Steadman College Caesar 1.5 – 1.7 10.01.23.pdf

8 Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 – I.6 5.1 Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id quod cōnstituerant facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant. 2. Ubi iam sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, numerō ad duodecim, vīcōs ad quadringentōs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incendunt; 3. frūme...

8 Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 – I.6 5.1 Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id quod cōnstituerant facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant. 2. Ubi iam sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, numerō ad duodecim, vīcōs ad quadringentōs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incendunt; 3. frūmentum omne, praeter quod sēcum portātūrī erant, combūrunt, ut domum redītiōnis spē sublātā parātiōrēs ad omnia perīcula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibāria sibi quemque domō efferre iubent. Persuādent Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latobrīgīs finitimīs utī, eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō, oppidīs suīs vīcīsque exustīs ūnā cum eīs proficīscantur, Boiōsque, quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transīerant Noreiamque oppugnābant, receptōs ad sē sociōs sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnīnō itinera duo, quibus itineribus domō exīre possent: ūnum per Sēquanōs, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodanum, vix quā singulī carrī dūcerentur, mōns autem altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, multō facilius atque expedītius, proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum, quī nūper pācātī erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nōnnūllis locīs vadō trānsītur. 3. Extrēmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvētiōrum fīnibus Genava. Ex eō oppidō pōns ad Helvētiōs pertinet. Allobrogibus sēsē vel persuāsūrōs, quod nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum vidērentur, existimābant vel vī coactūrōs ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur. Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātis diem dīcunt, quā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī omnēs conveniant. Is diēs erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pīsōne, A. Gabīniō cōnsulibus. a(d)sciscō, -ere, -scīvī: receive, admit, adopt, 1 aedificium, -iī n.: building, edifice, 2 Allobrogēs, -um: Allobroges, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Boii, -ōrum m.: Boians (Bohemia) 1 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 carrus, -ī m.: wagon for baggage, wagon, 2 cibāria, -ōrum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 comburō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: burn up, 1 comparō (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 cōnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 d.: diem; day, 1 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 1 domus, -ūs f.: house, home, dwelling, 3 duodecim: twelve, 1 efferō, -ferre, -tulī, ēlātus: raise, lift up 4 eō, īre, īvī: to go, come, 4 exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 4 expedītus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 4 extrēmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 2 exūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: burn up, 1 fluō, -ere, flūxī, flūxus: flow, 1 Gabinius, -ī m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 iam: now, already, soon, 4 impendeō, -ēre: hang over, threaten, 1 incendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: kindle, burn, 2 incolō, -ere, -uī: inhabit, dwell on, 3 Iūra, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 L.: Lucius, 2 Latobrīgī, -ōrum m.: Latobrigians (Latovici) 1 mensis, -is m.: month, 2 1 5 10 15 20 25 The Helvetians Follow Orgetorix’s Plan: Two Possible Routes molō, -ere, moluī, molitum: grind (in a mill), mill, 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 4 nondum: not yet, 3 nōnnullus, -a, -um: some, not none, 2 Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1 Noricum, -ī m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 1 nūper: recently, lately, newly, 1 omnīnō: altogether, wholely, entirely, 2 oppidum, -ī n.: town, 4 pācō (1): make peaceful, pacify, 1 parō (1): prepare, make ready, 3 patior, -ī, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 2 perpaucī, -ae, -a: very few, 1 Pīsō, Pīsōnis m.: Piso, 2 pons, pontis m.; a bridge, 2 portō (1): carry, bear, bring, 2 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 2 1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg. nihilō minus: no less; “less by nothing,” comp. adverb; nihilō is abl. degree of difference id quod: that which; id is object of facere 2 ut…exeant: (namely) that…; pres. subj. exeō, in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id ad eam rem: for this matter; expresses purpose sē: that they; acc. subject of parātōs esse 3 arbitrātī sunt: pf. deponent numerō: in number; abl. of respect ad: around; “up to” or “nearly” 5 praeter quod: except (that) which… sēcum: cum sē portātūrī erant: were going to carry; periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum) ut…essent: so that…; result, impf. sum spē sublātā: with hope having been carried off; abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from