Oral Communication Midterm Reviewer PDF

Oral Communication Midterm Reviewer Module 1: Nature and Elements of Communication What is Communication? Originated from the Latin word “communis” which McCornack (2014), defin...

Oral Communication Midterm Reviewer Module 1: Nature and Elements of Communication What is Communication? Originated from the Latin word “communis” which McCornack (2014), defined communication as the means working together. A simple act that involves “process of sharing and conveying messages transferring of information from one to another. from one person to another” Nature of Communication Dynamic process Communication is constantly changing. Systematic It consists of parts that make the system work. Involves Communicators It involves the speaker and the listener. Irreversible You can’t take back words that you’ve already said. Proactive Communicating in advance to avoid problems. Symbolic interaction Language is made up of symbols to interact with one another. Individually construed Every one of us may interpret what we hear, see, or read differently. The Elements and Process of Communication Communication is also made up of different parts. Use this to memorize easily. Silly Monkey Eat Candy During Lunch for Crazy Banter or SMEC-D-LF-Context Barrier Speaker Considered to be the source of information Message Any piece of information that is conveyed by the speaker Encoding The message will go through the process of encoding Channel The encoded message is then conveyed through a medium or channel Decoding Once the speaker conveys the message, the listener will go through this process of decoding Listener It is the recipient of the message Feedback Any reactions or responses by the listener after decoding the message Context The environment or situation wherein communication takes place Barrier Any factors that can affect the flow of communication The communication process involves the speaker delivering a message, which is encoded and sent through a channel. The listener then decodes it, providing feedback. All of this occurs within a context and may face barriers.  Module 2: Models of Communication Different Models of Communication Aristotelian Model It is considered to be the most simple and basic. There are 3 main elements: the The Linear Model speaker, message, and audience. The Shannon-Weaver It is considered as the mother of all communication. Originally designed for Model telephone communication. It was the first to recognize noise. Used to describe processes and uses of communication.There are three functions of communication to society: surveillance, correlation, and cultural transmission. Lasswell Model ★ The government used the communication to alert potential threats. In return, the society will respond towards these changes. After a while, their reaction from these changes will be brought from one generation to another. Communication - Message - Medium - Receiver - Effect Captures the notions of process and interaction. Encoding and decoding are the two essential processes of communication. A two-way process. Schramms’s Model Factors affecting the different individuals and elements in communication. 1. Source: Communication Skills, Attitudes Berlo’s Model 2. Message: Content, Elements, Structure 3. Channel: Hearing, Seeing, Touching 4. Receiver: Communication Skills, Attitudes A step-by-step sequence of events that takes place in communication. In order: Thinking, Symbolizing, Expression, Transmitting, Receiving, White’s Model Decoding, Feedbacking and Monitoring. ★ You may use this to memorize easily. T-SET-RD-FM Represented by a spiraling figure or helix. What we say now influences the Dance Model future. Symbolic Interaction The nature of communication as a dynamic, systemic process in which Model communicators construct personal meanings through symbolic interactions. The Speech Communication Considered as an interactive model. It is believed to be a two-way process. Transaction Model  Lesson 3: Functions and Features of Effective Communication Function of Communication Control To manage and regulate human behavior Social Interaction To develop bonds and relations with the help of language Motivation To power up goals and strengths Information Dissemination To give and share information Emotional Expression To express emotions 7 C’s of Communication According to Scott M. Cutlip and Allen H. Center Completeness Communication should include everything. Conciseness Keep your message straight to the point. Consideration Consider the receiver when you make your message. Concreteness Messages must be supported by facts. Courtesy Must show respect to the receiver. Clearness Use simple and specific words. Correctness Use correct grammar and avoid making errors and mistakes. These seven principles can help us to have effective communication. Therefore, as communicators, it is our task to make sure that messages are composed and delivered efficiently. Barriers in Communication Environmental and nature conditions such as large workspace, time, and Physical distance. Meaning of words and symbols that might be interpreted incorrectly and Semantic differently from one person to another. Example, similar sounding words or homophones. The inability to communicate using a language. For example, accents and Language language differences. The influence of the societal and psychological state. The examples are Socio-Psychological attitudes, emotions, and close-mindedness. Cultural distinctions that cause differences. Examples are values, concepts of Cross-cultural time and space, and social relations.  