Notes for Oral Communication PDF

NOTES for Oral Communication Lesson 1: FUNCTION AND NATURE OF COMMUNICATION communication comes from the Latin word “communicare” -- to make common. Communication is simply the act of sending information from one person or group to another. The exchange of communication vari...

NOTES for Oral Communication Lesson 1: FUNCTION AND NATURE OF COMMUNICATION communication comes from the Latin word “communicare” -- to make common. Communication is simply the act of sending information from one person or group to another. The exchange of communication varies from person to person depending on the needs of the situation. (Nordquist, 2019) Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION CONTROL/REGULATION aim to control or regulate the behavior of a person Examples: doctor's prescriptions, parent's instructions to their children, customers making orders, etc. SOCIAL INTERACTION allow individuals to interact with others Examples: making friends, spending time with family, talking with classmates INFORMATION DISSEMINATION educate people about significant, helpful knowledge Examples: a weather forecaster reporting about the weather, a teacher discussing a lesson, a mayor talking about recent city developments MOTIVATION encourage people to do better and be better Examples: cheering for a team, sharing a motivational quote to a friend EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION facilitate people’s expression of their feelings and emotions f KEYPOINTS Speaking functions in five ways: It regulates and controls behavior, as in the case of following orders or instructions. It is used for social interaction and sharing information through dynamic, clear and purposeful conversation. It motivates individuals to express what and how they feel through the use of certain words that depict a variety of emotions. Lesson 2: SPEECH ACTS A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. Words carry force: they have the ability to affect the world around us. TYPES OF FORCES Knowing this, every saying therefore has three kinds of effects / force on the world: Locution : The mere act of saying something is considered to be LOCUTION For example: Hello! Illocution: When you speak, you have an intention. This is the ILLOCUTION. When you say Hello, I am _____, the function of communication used is socialization ⚬ Therefore, the illocutionary force here lies in your intention to greet and introduce yourself Perlocution: The effect that your words have on other people is referred to as You could greet someone with the intention of making friends, but regardless of intention... the effect is out of your control. ⚬ What if you creep them out instead? Lesson 3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Sub-topic: Elements of Communication Process 1. Sender - the person who initiates the conversation and creates a message 2. Receiver - the recipient of the information 3. Message - the information created by the source or sender in 4. Channel/ Medium - the carrier of messages. This is the way the information travels between the sender and the receiver. This can be face-to-face conversation, written communication, or through electronic devices. 5. Feedback - the receiver's response to the sender's message 6. Encoding - the sender's process of converting ideas into understandable messages 7. Decoding - the process where the receiver interprets the information into meaningful messages 8. Noise - also called interference, is anything that blocks the communication process LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ARISTOTLE’S MODEL COMMUNICATION. This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. Aristotle advises speakers to build speeches for different audiences at different times (occasions) and for different effects.  SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. Created by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949. This is the mother of all communication model, designed originally for telephone/cell phone communication, and was criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process: feedback. Norbert Weiner added a 7th concept (‘feedback’) to the Shannon-Weaver Model which changed it from a linear to a cyclical model NOISE Different kinds of noise exist and disrupt the communication process in different ways: 1. Physical Noise: What external factors are disrupting the communication process? a. Think loud sounds, other people speaking over you, and other distractions 2. Psychological Noise: What thoughts prevent you from fully committing to the communication process? a. Intrusive thoughts, mental blocks, and the like 3. Physiological Noise: How is your body preventing you from understanding what is said? 4. Semantic Noise: Pourquoi est-ce que vous ne m’entendez ? INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION SCHRAMMS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. Depicts the dual roles of communicators where they can be both sendiers or encoders and receivers or decoders. KEY POINTS: Models are pictorial representations of the communication process. Models of communication provide inputs for setting a standard communication system and ensuring effective communication. Understanding communication models allows you to make better decisions, which allows you to be a more successful communicator. VERBAL and NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION Masterclass (2021) defined verbal communication as "interpersonal communication that includes oral communication, written communication, and sign language. Verbal communication relies on words to convey meaning between two or more people" (para.1). NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION The American Psychological Association (APA) defines nonverbal communication as the act of transmitting ideas and other information without using words (n.d.). There are types of nonverbal communication, namely proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, and haptics. Vocal and non-vocal elements of communication Vocal Communication NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION VOCAL: Spoken Words PARALANGUAGE (pitch, volume, speaking rate, etc.) NON-VOCAL: Writing, Sign Language BODY LANGUAGE (gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, etc.) Differences between vocal and non-vocal communication Delivery Verbal communication can start over the phone, texting, sending email, written letters, and face-to-face interaction. On the other hand, nonverbal communication can only be performed effectively when the communicators see one another. Intentionality It can be observed that most of the communicators' pronouncements tend to be intentional. Whereas, non-verbal cues can be unintentional or out of the communicator's control. Grammar Most verbal speeches - oral or written- have grammatical patterns to follow. Nonverbal communication, however, is more fluid and non-restrictive. Authenticity Communicators who do a lot of body gestures, mannerisms, and frequent blinking and fidgeting can influence the authenticity