Grade 11 Oral Comm Reviewer PDF

Oral Communication 「 ✦ Channel ✦ 」 Quarterly Exam Reviewer | @cheerless_ @itobaeun ୨ৎ ✦ Also called as medium @luibungi ✦ the means by which a message is transmitted....

Oral Communication 「 ✦ Channel ✦ 」 Quarterly Exam Reviewer | @cheerless_ @itobaeun ୨ৎ ✦ Also called as medium @luibungi ✦ the means by which a message is transmitted. 「 ✦ Feedback ✦ 」 Lesson 01: Nature and Process of ✦ the response or reaction of the receiver to the sender’s Communication message. ✦ Indicator of success of the conversation ୨ৎ Communication ✦ it is a process of sharing and conveying messages or 「 ✦ Noise ✦ 」 information from one person to another within and ✦ any type of disruption or interference across channels, contexts, media, and cultures ✦ affects the transmission of message ✦ There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in ╰┈➤ Physical; Environment/Surroundings which communication can be manifested ╰┈➤ Physiological: Body ✦ the process of expressing and exchanging ╰┈➤ Psychological: Mind information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings ╰┈➤ Semantic: Meaning of words ✦ It involves a series of actions that lead to a particular result such as the passing of a message and an exchange 「 ✦ Context✦ 」 of ideas, among others ✦ The setting or situation ✦ Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives | ✦ Background of the person you’re conversing with Civic = talking to society ✦ can be Physical, Relational, Situational, Environmental, and Cultural Let’s further define communication using these two words: message and understand. ୨ৎ Functions of Communication ╰┈➤ Communication is a message understood ──.✦ Control & Regulation ╰┈➤ Communication is a social interaction through ✦ control the behavior of human beings messages. ──.✦ Motivation ✦ expresses desires, needs, and wants. ୨ৎ Nature of Communication ᯓ★ Communication is a process. ──.✦ Emotional Expression ᯓ★ Communication occurs between two or more people ✦ expresses feelings and emotions to interact (the speaker and the receiver) ──.✦ Information ᯓ★ Communication can be expressed through (verbal) ✦ giving and getting information written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal) or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time. ୨ৎ Principles of Effective Communication 01. Communication is an interaction situation wherein ୨ৎ Elements of Communication the participants are affected by each one’s behavior 「 ✦ Sender ✦ 」 ✦ Also known as communicator or source 02. One does Communicate ✦ the one who is responsible for encoding the message before sending it to the receive 03. The message received is not ✦ Should be knowledgeable necessarily the message sent. 「 ✦ Receiver ✦ 」 04. Communication occurs simultaneously at more ✦ person to whom a message is directed is called the than one level. receiver or the interpreter 05. ✦ receiver must decode the message Lesson 02: Communication Models 「 ✦ Message ✦ 」 ✦ is the information that the sender wants to relay ୨ৎ Communication Model ✦ can be disrupted by barriers ✦ developed for easier understanding of different concepts of communication  Note: This model suggests that every aspect of the ──.✦ Linear Model process can impact the resulting effect. ✦ Only look at one way communication ✦ Directly sender to receiver ✦ The focus is on the sender and message ✦ no feedback present ⋆౨ৎ˚⟡˖ ࣪Examples of Linear Model 「 ✦ Aristotle’s Model ✦ 」 - Oldest model dating back to 300 BC - Examines how people present messages in a persuasive, impactful manner - Used in Public Speaking ✦ Who: Who was responsible for sending the message? - The ability to persuade the audience/receiver (need ✦ What: What information needs to be portrayed in the persuasion skills) message? ✦ Which channel: Which method does the speaker use ╰┈➤ Three Core Elements: for communication? ⟡ Ethos ✦ To Whom: Who is receiving the message? - Credibility of speaker and their authority ✦ What Effect: What impact is the message intended to ⟡ Pathos have? - The emotional connection between the speaker and its audience 「 ✦ Shannon-Weaver’s Model ✦ 」 ⟡ Logos - Mother of all Models - The Logic behind the message - Originally linear but got developed - Proves as evidence or basis of what information - started as a mathematical equation the speaker is saying - developed by Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics - Needed to have in order to decode the message correctly ᯓ★ first to address noise as a disruption ᯓ★ developed during WWII to find which channels were ᯓ In order to communicate effectively, we need SSORE: most effective in communication ᯓ★ emphasizes the importance of encoding a message by turning it into written words, voice, video or visuals. ᯓ★ highlights the importance of a recipient being able to