Lesson 4: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Verbal Communication or spoken communication can be a simple conversation between friends. It can be formal and informal. The message is mostly relayed through speech or with the use of voice. Aspects of Voice Usage Volume How loud or soft Pitch How high or low Rate How fast or slow the words are Quality How well voice is projected Pauses Breaks in between phrases and sentences Emphasis Stress on important words or phrases Variety Not using the same words and phrases over and over again An effective voice must also be audible, pleasant, fluent, and flexible. In engaging in verbal communication, these things must be considered: Appropriateness How the language is used in the environment. Is it formal or informal? Brevity An effective speaker must avoid fillers and unnecessary expressions. Clarity The ability to clearly state your message and express your ideas. Ethics Carefully choosing words in consideration of the person you are talking to. Vividness Using words that are vivid or creative that can describe things or feelings. Pronunciation The ability to combine vowels and consonants to emphasize a specific word. Articulation The process of forming meaningful oral symbols using the tongue, teeth, lips, and jaws. Dialects Differences in language. Nonverbal Communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings by means other than written or spoken language. (Vaughan and Hogg, 1998) Three Main Categories All codes in which numbers, words, and punctuation signs have been replaced by Sign Language gestures. Action Language Includes all movements that are not exclusively signals. Object Language Involves all intentional and unintentional display of material things. Types of Nonverbal Communication Refers to the study of the hand, arm, and body as a form of communication. The Kinesics most well-known type of nonverbal communication. Haptics Refers to the study of communication through touch. Proxemics Refers to the study of how space and distance influence communication. Chronemics Refers to the study of how time affects communication. Vocalics Paralanguage; example, using a higher-than-normal pitch.  Lesson 5: Intercultural Communications Culture refers to all the characteristics common to a particular group of people. It is an expression of our modes of living and thinking. Intercultural Communication According to Ting-Toomey (1999), it happens when It is our ability to communicate, interact, and work an individual interacts, negotiates, and creates with people of varying cultures across the world. meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds. Cultural collisions happen when we are not accepting or understanding of our cultural differences. The Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity This stage is based on the belief that a person’s culture is the only real culture. An individual fails to see cultural differences and tends to isolate themselves from other groups. Denial “I never experienced culture shock! As long as we speak the same language, it’s okay!” In this stage, an individual feels as though their own culture is the only good culture and may feel threatened by other cultures and their differences. Defense “I wish these people would just talk the way I do.” A person begins to find commonalities between themselves and people from other cultures. Minimization “It’s a small world after all. Everyone is pretty much the same.” This stage promotes belief that one’s culture is just one of the many cultures in the world. Acceptance “The more different we are, the better!” Individuals become more competent in how to communicate with people from other cultures. Adaptation “I have to change my approach to adapt to differences and behave in culturally appropriate ways.” Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves based on different cultural viewpoints. Integration “Everywhere is home if you learn and understand their culture.” Barriers to Intercultural Communication The belief that one’s own cultural behaviors and being are superior to all Ethnocentrism other cultural groups. Stereotyping The oversimplification or distortion of views of another culture. Prejudice and A negative attitude towards a cultural group based on a little or no Discrimination experience of that culture. Developing Intercultural Competence Our ability to function effectively across cultures, enables us to develop open-mindedness, patience, and flexibility. It also provides a deeper understanding of intercultural attitudes and worldviews.  Lesson 6: Types of Speech Context and Speech Style Speech Context refers to the purpose of the speech; why are you giving the speech and to whom? Types of Speech Context Intrapersonal Refers to communication within yourself. Refers to communication between and among people. Interpersonal 1. Dyad - Occurs between two people 2. Small Group - at least 3 people but not more than 10 people Public Communication Refers to communication that requires you to deliver in front of people. Mass Communication Refers to communication that takes place through media. Speech Style is a unique way in which the information is delivered to the audience. The speech style is private, usually occurring among family members or Intimate partner. Casual This style is commonly used among peers and friends but not closely related. Consultative Considered to be the standard speech style. Formal Always used in formal settings. One-way and straightforward in nature. Frozen Communicative style that is usually used during respectful events. Lesson 7: Speech Acts Types of Speech Act Proposed by John L. Austin, developer of Speech Act Theory (1962) Occurs when the speaker performs a locution. A phrase or sentence that has Locutionary Speech Act meaning and structure. For example, when someone says “what?” when surprised. The performance or the act of saying something with a specific intention or Illocutionary Speech Act illocution. An illocution is the social function of what is said. An example of this is when someone makes a promise of doing homework Perlocutionary Speech It happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the listener. A Act perlocution is the resulting act of what is said. Indirect Speech Acts is wherein a speaker does not explicitly state the intended meaning behind the utterance. For example, when one says “Could you pass the salt?” it isn’t asking if you have the ability to pass the salt but rather asking you to simply do the action of passing the salt. Classifications of Speech Act The speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Suggesting, Assertive putting forward, and concluding are some of the examples. The speaker tries to make the receiver perform an action. Some of the Directive examples are asking, ordering, requesting, and inviting. The speaker commits to doing something in the future. Examples are Commissive promising, planning, and vowing. Expresses how the speaker feels about the situation. Some of the examples Expressive are thanking, apologizing, and welcoming. Change the state of the world in an immediate way. Examples are blessing, Declarative baptizing, and passing a sentence.