civil society 3. **Neoliberalism** - posits that states are constantly interacting with each other and that they value cooperation as part of their own interest 4. **Conservatism (The Right)** - derived from the term conservation - this ideology upholds a strong, stable government and the firm implementation of laws - conservatives value continuity of tradition and are more nationalistic, religious, and moralistic in their political views - it is a philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation up-holding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past (Dooley, 2013) 5. **Marxism** - is a communist ideology that believes capitalist societies are characterized by class conflict or the struggle between the working class and the capitalists - Marxists believe that the working class or the proletariat will lead a revolution that will establish a communist society #### Some of the ideological and conceptual bases of Marxism are the following: a. **Alienation** - This is the relationship between two or more people or parts of oneself in which one is cut off, therefore, transforming into a stranger or something alien from the rest of the group or the person (Sargent, 2009) - For Marx, alienation in its basic form is the alienation from one’s labor (or product of one’s labor), and capitalism is a great factor in this phenomenon. b. **Class Struggle** - Karl Marx also noted the struggle between the bourgeoisie (the capitalist or middle class) and the proletariat (workers) - The bourgeoisie social class oppresses and exploits the proletariat not only through unfair compensation of the latter’s labor but also by setting up laws and standards, and controlling the system of the state to maintain its social status. But there will come a time for the need to educate the proletariat and/or they will eventually be made aware of their situation and will overthrow the bourgeoisie and the systems they created, which means also overthrowing the state (Sargent, 2009; Defensor-Santiago, 2002). c. **Materialism** - One of the basic definition of this is from our social scientist, "how people think is greatly affected by how they live" (Sargent, 2009) - For example, the members of the bourgeoisie might think more of profit and leisure, that life is good, and that money can do anything. This is because they live a comfortable life with money and power in the state. They do not actually do the hard labor. In fact, their profit might even come through passive income. But the members of the proletariat who work everyday for income might think more of survival and that life is unfair. d. **Revolution** - Almost all theories and ideologies related to Marxism consider proclaiming revolution as the way to change the system. - By revolution, Marx did not mean peaceful walkouts but a violent one in which the proletariat will topple down the elite class and all the systems they have made. - Even in its violent nature, Marx considered revolution as a good and inevitable process that will eventually lead to a classless ideal society in the form of communism (Sargent, 2009) 6. **Socialism** - derived from the word "socialist" in Latin social meaning to combine or to share - it envisions the establishment of a state characterized by public ownership of resources and the means of production - production is done not for profit but to meet basic human needs - there is democratic control over the use of resources and the production of goods and services are done in a cooperative manner - is and economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services but which would remain existing institutions as the means of regulating them (Schrem, 2011) - cooperation is preferred over the competition - adheres to social equality which is the main way to attain social stability and cohesion (Heywood, 2011) #### Distinctive ways of understanding socialism: - Socialism is seen as an economic model. - Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement. - Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and collective ownership. 7. **Social Democracy** - it is moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favour a balance between the market and the state rather than abolition of capitalism - social democrats, according to Roskins, et al (2012), have abandoned the state property - they further said that social democracies have become welfare states that focus on the improvement of living conditions such as unemployment and medical insurance, generous pensions, and subsidized food and housing 8. **Communism** - it is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the means of production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent (Schrems, 2011) - it is more revolutionary in its orientation as it advocated mass action and even armed struggle in order to achieve its goals - it is based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx, characterized by collective ownership and a planned economy 9. **Fascism** - derived from Fasces, an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome (Heywood, 2011). - in the 1890s, an Italian word fascia was used which refers to a political group or band not until Benito Mussolini employed the term fascism to describe the armed paramilitary squads he formed during and after World War I. - is a movement that stand for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the state against which the individual has no rights - it has a strong anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalism, anti-bourgeois, anti-communist and so on #### Salient Features of Fascism: - Totalitarianism - Nationalism - Anti-liberalism - Militarism - Leadership 10. **Religious Fundamentalism** - the word fundamentalism from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base - it is associated inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism or worst violence - it is characterized by a rejection of the distinction between politics and religion (Heywood, 2011) #### Themes of Religious Fundamentalism: - Religion as politics - The fundamentalist impulse - Anti-modernism - Militancy 11. **Feminism** - derive from a Latin word Femina meaning women or female, concerned with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic, and social spheres of life - its primary focus is the position of women in the society - the basic idea of feminism is: that women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy, male domination of women, which has historically characterized all social relationships and that this disadvantage can and