of the entire communication. The non-verbal cues may alter the meaning and intention of the message. However, they can be more powerful than verbal communication. Emotions When it comes to communicating with children, some experts believe that nonverbal cues suit better. The adults' facial expression and tone of voice projects emotions more clearly than words, especially when these words are difficult for the children to understand. Engagement Nonverbal communication attracts people's attentiveness and engages them in the speech situation. For most communicators, words telling that they are interested with what others say are not enough to demonstrate engagement. These words must be partnered with appropriate actions. Communication Six Functions of Nonverbal Repetition: It strengthens your message by repeating it in an alternative manner. Contradiction: It provides an impression that you might not be telling the truth. Substitution: It serves as an alternative for verbal behavior when you do not want to say something verbally. Complementing: Signals one’s attitudes and intentions toward another person Accenting: It helps bring emphasis to a point. Relating and Regulating: It maintains and regulates the communication flow. Categories of nonverbal communication Kinesics: refers to the use of body parts, such as hands, arms, body, and face movements, in communicating ideas or emotions. The five main areas of kinesics are emblems, illustrators, regulators, affect displays and adaptors. We interpret a great deal of meaning through body movement. However, communication through body language might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. For instance, some cultures value eye contact in communication, while others view it as a sign of disrespect. Facial Expression and Eye Contact: Our face is the most expressive part of our body. It provides others with clues about our race, gender, nationality, emotional state, age and even the type of person we are. Eye behavior or oculesics helps control the flow of conversation, establish and maintain relationships, express our feelings about another person/situation, show respect for other people and show interest in what they are saying during the communication transaction. Proxemics: The signs and signals we convey to others using our personal and social space are referred to as proxemics in nonverbal communication. We determine these signs and signals based on the situation, such as work or school, or how close the relationships are to us. The way people use space is determined by their cultural orientation, gender, age and status. The use of space differs from one culture to another: Latin Americans, Italians, Puerto Ricans, and Arabs keep closer distances when talking to each other while Chinese, Japanese, Americans and Germans prefer greater distance when communicating. Chronemics: looks at how people use time. It enables us to comprehend how people conceptualize and organize time in their interactions and interpersonal relationships. An example is that punctuality reveals a lot about someone's interest, so if you arrive late for an interview, you know what the interviewer will think of you. Artifacts: These are objects or things in contact with the interactants that may serve as non-verbal stimuli. Perfume or scent, clothes, bags, shoes, wigs or hairpieces, lipstick, eye glasses, false eyelashes, other beauty aids are included in this category. An appropriate wardrobe is a strategy of image development equally as important as other business and personal plans. Haptics: Haptics refers to the use of the sense of touch in communication. It is a type of nonverbal communication in which people communicate through touch. People need to be held, loved, and touched. How we touch others determines to a large extent the kind of communication we receive. However, we must remember that norms of touch may vary from culture to culture. It is important to determine what is appropriate or not in a communication situation. Paralanguage: Voice Qualities: pitch, range, pitch control, rhythm control, tempo, articulation control, resonance, glottis control and vocal lip control Vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Sending and receiving of messages across two different cultures "The capacity to communicate with people from diverse cultures..." (Middlebury Language Schools, 2023) "[Intercultural communication is how] we come to create, understand, and transform culture and identity." (Pressbooks, 2016) ELEMENTS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Ethnicity: Groupings of people that have a shared culture, a shared biological ancestry, or a shared origin place. Language: A communication system that has meaning to a group of people through speech. Religion: Beliefs and ideologies. Can be ethnic (specific to national groups) or universalizing (anyone can join). OVERARCHING ELEMENT: Culture affects the other elements of communication, especially how people make meaning. Filipinos, for instance, have different ways of conveying messages. The combination of verbal and non-verbal behaviors may lead to misperception and misinterpretation. Example: Honorifics and registers ⚬ Korean ⚬ Japanese Using different pronouns for different levels of respect  ⚬ Chinese ⚬ Spanish The use of 'po' or 'opo’ Passing in between Passing by / through / over others in other cultures In Islam, it is forbidden (Haram) to step over a Muslim performing prayer in the mosque. It would be more respectful to find a way around the praying person. This is because stepping over a person is considered annoying... and being annoying is, according to scholars, Haram (n.a., 2005). ‘Mano Po’ Part of Filipino culture is always paying respect to our parents, grandparents, and other elder people. To show respect, majority of us perform "pagmamano" or "mano po" every time we meet our loved ones in different INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS Ethnocentrism: It is the belief that one group or culture is superior to all other groups and cultures. Stereotyping: It is the act of generalizing group of people that oversimplifies their cultures. Prejudice: It is a negative attitude towards someone or group of people just because of who they are. INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCIES Displays of Respect ⚬ Are you aware of cultural norms in other cultures? Do you respect them? Orientation of Knowledge ⚬ Do you take the contexts of your communication partner in mind? Empathy ⚬ Do you try to feel empathy for others in other cultures?  Interaction Management ⚬ Do you take note of appropriate ways and times in communicating ? Task Role Behavior ⚬ What is the goal of the communication? What roles do both of you play to fulfill this goal? Relational Role Behavior ⚬ What is your personal relationship with the person? Tolerance of Ambiguity ⚬ How willing are you to tolerate confusion? How much do you appreciate diversity in relationships? Emotional Expression and Interaction Posture ⚬ Is it appropriate in the culture you're in to blatantly express your emotions?