make sense of the message through decoding. ᯓ★ first to add feedback (6th component) to make the model more collaborative than linear ✦ The Speaker: The person delivering the message ✦The Speech: The information and how it’s portrayed ✦ The Occasion: The context surrounding the communication ✦The Target audience: Who will be receiving the message ✦The Effect: The goal of the communication 「 ✦ Lasswell’s Model ✦ 」 - revolves around 5 components - these elements are presented as questions asked by ✦ noises such as static on a radio broadcast, misspelling in the sender an email and other problems can significantly influence - Used for Propaganda and Mass Media (Mass the quality of communication. Communication) ✦ first to add feedback (6th component) to make the - This model can be used in any location as long as model more collaborative than linear. sender and receiver share the same medium - Used after the war for reconstruction of society 「 ✦ Berlo’s SMCR Model ✦ 」 - Breaks down into four steps - interpersonal communication ⋆౨ৎ˚⟡˖ ࣪ Principles of this model: - has subcomponents in each steps Communication in circular: Individuals in the - both the person sending the message and the person communication process are constantly switching receiving it should have similar knowledge and speak between roles of “encoder” and “decoder”. the same language Communication should be equal and reciprocal: - the source and the receiver need to have some Every party involved in the discussion is equally commonalities engaged and able to share their voice. Interpretation is crucial: Messages need to be presented in a way that is easy to interpret for both sides of the party to be understood. 「 ✦ Westley and Maclean Model✦ 」 - introduces various additional factors to discussions, such as environmental and cultural elements. - process begins with environmental factors - gatekeepers and sensory experiences can also be important in depicting how a message is portrayed ✦ Source: The communication skills, attitudes, - argues that how we communicate and the things we say knowledge, societal system and culture of the person are directly influenced by our perspective, background sending the message. and who we are. ✦ Message: The structure, elements, content, and - takes into account the culture, background and beliefs management of the message, as well as any code, jargon of the person sending and receiving each message. or specific language that may be used. -. The way we receive messages can influence how we ✦ Channel: How the message is transmitted, and how it feel about future interactions with a person. affects the senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. - if someone sends a relatively streamlined message to us ✦ Receiver: Who encounters the message, their attitude, through a chat tool, we’re likely to consume the knowledge, communication skills, societal system and information quickly and respond appropriately. culture. ୨ৎ one of the most complex communication models, this framework consists of nine elements: ──.✦ Interactive Model ✦ look at two way communication ✦ the focus is on the interaction Elements Symbol ✦ physical and psychological context ✦ need similarities and feedback Environment X Sensory Experience 1 「 ✦ Osgood-Schramm Model✦ 」 𝑋 - used to describe synchronous, interpersonal Source or Sender A communication - details a circular model of communication where Object or Orientation of S 𝑋 2 everyone in an interaction is treated equally - sender, receiver are not differentiated Receiver B - suggests that real-time communication can reduce the amount of noise (ongoing clarification and active Object or Orientation of R 3 𝑋 listening are crucial for positive conversations) - needs field of experience (personal history, background Feedback F and interest) Gatekeepers C Opinion Leaders >ᴗ<  - represented by a helical spiral - by responding to the feedback provided by the people we communicate with, we gradually improve how we communicate over time, - communication is constantly evolving, we learn and develop alongside our team members - This allows us to expand our circle, and build on the information we’re sending, to achieve specific goals. ────୨ Gatekeepers ৎ──── ᯓ★ filters information ᯓ★ proofreads ──.