should be overthrown (Heywood, 2012) - feminists contend that patriarchy continues to be manifested in the systematic deprivation of individual choices, political power, economic opportunities, and intellectual recognition currently experienced by women 12. **Environmentalism/Green Politics/Ecologism** - an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes (Roskin et. al., 2012) - It believes that nature is an "interconnected whole" which includes, non-humans, and other inanimate objects (Heywood, 2012) 13. **Anarchism** - the state, or any political authority, is seen as both evil and unnecessary - anarchists prefer a stateless society - individuals can best manage their own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation 14. **Cosmopolitanism** - ideological expression of globalization - it is a belief in a cosmopolis or a world state - it focuses on the idea that all other people in the world have obligations to each other regardless of nationality, ethnicity, and the like ## Chapter 3: Power and Accountability ### The Nature and Dimensions of Power #### Power - is the ability to get someone to do something he/she wants to accomplish, thus making things happen in the way he/she wants - is generally defined as the ability of a person to carry out his or her will - Social psychologists John French and Bertram Raven view power as based on the perception and understanding of the various participants in society. Power, therefore, could be classified according to several bases: * **Coercive Power** - is based on person’s ability to compel other people through threats, punishment, and force * **Reward Power** - is based on the ability to give rewards and benefits * **Legitimate Power** - is based on a person’s position, role, and duties in a group * **Expert Power** - relies on the knowledge and skills of the individual * **Referent Power** - is based on an individual’s personality and ability to attract followers - Max Weber, a German sociologist and philosopher, proposed a classification of power based on different types of authority. * **Charismatic authority** - is based on the personal qualities of the individual who wields power * **Traditional authority** - is rooted in traditional values and existing social ties and institutions - an example of people who wield traditional power are monarch * **Legal-rational authority** - is based on a system of laws and regulations, and an established bureaucracy - **Coercive authority** - the power to use force such as police or military force to demand obedience from the subordinate #### Influence - this refers to the ability to entice or convince through persuasion and other non-coercive means #### Leadership - leaders exercise various forms of power in order to guide people in an organization and lead them in the conduct of various tasks #### Power, Legitimacy, and the Government * **Sovereignty** - power of the government to perform its functions and conduct its affairs without interference from outside forces - it also refers to the authority to exercise control over a group or society * **Legitimacy** - the acceptance or recognition, of the right to exercise power - it is based on existing law, customs, and traditions that are prevalent in a certain society #### Power and Governance * **Police Power** - refers to the ability of the state to use the police force to ensure law and order in society * **Eminent Domain** - is the power of the government to acquire private property for public use * **Power of taxation** - allows the government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens * **Military Power** - refers to the capability of a state to wage war against another state, and is evident in resource such as military troops and weapons * **Economic Power** - refers to the use of economic resources and finances, and the ability of states to influence other nations by denying or giving them access to certain resources * **Psychological Power** - refers to the ability of a state to use its image or reputation in influencing other countries * **Power and Citizenship** - The Bill of Rights (Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution) - **Civil Citizenship** - focused on individual freedoms and rights - **Political Citizenship** - emerged in the 19th century and emphasized participation and exercise of political power by citizens - **Social Citizenship** - this focused on economic, cultural, and social well-being and set standards that must be enjoyed by all citizens * **Suffrage** - is the power of citizens that enables them to vote in public elections and also run for public office * **Referendum** - is similar to an election but instead of electing officials, citizens vote for or against a proposal or law * **Plebiscite** - refers to the process by which citizens approve of proposed changes * **Initiative** - is a process by which citizens directly propose laws or amendments to the Constitution * **Advocacy** - this is the process by which individuals or groups seek to influence decisions or implement change in institutions, societies, social and economic systems, and governments - it requires citizens to be educated and well-informed about issues in politics and society and to be actively involved in actions and initiatives that will advance the issues and concerns they advocate #### Popular Revolt - Ex. 1920s Mahatma Gandhi led the non-violent resistance against British colonial rule. He advocated non-cooperation, the boycott of foreign products, and civil disobedience - 1986 EDSA Revolution a non -violent protests in reaction to the widespread electoral fraud, Corazon Aquino called on Filipinos to engage in civil disobedience and boycott companies owned by Marcos cronies - In 1989, student activists led a mass demonstration in Tiananmen Square in the Chinese capital of Beijing to push for democratic reforms in the Chinese government. However, the government responded with violence, and used the military to disperse the demonstrators resulting in the death of hundreds and the arrest of pro-democracy activists #### Responsibility and Accountability * **Obligation** - refers to an action that an individual is required to perform * **Accountability** - refers to the acknowledgement of responsibility for an action and its consequences * **Legal Responsibilities** - refers to a set of obligations outlined by law * **Moral Responsibilities** - refers to doing actions that are considered to be morally and socially acceptable and deserving of praise #### Various ways that power can be abused by