Oral Communication Notes PDF

Lesson 1: Nature, Process, and Functions of Communication Human Communication > half a million year ago > cavemen hunters survive using gestures Definition Latin- comunicare (means to make known, to share, or to make common) Communication is a systematic process in which ind...

Lesson 1: Nature, Process, and Functions of Communication Human Communication > half a million year ago > cavemen hunters survive using gestures Definition Latin- comunicare (means to make known, to share, or to make common) Communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meaning (Wood, 2004). Functions of communication 1. Control 2. Social interaction 3. Motivation 4. Emotional expression 5. Information dissemination 6. Persuasion Nature of communication 1. Communication is a process. 2. Communication occurs between two or more people. 3. Communication can be expressed through words (verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both at the same time. Elements of communication sender - the source of information or message Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions Encoding- the process of converting the message into words and actions that the speaker understands Channel- the medium or means through which the message is transmitted Receiver- the recipient or someone who decodes the message Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver Context- the environment where communication takes place Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication When people speak to us: Words- 7 percent Body language- 55 percent Tone and inflections- 38 percent Verbal communication Volume- refers to the loudness of our voice when we speak Pitch- refers to the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. Rate- refers to the speed in speaking. Pauses- brief silences in speech Articulation- production of specific sounds accurately to make language intelligible to the audience Pronunciation- how the sounds are produced Non verbal communication Physical appearance - Eye contact -Facial expression - Posture - Gestures proxemics - refers to the distance or space that a speaker maintains between oneself and others Lesson 2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION A model can be defined as a visual presentation that identifies, classifies, and describes various parts of a process. 5 models of communication Aristotle's model Lasswell's model Shannon and Weaver's model Schramm's model - Semiotics: study of signs and symbols And their use or interpretation Berlo's model Lesson 3: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND SPEECH STYLE Speech context refers to the environment or situation in which communication occurs. It involves understanding who is communicating, how many people are involved, an the setting of the communication. Types of speech context Intrapersonal- communication that enters on one person, the speaker acts both the sender and receiver of message Verbal- use positive affirmations or constructive language to influence mindset Non-verbal- use deep breathing techniques to remain calm and centered Interpersonal- communication between and among people > types of interpersonal context - Dyad communication- communication that occurs between two people - Small group- communication that involves at least three people engaging in an interaction to achieve a desired goal Verbal- use active listening techniques Non-verbal- maintain eye contact to show engagement Public- deliver or send the message before or in front of a group Verbal- use structured and concise language Non-verbal- stand confidently with good posture and purposeful gestures Mass communication- communication that takes place through television, radio, newspaper, magazines, book, billboards, internet, and other types of media verbal - simplify the message for clarity tailored for broad and diverse audience Non- verbal- use tone that aligns with the mediums formality Speech styles Intimate- this style is private, occurs between or among close family or individuals Casual - this style is common among peers and friends Consultative- this style is the standard one. Professional or mutually accepted language is a must in this style - Examples: communication between teachers and students, employers and employees Formal- this style used in formal setting, this is one way - Examples: sermons, formal speeches Frozen- it mostly occurs in ceremonies, examples are preamble to the constitution, prayer Lesson 4: TYPES OF SPEECH ACT Speech acts are done by saying them, it is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect Functions: offering and apology, refusal, request, complaint, invitation Types- Lucitionary speech act-  “Please do the dishes” Illocutionary speech act - Is the social function of what is said By uttering the locution “ please do the dishes”, the speaker requests the receiver to wash the dishes Perlocutionary speech act- Happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the listener Is the resulting act of what is said. “Please do the dishes” would lead to the receiver washing the dishes Indirect speech act Performatives - statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it and should be said by the right person under the right circumstances Assertive- speakers makes a statement about the world, presenting information, facts or beliefs as true - Examples: concluding, describing, classifying, explaining and clarifying - All men are equal - what I mean by that is… Directive- an illocutionary act for getting the receiver to do something - Example: asking, ordering, suggesting, requesting - Pass the salt, vote for me Commissive- getting the speaker to do something in the future - Example: promising, planning, pledging and vowing - I promise to study for the exam Expressive- expresses the speaker's attitude towards a particular proposition - Example: thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating and disapproving - Thank you for the birthday presents Decoration- brings change in the external world simply by making utterance - Examples: blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence - Youre fired Lesson 5: COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN A communication breakdown occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one party or entirely absent between two people Cultural barrier - Behavior, signs and symbols, beliefs, traditions, arts, ideas, norms, rituals Language barriers - Difference in language Physical barriers - Noise, time and distance, technical problem, environmental conditions Physiological barrier - Impairment, speech disorder, emory, physical condition Psychological barrier - Mental condition/state, poor retentions, emotions, attitudes