✦ Transactional Model ✦ two way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses. ✦ it is a cooperative process ✦ generates social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. ✦ This is where noise is embedded 「 ✦ Barlund’s Transactional Model ✦ 」 - explores immediate-feedback (real-time) communication between people - The multi-layered approach suggests various aspects are crucial to determining how effective a conversation — Lesson 03: Barriers to Communication cues, such as private cues (a person’s background) , public cues (environmental context) and so on. ୨ৎ Physical Barrier - both the receiver and sender of the message are ✦ the natural or environmental condition that act as a responsible for ensuring the conversation leads to the barrier in communication right outcome. ╰┈➤ Examples: - suggests noise (external disruptions and channel ✿ People talking too loud site issues) can cause differences in how we perceive things ✿ Noise from a construction ✿ Loud sound of a karaoke ✿ Blaring of jeepney Horns ୨ৎ Psychological Barrier ✦ Also known as mental barriers ✦ refers to social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others ✦ disruption in our minds (mental block) ╰┈➤ Examples: ✿ Trauma ✿ Shyness, (lack of confidence) ✿ Depression ✿ Fear (stage fright) ୨ৎ Cultural Barrier 「 ✦ Dance’s Helical Model ✦ 」 ✦ communication problems encountered by people - most dynamic communication model regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in - suggests that communication is a circular process, conflict with others. conversations become more complex as we dive deeper ✦ People’s culture affect the way they communicate and into the interaction relate to others. ✦ conflict due to different perspectives 5. Communicate Face to Face on the important ╰┈➤ Examples: issues. ✿ Different beliefs ✦ mediums like technology may cause ✿ Traditions and customs noise/disruption ✿ Manners of dressing ✿ Speaking ୨ৎ Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown ୨ৎ Linguistic Barrier 1. Keep Focused ✦ conflict with regard to language and word meanings 2. Speak intelligibly ✦ words carry denotative and connotative meanings 3. Listen with your ears and eyes and they can sometimes cause confusion and 4. Minimize distractions misunderstanding 5. Be specific ✦ meaning of words may vary on culture 6. Do not jump to conclusions ╰┈➤ Examples: ✿ Difference in language ୨ৎ 7 C’s of Effective Communication ✿ Accent and dialect ✿ Use of Jargon 1. Completeness ✿ Speech defects or language impairments 2. Conciseness ✦ message must be direct to the point ୨ৎ External Noise 3. Consideration ✦ the sight, sound, and other stimuli that draw people’s ✦ know your audience first attention away from intended meaning 4. Concreteness ╰┈➤ Examples: ✦ filled with evidence/based on facts ✿ Noise from vehicles 5. Courtesy ✿ Singing at the neighborhood 6. Clearness ✿ Visual aids in front of the classroom ✿ The ✦ choice of words dog barking 7. Correctness ✿ The sound of airplane ୨ৎ Internal Noise Lesson 05: Verbal and Non-Verbal ✦ thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning. Communication ╰┈➤ Examples: ✿ Confrontation with a friend ୨ৎ Verbal Communication ✿ Fear of speaking in front of the class ✦ the use of words to convey a message (speaking and ✿ Racial prejudice writing) ✦ can be regarded efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process the message Lesson 04: Various Strategies to Avoid ✦ precise, straightforward, and can easily relay Communication Breakdown messages ୨ৎ 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown Here are some of aspects the you need to consider in this type of communication: 1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking. ✦ must have competence and mastery of ──.✦ Appropriateness thoughts ✦ pertains to the use of suitable language 2. Learn to Listen. ✦ applicable to the nature of the event or context of 3. Take care of your body language. situation. ✦ Body language presents image or personality of speaker ──.✦ Brevity ✦ affects the credibility ✦ opt to use simple and precise words in delivering their 4. Build up your confidence by asking feedback message. and observing others. ✦ achieved by using more direct and clear words and ✦ checking progress, elevate by practicing, and avoiding beating around the bush. have trust in yourself ✦ It is saying more with less words.  Lesson 06: Speech Context ──.✦ Clarity ✦ using simple yet exact words that directly express your thoughts and emotion ✦ Cleanliness of a message ✦ warrants that the purpose of the message will be successfully delivered to the audience ──.✦ Ethics ✦ pertains to moral standards that need to be considered when delivering a message ✦ Choose words wisely ✦ know the background of the receiver ୨ৎ Speech Context ──.✦ Vividness ✦ the surroundings, circumstance, environment, ✦ refers to words that make the conversation background or setting that determine, specify, or clarify ✦ use of descriptive words to make it beautiful the meaning of an event ✦ art of language and imagery ✦ According to DeVito (2005) ╰┈➤ “Context refers to the setting in which the ୨ৎ Non-Verbal Communication communication takes place. ” ✦ a collaboration of movements that does not require ✦ helps to establish meaning and can influence what is any spoken words said and how it is said ✦ incorporates action such as body language in order to ✦ helps people to communicate appropriately and convey a message understand the meaning of any message conveyed and ✦ proves we are social beings respond accordingly Some of the commonly used nonverbal means of ୨ৎ Types of Speech Context communication are: 「 ✦ Intrapersonal ✦ 」 ──.