public officials and leaders: a. **Abuse of Authority** - refers to the use of authorized power for illegal acts or stepping beyond the bounds of authorized action - Ex. Excessive force of police in arresting a suspect b. **Abuse of Discretion** - is the willful disregard for the rules or proper procedures - Ex. When public officials ignore protocols or proper procedures in hiring employees or procuring materials c. **Abuse of Power** - pertains to misconduct in office, where an official performs unlawful actions while in office #### Corruption - most evident example of abuse of power in government - use of authority or influence for private interest - it can be seen in various acts or activities such as patronage, nepotism, bribery, and influence peddling #### Graft - is a form of political corruption where an official uses public funds for his or her personal gain - Article XI of the 1987 Constitution defines the means by which public officials are to be held accountable in the conduct of their duties. #### Office of the Ombudsman - investigates cases of alleged abuses by public officials and government employees - it is empowered to investigates cases of alleged abused, suspend officials under investigation, and recommend cases for prosecution after due investigation #### Sandiganbayan - it is the country's anti-graft court - it is empowered to hear and decide on cases involving graft and corruption and abuse of power by public officials #### Presidential Commission on Good Governance (PCGG) - was originally established to recover the ill-gotten wealth of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, his family members, relatives, and business associates - it is also tasked with investigating cases of graft and corruption and formulating safeguards to ensure that corrupt practices in government are prevented #### Commission on Human Rights - is empowered to investigates cases of violations of civil and political rights and to look into cases of police and military abuse, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and abuse of prisoners or persons held in jail #### Commission on Audit - is tasked with reviewing expenditures of government offices and agencies to ensure that public funds are used properly #### Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations (Blue Ribbon Committee) - investigates alleged wrongdoings of government, its officials, and agencies for the purpose of drafting new laws or amending existing laws to address the problem of abuse and corruption in government #### Statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth (SALN) - information regarding the assets, liabilities, and worth of high-ranking officials, including the President, Vice-President, Vice-President, members of the Cabinet, the Congress, Supreme Court, Constitutional Commissions and Offices, and officers of the armed forces shall be disclosed to the public ## Chapter 4: Pre-hispanic Philippines - Who really discovered our country the Philippines? - Felipe Landa Jocano- one of the first Filipino anthropologist in our country - disputes Beyer’s belief that Filipinos descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousand of years ago. - According to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of the country - the only thing that can be positively concluded from the fossil evidence, he says that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia - Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. - His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices and even similar tools and implements. ## Chapter 5: States, Nations and Globalization ### Topics: - Origins of the State - Inherent Powers of the State - State and Nation - Positive and Negative Impact of Globalization ### Origins of the State 1. **Evolution Theory** - states evolved from family units - the families grew into a large extended family that heads of the family served as a government - eventually evolved into tribal councils with hierarchy of authority 2. **Force authority** - governments, emerged when people were brought under the control of some power - states emerged from the conquest of other families or tribes 3. **Divine right** - belief that kings are chosen to rule the ancient state - Ex. Egyptians and Aztecs 4. **Social contract** - existed during the 17th and the Age of Enlightenment - people begin to challenge the monarchy and the idea of Divine right ### Inherent Powers of the State 1. **Police Power** - power of the state to regulate freedoms and property rights of individuals for the protection of public safety, health, and morals or the promotion of the public convenience and general prosperity 2. **Eminent Domain** - power to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation 3. **Taxation** - power to impose on individuals and properties to support the government * Tax-lifeblood of the government * Uniform taxation - persons or things belonging to the same class shall be taxed at the same rate * Equitable taxation - tax burden must be imposed according to the taxpayers capacity to pay * Progressive taxation - as the resources of the taxpayer becomes higher his rates likewise increase ### State and Nation #### State - refers to the political structure of an organized community that lives under a government #### Nation - is a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions, and ethnicity - the people that comprise a nation also share a common culture and history ### Distinction between the State and Nation (Murali, et. al 2005) | | State | Nation | |-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | Existed | Existed not only at present but also in the ancient period. | Modern phenomenon. | | Legal | It is legal political. | It is racial cultural. | | Organization | People organized for law within a definite territory. | People psychologically joined together with common will to live together. | | Sovereignty | A state must be sovereign. | People continue as a nation even if they do not remain sovereign. | | Inhabitant | Inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people. | Inhabited by homogenous groups of people. | | Example | Ex. U.S.A | Ex. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | #### Globalization - Globalization-refers to the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration brought about by increased of products, ideas, and technology throughout the world #### Modern Globalization: * Political Globalization - includes political cooperation and dialogue * Economic Globalization - economic integration * Cultural Globalization - cultural exchange #### Globalization - Positive Aspects of Globalization 1. As more money is poured into developing countries, there is a greater chance for the people in those countries to economically succeed and increase their standard of living. 