Oral Communication Reviewer Finals PDF

**ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER FINALS** **\* Functions of Communication \*** \- Communication as a human activity always serves a function. Functions of communication refers to how humans use language for different purpose. Theoreticians such as Roman Jakobson, Michael Halliday, and Bronislaw Mali...

**ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER FINALS** **\* Functions of Communication \*** \- Communication as a human activity always serves a function. Functions of communication refers to how humans use language for different purpose. Theoreticians such as Roman Jakobson, Michael Halliday, and Bronislaw Malinowski have categorized the different uses or functions of communication. These are: 1. Regulation/control 2. Social Interaction 3. Motivation 4. Information 5. Emotional Expression **Regulation/Control** \- Can be used to control the behaviour of human beings. It can be used ti regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in. Example of regulations include: - - - - - Language Forms for regulation or Control **Imperatives** -- communications as a means of regulation or control can come in the form of command such as: - - - - **Rhetorical Questions** \- These are composed of questions that influence human behaviour. \- They are called as rhetorical questions because they are not intended to get information. Examples: - - Statements ( declaratives ) \- When a person says something, he or she wants the listener to do something. Examples: - - - ! Communication as a means to regulate / control human behaviour ranges from simple requests to laws governing large countries and territories. **Social Interaction** -This is the primary reason why people communicate. This is because people do love to talk and love to talk with each other. Social interaction allows people to be connected with one another.  Examples: - - - - - - **Motivation** \- Motivation as a function of communication refers to a person using language to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes, choices and aspirations. Examples : - - - Forms of expressing motivation includes: I need to..... I want to..... Give me..... I dream of.... I like.... We pray for.... Do you have..... Can I...... **Information** \- This Function is used when the Speaker wants to make others aware of certain data, concepts, and processes -- knowledge that may be useful to them. Communication as information enables humans to get to know and understand the world. **Giving Information** ***Using statements*** - - - ***Using a rhetorical question*** - **Getting Information** ***Using question*** - - ***Using Imperatives*** - - ***Using declaratives*** - - **Emotional Expression** \- Human always need to express their emotions verbally and non-verbally. Emotions are a central part of who we are. The Speaker here can appeal to the Listener's feelings and emotions to encourage him or her to act in a particular direction and move them in to action. Language forms for expressing opinions - - - - - \* Aside from being expressed through language and verbal communication, emotional expression is the function of communication most commonly expressed non-verbally. Emotional expression can be done through gestures, facial expressions, and other simple or energetic body movements. \* **\* NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION \*** **Intercultural Communication** \- Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds. \- Basically, \'inter-\' is a prefix that means \'between\', so intercultural communication is the communication between cultures. -Intercultural communication is also not simply language proficiency. =In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. \- This encompasses language skills, customs, ways of thinking, social norms, and habits. Some researchers estimate that up to 93% of all human communication is nonverbal, although according to recent studies, it\'s actually closer to 60%. Still, that means that more than half of communication is never spoken. **Enculturation** \- is the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values. *Examples* of enculturation include: learning and internalizing appropriate dress codes learning the rules of a workplace learning to avoid cultural taboos. \- Through enculturation, individuals become socialized into their own culture by adopting its norms and values. **Ethnocentrism** \- is believing that the people, customs, and traditions of your own race or nationality are better than those of other races. \- It is the belief that your culture is natural and correct while other people's cultures are incorrect, unnatural, or inferior. An example of ethnocentrism is when you judge other countries for the way they eat, but don\'t have a moral reason for this. **Stereotyping** \- is a set idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong. \- barrier to effective intercultural communication is taking place when a person assumes that all the people who belong to another social group or class will act and think just as he or she does **CULTURE** \- "learned system of knowledge, behaviour, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people" **CULTURE SHOCK** \- The feeling of stress and anxiety that most people experience when encountering a culture different from their own. **\* 5 Ways of Enhancing Intercultural Communication by Terry Brown. \*** **BREAKING ASSUMPTIONS** \- Individuals should avoid assuming that the way they do things is the way others do. People should break all possible assumptions regarding the use of signs and symbols too that vary from community to community. **INVOLVEMENT OF OTHERS** \- Involvement of others helps the understanding of the context of usage of certain words and symbols and helps one to understand how different messages are interpreted by different communities. **EMPATHIZING WITH OTHERS** \- This aspect involves an individual putting him or herself into the position of people from other cultures and trying to think and communicate in their way. **AVOIDANCE OF "HEAD MENTALITY"** \- Effective intercultural communication will be achieved only when the individuals treat each other's cultures as equal and not to feel superior to another's. \- Head mentality creates an illusion of superiority and this causes the individual lose interest in knowing other cultures **DROPPING INSENSITIVE BEHAVIOR** \- Different cultures speak and communicate in different ways; people should always avoid ridiculing and making fun of the way other people speak or use language to communicate as this insensitive behavior make it difficult to understand the real meaning of the intended message. **BEING WISE** \- Maturity in communication is shown through asking and seeking clarifications in cases where the communicating parties do not understand each other. \- The willingness to be open to all verbal and non-verbal communication portrays a great level of maturity in trying to foster intercultural communication. \- Maturity in communication enhances an individual's ability to understand another's body language, enhances interactions, improves decision making skills and promotes conflict management. **What is the purpose of intercultural communication?** \- is to increase understanding of culturally mediated communication phenomena. The "culture specific" focuses on identifying the communication behaviours of a specific culture. The "culture general" seeks to identify commonalities or universalities across cultures. **What are the advantages of intercultural communication?** \- helps employees from different ethnic backgrounds to communicate effectively with one another.