✦ Bodily Kinesthetic ✦ refers to a type of communication that is focused on Head movement, Eye movement, Facial one person, where the speaker acts both as the sender expressions, Sitting, Standing, Walking, and ✦ message is made up of thoughts and feelings Hand Gestures ✦ the medium is the brain that processes what you think ──.✦ Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations and feel. ──.✦ Manner of Dressing ──.✦ Tone of Voice 「 ✦ Interpersonal ✦ 」 ✦ takes place between and among people and creates a Importance of Non-verbal Communication: personal relationship between and among them ✦ it includes two individuals 1. Makes the message more meaningful ✦ can vary from casual and very personal to formal and 2. Expresses the message without the use of impersonal. words 3. Makes audience more enthusiastic Types of Interpersonal Communication: 4. Defines the kind of speaker one is 5. Makes one a dynamic speaker ──.✦ Dyad 6. Gives confidence to the speaker. ✦ communication that happens between two 7. Adds color to a speech people 8. Gives the speaker a variety of ways to deliver his/her message ──.✦ Small Group ✦ interactions involving at least three but not more than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions ✦ all participants can freely express their ideas throughout the discussion. ──.✦ Public ✦ enables you to send or deliver a message ──.✦ To motivate people before a crowd ✦ A great public speaker attains the power to motivate ✦ The message can be transmitted for his or her audience to do something informative or persuasive purposes ✦ Public speakers are leaders who are able to inspire ✦ The channels are more exaggerated, the voice their audience to work harder to achieve their goals. is louder and the gestures are more expensive ✦ Provide a sense of inspiration and influence the because the audience is larger listener ──.✦ Mass ──.✦ To inform ✦ refers to communication through television, ✦ The ability to inform is one of the most important radio, newspapers, and any type of medias. aspects of public speaking. ✦ this form of public speaking is an essential skill in Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Speech Context: today’s world. ✦ This can improve a person’s communication skills ╰┈➤ When talking to self: 1.Use self-talk to your advantage ୨ৎ Types of Speech 2.Don’t overdo it ──.✦ According to Purpose: ╰┈➤ When talking to one person or small group: A. Informative or Expository Speech 1.Listen carefully ✦ purpose of educating the audience on new or 2.Check your tone and body language relevant piece of information on a particular topic. 3.When talking to the public B. Persuasive Speech ✦ purpose of convincing the audience to agree Lesson 07: Types of Speeches with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. Context: where, when, what is happening C. Entertainment Speech ✦ It aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the ୨ৎ Speech audience through witty and humorous lines. ✦ It is human nature to express thoughts and emotions. ✦ Speeches are more formal than talking or usual D. Acceptance Speech conversations ✦ It is given by someone who has received an ✦ Primarily delivered to leave a remarkable message award, recognition, or honor. ✦ refers to the use of the oral medium of passing ✦ It typically includes expressions of gratitude information, whether formally or informally, by a speaker and acknowledgment of the award's significance. to an audience. ✦ must be persuasive E. Motivational Speech ✦ intended to inspire and motivate the audience. ✦ They often use powerful language and emotional appeals to encourage individuals to take action F. Debate Speech ✦ each participant delivers speeches that either support or oppose a specific proposition ✦ Debates typically involve structured arguments and rebuttals. ──.✦ To win over the Crowd G. Eulogy ✦ Need to have skill of persuasion or the ability to win ✦ A eulogy is a speech delivered at a funeral or over the crowd. memorial service to honor and remember the life ✦ Mastering public speaking results in an increase in of the deceased confidence ✦ includes personal anecdotes and expressions ✦ you need to be prepared to answer the opposition, and of grief and support to speak with poise. ──.✦ According to Delivery: ╰┈➤ Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common 1. Manuscript Speech ✦ It is the word-for-word iteration of written ──.