2. Global competition encourages creativity and innovation, and keeps prices for commodities/ services in check 3. Wider work choice 4. Greater production 5. Breakthrough in medicine 6. Exchange of ideas and information around the world 7. Access to world culture in the form of movie, music, food, clothing, and more. 8. Globalized media inspires solidarity 9. Freer trade of goods, mobility of labor, investment, and communication #### Negative Aspects of Globalization 1. Outsourcing, while it provides jobs to a population in one country, it takes away the jobs from another country, leaving many without opportunities 2. Massive poverty because of tough competition 3. Exploited ecology e.g. mineral, farmland, etc. 4. Cultural materialism and Consumerism-cult of money 5. Undesirable culture-local culture gets polluted ## Chapter 6: The Concept of a State - "A nation which expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, expects that which never was and never will be" - Thomas Jefferson - At the end of the lesson, the students are able to: 1. Define and differentiate nation from the state. 2. Identify and explain the components and origin of the state. 3. Determine the influence of globalization on nation-states. ### Concept of a State #### State - taken from the Latin stare (to stand) a state is a political community that occupies a definite territory; having an organized government with the authority to make and enforce laws without the consent of a higher authority - it is also defined as a self-governing entity - State can be classified to the legitimacy attached to its exercise of power - **de jure state** - is one that has legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty - Ex. Government-in-exile led by Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and whose members lived in exile in the United States was recognized as the de jure state and enjoyed diplomatic relations with the Allies and the rest of the international community at that time - **de facto** - is one that has no legitimacy but has sovereignty - Ex. During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, a de facto state existed which was under the control of the occupying Japanese forces through the Second Republic or "puppet government headed by President Jose Laurel. The Philippine state under the Japanese was only recognized by Japan and its allies, but not by the rest of the world. ### Elements of the State - People - Territory - Sovereignty - Government 1. **People** - also known as population or inhabitants, the most important element of the state 2. **Territory** - refers to the portion of the earth which composed of aerial (air space above), fluvial (waters around and connecting the islands of the archipelago) and terrestrial (landmass) domains. #### Maritime terms: a. **Territorial sea** - coastal states have sovereignty, including fishing rights (12 nautical miles) b. **Contiguous Zone** -coastal state can enforce its customs, immigration, and sanitation laws and exercise "hot pursuit" out of its territorial waters (24 nautical miles) c. **Exclusive Economic Zone** - state has recognized rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural resources (200 nautical miles). d. **Continental Shelf** -countries have exclusive rights to natural resources up to 350 nm. e. **High Seas** -beyond EEZ - "common heritage of humankind". 3. **Sovereignty** - refers to supreme and absolute power within its territorial boundaries a. **Internal** is the power of the state to rule within its territory b. **External** is the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states 4. **Government** - refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through which the state maintains social order, provide public services, and enforces binding decisions. ### Forms of Government 1. **Distribution of Power** 2. **Citizen Participation** #### 1. Distribution of Power a. **Unitary** - Government power is held by one central authority - Ex. Philippines, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda b. **Confederation** - It is voluntary association of independent states that often delegate a few powers to the central government. It consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league. - Ex. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formerly known as The Soviet Union - European Union (EU) composed of 28 sovereign states c. **Federal** - is divided between one central and several regional authorities. - c.1 Central Government - c.2 State Government - c.3 Local Government - Ex. Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia, Argentina, Austria, Bosnia Herzegovina, Brazil, India, Nepal, Mexico, Venezuela, Sudan, Pakistan, Comoros, Ethiopia, Germany #### 2. Citizen Participation a. **Autocracy** - form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited power #### Forms of Autocratic Government 1. **Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship** - - the ideas of a single leader glorified - government tries to control all aspects of social and economic life - Ex. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin 2. **Absolute Monarchy** - the king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme and unlimited powers of government wherein the position is usually inherited - Ex. King of Saudi Arabia - its counterpart is **Limited or **Constitutional monarchy wherein the power of the monarch is limited through its constitution - Ex. Japan, England b. **Oligarchy** - it is the government by the few - sometimes a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes - the group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth, religion, or a combination c. **Democracy** - it is a government based on the consent of the governed - the people are the sovereign, thus, they hold the highest political authority - citizens have freedom to criticize their leaders because they are the one elected them in the position #### Two Forms: 1. **Indirect/representative democracy** - is a form of democratic government wherein the people directly elect their leaders who will govern them and perform government functions 2. **Direct democracy** - is a form of government wherein the people will convene in a mass assembly and directly formulate and expressed the will of