tollō 6 ad…subeunda: for approaching…; “for all dangers going to be approached,” a gerundive subeō + ad expresses purpose and is best translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a gerund + object: “for approaching all dangers” molīta: ground; i.e flour, PPP “set in motion” 8 utī…proficiscantur: that…; an alternative spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for ūtor is ūtī with an initial long-u); introducing an ind. command with pres. subj. ūsī: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent ūtor governs an ablative object ūnā: altogether; adverb formed from an abl. 10 trānsīerant: pluperfect of trānseō sōciōs: (as) allies; in apposition to Boiōsque 12 erant: there were 9 proptereā: on this account, therefore, 4 quadringenti: four hundred, 2 Raurācī, -ōrum: Rauraci, 1 reditiō, -ōnis f.: return, going back, 1 rīpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 1 socius, -ī m.: comrade, ally, companion, 2 subeō, -īre, -iī, -itum: approach, undergo, 1 tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātum: destroy, raise, 2 trans; over, across (+ acc.), 3 Tulingī, -ōrum m.: Tulingi, 1 ubi: where, when, 4 vadum, -ī n.: shallow, shoal, ford, 2 vel: or, vel…vel, either…or, 2 vīcus, -ī m.: village, neighborhood, district, 2 vīs, vīs, f., pl. virēs: force, power, violence, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 itinera: routes quibus…possent: by which…; rel. clause of characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is a relative adj. with itineribus, which is redundant and may be left untranslated domō: from home; place from which ūnum: one (route); in apposition to itinera quā: by which (way); or “where,” abl. as adv. quā…dūcerentur: by which…; relative of characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time ut…possent: so that; result clause, impf. subj. facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition to itinera (line 12) and parallel to “ūnum” multō: much; lit. “by much”, abl. degree of difference modifies comparative adjectives facīlius atque expedītius: comparative adjs., neuter singular modifying “alterum (iter)” proptereā quod: because; 3rd instance so far vadō: in the shallows; “in a ford”; place where sēsē…persuāsūrōs (esse)…coactūrōs (esse): that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf. bonō animō: seemed not yet of good will to…; abl. of quality in the predicative position vī: irregular ablative of means, vīs paterentur: they (Allobrogēs) allow; impf. subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io) diem dīcunt quā diē: they name the day on which (day)…; ablative time when a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis): 5th day before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58 L. Pīsōne…cōnsulibus: abl. abs; add “being” 10 Lesson 5: Caesar I.7 7.1 Caesarī cum id nūntiātum esset, eōs per prōvinciam nostram iter facere 1 cōnārī, mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī et quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prōvinciae tōtī quam maximum potest mīlitum numerum imperat (erat omnīnō in Galliā ulteriōre legiō ūna), pontem, quī erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindī. 5 3. Ubi dē eius adventū Helvētiī certiōrēs factī sunt, legātōs ad eum mittunt nobilīssimōs civitātis, cuius legātiōnis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinēbant, quī dīcerent sibi esse in animō sine ūllō maleficiō iter per prōvinciam facere, proptereā quod aliud iter habērent nūllum: rogāre ut eius voluntāte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoriā tenēbat L. Cassium 10 consulem occīsum exercitumque eius ab Helvētiīs pulsum et sub iugum missum, cōncēdendum nōn putābat; 4. neque hōminēs inimīcō animō, datā facultāte per provinciam itineris faciendī, temperātūrōs ab iniūriā et maleficiō existimābat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercēdere posset dum mīlitēs quōs imperāverat convenīrent, lēgātīs respondit diem se ad dēlīberandum 15 sūmptūrum: sī quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur. April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Cassius, -ī m.: Cassius, 1 concēdō, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 2 cōnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 contendō, -ere, -ī, -ntus: strive; hasten, 4 dēliberō (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 impetrō (1): to obtain, accomplish, 3 inimīcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 4 iniūria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 4 intercēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum: come or go between, intervene, 1 Idūs, -uum f.: Ides (day of the month), 1 iugum, -ī n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 2 L.: Lucius, 2 lēgātio, -ōnis f.: embassy, envoy, 2 maleficium, -iī n.; wrongdoing, crime, 2 matūrō (1); hasten; anticipate, ripen, 1 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 4 Nammeius, -iī m.: Nammeius, 1 nōbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 3 nuntiō (1): announce, report, 2 occīdō, -ere, occidī, occīsus: kill, cut down 4 omnīnō: altogether, wholely, entirely, 2 pellō, -ere, pepulī, pulsus: drive, push, 2 pons, pontis m.; a bridge, 2 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 proptereā: on this account, therefore, 4 putō (1): to think, imagine, 3 