Oxford Latin II Chapter 17 PDF

## Chapter 17 Comitia ### Images The chapter has four small images depicting Roman boys and their activities: * **Image 1:** A boy walks towards another boy who is climbing a tree. Text below the image says: Quintus ad ludum ambulabat; subitō Gāium vīdit. > This translates to: Quintus was walkin...

## Chapter 17 Comitia ### Images The chapter has four small images depicting Roman boys and their activities: * **Image 1:** A boy walks towards another boy who is climbing a tree. Text below the image says: Quintus ad ludum ambulabat; subitō Gāium vīdit. > This translates to: Quintus was walking to school; suddenly he saw Gaius. * **Image 2:** A boy is climbing a tree. Another boy runs towards the tree. Text below the image says: Gāius arborem ascendēbat. Quintus ad arborem festīnāvit. > This translates to: Gaius was climbing the tree. Quintus hurried to the tree. * **Image 3:** A boy is hanging from a tree. The other boy seems to be helping him. Text below the image says: ānxius erat; clāmāvit: 'quid facis, Gāiī? dēscende.' > This translates to: He was anxious; he cried, "What are you doing, Gaius? come down." * **Image 4:** One boy is talking to another boy who holds a scroll in his hand. The text below the image says: Gāius eum audīvit; ad terram rediit Quintumque salūtāvit. > This translates to: Gaius heard him; he got down and greeted Quintus. ### Text These captions introduce two different past tenses; you should look at the grammar on p. 112 before you study the vocabulary. ## Vocabulary 17 From now on in the vocabularies, verbs will be given with the perfect (1st person sing.) as well as the present infinitive, e.g. 1st conjugation: *parō*, *parāre*, *parāvī* 2nd conjugation: *moneō*, *monēre*, *monuī* 3rd conjugation: *regō*, *regere*, *rēxī* 4th conjugation: *audio*, *audīre*, *audīvī* The different ways in which 3rd conjugation verbs form their perfect are explained bit by bit in the grammar sections of succeeding chapters. A number of verbs have 'irregular' principal parts, i.e. they do not follow the regular pattern given above. ### Verbs |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*sum, esse*, imperfect: *eram*; perfect: *fuī*|I am| |*superō*, *superāre*, *superāvī*|I overcome| |*discēdō*, *discēdere*, *discessī*|I go away, depart| |*legō*, *legere*, *lēgī*,|I read| |*crēdō*, *crēdere*, *crēdidī* + dat.|I believe, trust| |*prōmittō*, *prōmittere*, *prōmīsī*|I promise| |*efficiō*, *efficere*, *effēcī*|I effect, carry out| ### Nouns |Noun|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*hōra*, *-ae*, f.|hour| |*pecūnia*, *-ae*, f.|money| |*divitiae*, *-ārum*, f. pl.|riches| |*candidātus*, *-ī*, m.|candidate| |*numerus*, *-ī*, m.|number| |*ōrātiō*, *ōrātiōnis*, f.|speech| |*ōrātiōnem habere*| to make a speech| |*vulnus*, *vulneris*, n.|wound| ### Adverbs |Adverb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*deinde*|then, next| |*enim*|for| |*igitur*|and so, therefore| |*tamen*|however, but| ### Adjectives |Adjective| Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*candidus*, *-a*, *-um*|white| |*optimus*, *-a*, *-um*|best| |*pessimus*, *-a*, *-um*| worst| |*vērus*, *-a*, *-um*|true| |*vēra dicere*| to speak the truth| |*gravis*, *grave*|heavy, serious| ### Conjunction |Conjunction|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*cum*| when| **enim*, *igitur* and *tamen* always come second word in their clause, e.g. *sērō venīmus; festīnāmus igitur ad lūdum*. > We are coming late, and so we are hurrying to school. *magister īrātus est; sērō enim ad lūdum venīmus*. >The master is angry, for we are coming to school late. *lentē ambulāvimus; nōn tamen sērō advēnimus*. > We walked slowly, but we did not arrive late. **What do the following English phrases mean and from what Latin words are the words in italics derived: an *impecunious* husband, a *pessimistic* forecast, an *insuperable* problem, *numerical* order, an *optimum* score?