✦ Consultative message using visual aids. ✦ It is used in semi-formal and standard communication. ✦ People use this often in conversation when they are 2. Memorized Speech speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge. ✦ It is the rote recitation of a written message ✦ Tone is often respectful but may be casual. that the speaker has committed to memory. ──.✦ Frozen 3. Extemporaneous Speech ✦ It is the most formal communicative style that is ✦ It is the presentation of a carefully planned usually used during solemn ceremonies and events. and rehearsed speech, spoken in a ✦ This form is sometimes called the static register conversational manner using brief notes. because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or 4. Impromptu Speech prayer. ✦ It is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people ୨ৎ Speech Act knowledgeable about the subject. ✦ A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. ୨ৎ Speech Styles ✦ It is an utterance that serves a function in ✦ Speaking styles are the unique ways in which people communication. deliver information to people. ✦ Speech acts include real-life interactions and ✦ involve using the most appropriate methods to ensure appropriate use of that language within a given culture. the intended message reaches a specific audience and ✦ The number of words in a single utterance does not achieves its purpose matter so long as we can get our message across ✦ The speech style entirely depends on the formality level Three Types of Speech Acts: Communicative Competence: Speech Context, Speech ──.✦ Locutionary Speech Act Style, and Speech Act ✦ roughly equivalent to uttering certain utterance with certain sense and reference ──.✦ Formal ✦ the act of producing meaningful utterances ✦ It is a one-way straightforward speech ╰┈➤ Examples:. ✦ Less rigid but still constrained. 1. What? ✦ Has certain standards and should not have wrong 2. It’s a bird! grammar ╰┈➤ It is used in professional, academic, or legal ──.✦ Illocutionary Speech Act settings where communication is expected to be ✦ performed via the communicative force of an utterance respectful, uninterrupted and restrained. ✦ The most significant level of action in a speech act is the illocutionary act because the force, which has been ──.✦ Intimate desired by the speakers, determines this act ✦ It is used for very close relationships. ✦ This is reserved for special occasions, usually between “This act is also called the act of doing something in only two people and often in private. saying something” ╰┈➤ Intimate language may be something as simple as an inside joke between two college ✦ can be the real description of interaction condition. friends or a word whispered in a lover’s ear. ✦ stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something, making a prediction, a promise, a request; ──.✦ Casual ✦ issuing an order or a decision; or giving advice and ✦ It is an informal communication between groups and permission peers have something to share ╰┈➤ Examples:. ✦ have shared background information but do not have 1. It's so dark in this room. close relations. 2. The box is heavy. ╰┈➤ People use this when they are with their friends, colleagues, and family. According to Searle (1979), illocutionary act is divided ──.✦ Perlocutionary Speech Act into five categories: ✦ the act that is carried out by a speaker when making an utterance causes in certain effect on the hearer ╰┈➤ Assertive ✦ also the act offering someone ✦ the speaker expresses belief about the truth of ✦ the effect the utterance has on the thoughts or proposition. actions of the other person. ✦ Some examples of an assertive act are ✦ can be intended or unintended and often indeterminate suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, ╰┈➤ Examples:. and concluding 1.It is the bleak job situation that forces Filipinos ✦ Example: No one makes better pancakes than to find jobs overseas. I do 2.I was born a Filipino, I will live a Filipino, I will die a Filipino! ╰┈➤ Directive ✦ the speaker tries to make the addressee Note: Goodluck to everyone! ─ eun ୨ৎ perform an action. ✦ Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging ✦ Example: Please close the door ╰┈➤ Commissive ✦ which commits the speaker to doing something in the future ✦ Examples of commissive are act of promising, planning, vowing, and betting ✦ Example: From now on, I will participate in our group activity ╰┈➤ Expressive ✦ the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. ✦ Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. ✦ Example: I am sorry for not helping out in our group projects and activities ╰┈➤ Declaration ✦ brings a change in the external situation ✦ Some examples are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence and communication ✦ Example: You’re fired! Causes the person’s unemployment thus changing his external situation.