rescindō, -ere, scidī, scissum: cut back, 1 respondeō, -ēre, -dī, -ōnsum: to answer, 3 revertor, -ī, reversus sum: to turn back, return, 2 rogō (1): to ask; tell, 2 spatium, -iī n.: space, room, extent, 4 sūmō, -ere, sumpsī, sumptum: take, spend, 1 temperō (1): refrain from, keep from, 1 ubi: where, when, 4 ulterior, -ius: farther, 2 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 1 Verucloētius, iī m.: Verucloetius, 1 voluntās, -tātis f.: will, wish, choice, 2 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse In indirect discourse, the verbs of subordinate clauses become subjunctive, while the main verbs become infinitives. These subjunctives often do not require a special translation. Simply translate the verb in the appropriate tense and identify the subjunctive as “subordinate clause in indirect discourse.” quod imperium obtentūrus esset because he was about to obtain the command p. 6 quod…aliud iter habērent nūllum because they had no other route p. 10 Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians 1 Caesarī: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself in the 3rd person; dat. sg. of nūntiātum esset nūntiātum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a temporal clause with cum, “after” or “when” id…eōs…cōnārī: this…(namely) that they attempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirect disc.) in apposition to id 2 quam…itineribus: in as rapid marches as possible; “with the greatest marches as it is possible,” quam + superlative is “as X as possible,” potest is impersonal: “it is possible” 3 Gallia ulteriōrem: further Gaul; i.e. the Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France contendit: hastens 4 Prōvinciae tōtī…imperat: ordered from the entire Province…; dat. indirect object; tōtī is dat. sg. of tōtus (gen. tōtīus) quam…numerum: as great a number of soldiers possible; “a greatest number of soldiers as it is able;” see line 2 4 imperat….(et) pontem…iubet: supply the missing conjunction “et,” asyndeton, which suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive 5 ad Genavam: near Geneva rescindī: present passive infinitive 6 eius: his; i.e. Caesar’s certiōrēs factī sunt: were informed; “were made more certain”, common idiom in Caesar, certiōrēs is a pred. nominative 7 cuius legātiōnis: of which embassy; rel. adj. 8 quī dīcerent: who would say…; relative clause of purpose, impf. subj. dīcō, which one may translate as a regular purpose clause: “to say…” sibi esse in animō: that they had in mind; + inf. “there is to them in mind,” dat. of possession 9 proptereā quod: because; lit. “on this account because,” 4th and final instance of this phrase habērent: they had; impf. subj., subordinate clauses within indirect discourse govern verbs in the subjunctive rogāre ut…liceat: they asked that it be allowed…; historical inf. and ind. command eius voluntāte: with his permission 10 memoriā tenēbat: in memory; abl. of means, a common idiom for “he recalled” or “he remembered” L. Cassium…occīsum (esse), exercitumque …pulsum (esse)…missum (esse): two 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 separate instances of indirect discourses (two acc. subjects) governed by tenēbat, supply esse to form pf. passive infinitives occīsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf. pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pellō sub iugum missum (esse): had been sent under the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved cōncēdendum nōn (esse sibi): that he must not yield; “that it is not going to be yielded by him,” a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of sum) which expresses obligation or necessity, often with a dative of agent hominēs…temperātūrōs (esse): that people…would not refrain; fut. inf. governed by existimābat inimīcō animō: of hostile intent; abl. of description modifying hominēs datā facultāte: ablative absolute itineris faciendī: of making a journey; “of a journey going to be made” gerundive modifies gen. iter which is better translated through a gerundive-gerund flip ab inūriā..maleficiō: from…; abl. separation with temperātūrōs (esse) ut spatium…posset: so that…; purpose clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject sē…sūmptūrum (esse): that he…; indirect discourse, supply esse for the future inf. ad dēliberandum: for deliberating; ad + gerund expressing purpose, which can also be translated as an infinitive: “to deliberate” quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who à anyone; what à anything) after sī, nisi, num, and nē. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle “After sī, nisi, num, and nē, all the ali’s go away” (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid) sī…vellent,…reverterentur: if they should wish, they could return…; in direct disc. a future less vivid condition (sī pres. subj., pres. subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in indirect discourse in secondary sequence ad Id(ūs) April(is): near the Ides of April; the 13th of April, the Ides denotes the time of the month when there is a full moon; Idūs is 4th decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg. Numbers of Helvetians Killed During Caesar’s Campaign In I.29 Caesar claims that 368,000 Helvetians and allies left Helvetia (only 92,000 were able to bear arms) and 110,000 returned. Therefore, 258,000 either fled or perished at Caesar’s hand.