** ## Chapter 17 ### Comitia *comitia* iam aderant. cīvēs novōs duovirōs creāre dēbēbant. per omnēs viās in mūrīs casārum nūntiī candidātōrum pictī erant, sīcut: ORO VOS M. EPIDIUM SABINUM DUOVIRUM FACIATIS. CANDIDATUS DIGNUS EST, COLONIAE VESTRAE DEFENSOR. cīvēs in viās festīnābant et candidātōs spectābant. illī per viās ambulābant; togās candidās gerēbant; turba fautōrum eōs comitābat. ōrātiōnēs habēbant; multa prōmittebant quae efficere non poterant; cīvēs eōs audiēbant, paucī tamen eīs crēdēbant. Flaccus in tabernā sedēbat et colloquium cum amīcīs faciēbat. Ganymēdēs, senex querulus et miser, 'candidātīs crēdere nōn possumus' inquit; 'cum enim magistrātum petunt, omnia promittunt. cum duovirī sunt, nihil faciunt. nihil cūrant nisi pecuniam suam.' Philērus 'vēra dīcis, Ganymēdēs,' inquit; 'omnēs candidātī putidī sunt, sīcut Chrysanthus, homō pessimus. ōlim pauper erat, quī parātus fuit quadrantem dē stercore dentibus tollere. nunc dīvitiās innumerābilēs habet. quomodo illās dīvitiās sibi comparāvit? furcifer est.' Flaccus tamen amīcōs invītus audīvit: 'nōlī nūgās nārrāre, amīce,' inquit; 'iam dēbēmus ad comitium īre et suffragia ferre. surgite, amīcī, et mēcum venīte.' omnēs igitur ad forum processerunt et festīnāvērunt ad comitium. in triviīs duōbus candidātīs occurrerunt qui ad comitium prōcēdēbant. pistōrēs alterī favēbant; alba ferēbant cum hāc înscriptiōne: C. IULIUM POLYBIUM DUOVIRUM ORO VOS FACIATIS; PANEM BONUM FACIT. alterī favēbant müliōnēs. aliī aliōs vituperābant. mox saxa per aurās volābant. multī vulnera accēpērunt, multī timuērunt domumque redierunt. tandem candidātus quīdam, vir gravis et spectātus, örātiōnem ad cīvēs habuit tumultumque sēdāvit. omnēs ad comitium processerunt, suffrāgia tulērunt, novōs duovirōs creāvērunt. fautōrēs eōrum laetī clāmāvērunt victōrēsque triumphantēs domum dūxērunt. Flaccus domum festīnāvit Scintillaeque omnia nārrāvit. |Word|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*comitia*|the elections| |*creāre*|to elect; *pictī* painted| |*sīcut*|like| |*ōrō vōs... faciatis*|I beg you to make| |*turba fautōrum*|a crowd of supporters| |*comitābat*|accompanied| |*tabernā*|a pub| |*colloquium*|conversation| |*querulus*|complaining, querulous| |*magistrātum*|magistracy, office| |*nisi*|except| |*putidī*|rotten; *ōlim* once| |*quadrantem*|a farthing| |*dē stercore*|from the dung| |*dentibus*|with his teeth| |*comparāvit*|did he get?| |*furcifer*|a thief; *nūgās* nonsense| |*comitium*|the polling station| |*suffragia ferre*|to cast our votes| |*in triviīs*|at a crossroads| |*pistörēs*|the bakers; *alteri* (dat.) one| |*favēbant*|favored, supported| |*alba (n. pl.)*|notice boards| |*pānem*|bread; *alteri* the other| |*mūliōnēs*|the muleteers| |*vituperabant*|began to abuse| |*volābant*|were flying| |*spectātus*|respected| |*tumultum*|riot| |*sēdāvit*|calmed| |*tulērunt*|cast| |*triumphantēs*|in triumph| **Part of an election poster from Pompeii** **A Roman bar** ## Grammar and exercises ### Chapter 17 #### Tenses Verbs in Latin alter their endings to indicate different tenses, i.e. the time at which an action or event takes place. So far all the stories have been told in the present tense; this is used when the action of the verb is happening now or happens regularly, e.g. *Flaccus in agrō labōrat*. Flaccus is working in the field (now) or Flaccus works in the field (every day). (Latin does not have separate tenses to indicate these different meanings.) We now introduce two past tenses: #### 1 The imperfect tense This tense is used when an action in the past is continuous, repeated or incomplete, e.g. *Flaccus in agrō diū labōrābat*. Flaccus was working in the field for a long time. *Quintus ad lūdum cotīdiē ambulābat*. Quintus used to walk to school every day. *Horatia ianuam claudēbat, cum māter 'nōlī' inquit 'iānuam claudere.'* Horatia was shutting the door when her mother said 'Don't shut the door.' Note that English does not always indicate time so precisely, e.g. Flaccus worked in the field a long time: but Latin will say *labōrābat*, since the action is continuous. Quintus walked to school every day: but Latin will say *ambulābat*, since the action is repeated. The imperfect tense is formed by adding the following endings to the present stem: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -bam| I| | -bās| you (singular) | -bat | he/she | -bāmus | we | -bātis | you (plural) | -bant | they So: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|---:| |[par-ō]|I was preparing| |par-ās|you (singular) were preparing| |par-at|he/she was preparing| |par-āmus|we were preparing| |par-ātis|you (plural) were preparing| |par-ant|they were preparing| #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus* | *reg-ē-bāmus* *audi-ē-bātis* | *parā-bātis* | *monē-bātis* | *reg-ē-bātis* *audi-ē-bant* | *parā-bant* | *monē-bant* | *reg-ē-bant* **NB 1** 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs insert -ē- after the stem before the imperfect person endings. **NB 2** 3rd conjugation -iö verbs form imperfects like *audiō*: *capi-ē-bam* etc. **NB 3** The imperfect of *sum* is: |Verb|Meaning| |:---:|:---| |*eram*|I was| |*erās*|you (sing.) were| |*erat*|he/she was| |*erāmus*|we were| |*erātis*|you (pl.) were| |*erant*|they were| ### Exercise 17.1 **Translate** 1 *litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus.* 2 *urbem fortiter defendēbant.* 3 *in agrīs errābam.* 4 *filium diū quaerēbat.* 5 *in casa quiēscēbās.* 6 *fessī erāmus.* 7 *ad forum ambulābant.* 8 *magistrum non audiēbātis.* 9 *domum fugiēbam.* 10 *in foro diū manēbant.* #### 2 The perfect tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. *Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit*. Flaccus walked to the field. *Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit*. Flaccus did not walk to the field. *nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit?* Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: |Ending|Person| |:---:|:---| | -i | I | -istī | you (singular) | -it | he/she | -imus | we | -istis | you pl) | -erunt | they These endings are attached to the perfect stem: 1st conjugation | *parāv-* 2nd conjugation | *monu-* 3rd conjugation, e.g. | *rēx-* 4th conjugation| *audīv-* ### Grammar and Exercises **4th conj.** | **1st conj.** | **2nd conj.** | **3rd conj.** :---: |:---:|:---:|:---: *audi-*| *parā-* | *monē-*| *reg-* *audi-ē-bam* | *parā-bam* | *monē-bam* | *reg-ē-bam* (I was hearing) |(I was preparing) | (I was warning) | (I was ruling) *audi-ē-bās* | *parā-bās* | *monē-bās* | *reg-ē-bās* *audi-ē-bat* | *parā-bat* | *monē-bat* | *reg-e-bat* *audi-ē-bāmus* | *parā-bāmus* | *monē-bāmus