Oral Communication 1st Midsem Reviewer PDF

1st Midsemestral Exam ORAL COMMUNICATION 11 Reviewer By Safi Lava 11E 10 TOPICS Nature and Key Elements of Communication Models of Communication Functions of Communication Barriers to Effective Communication Verba...

1st Midsemestral Exam ORAL COMMUNICATION 11 Reviewer By Safi Lava 11E 10 TOPICS Nature and Key Elements of Communication Models of Communication Functions of Communication Barriers to Effective Communication Verbal and Nonverbal Communication NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication is the exchange of information, concepts, and opinions between or among two or more people within the same or different contexts. It is also a process that involves various elements, namely the speaker, message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback, context, and barriers. One needs to know and understand the communication process to make communicatione effective. ELEMENTS 1. SPEAKER The source of information or message 2. MESSAGE The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions. 3. ENCODING The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. 4. CHANNEL the medium or the means, such as personal or nonpersonal, verbal or nonverbal in which the encoded message is conveyed. 5. DECODING The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver. 6. RECEIVER The recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message. 7. FEEDBACK The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. 8. CONTEXT The environment where communication takes place. 9. BARRIERS The factors that affect the flow of communication. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION EXAMPLE The speaker generates an idea Daphne loves Rico as a friend. I I The speaker encodes an idea or converts it into She thinks of how to tell him this using their native actions or words. language. I I The speaker transmits or sends out a message. She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.” I I THe receiver gets the message. Rico hears what Daphne says. Safi Lava 11E 10  I I The receiver decodes or interprets the message He tries to analyze what she means, and he is based on context. heartbroken. I I The receiver sends or provides feedback. He frowns and does not say something because he is in pain. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Illustrate and further explain the communication process demonstrate the relationship among the elements of communication Traces and shows us the accurate flow of communication ○ Also the definition and nature of communication 3 Types of Models: (1) Linear, (2) Interactive, (3) Transactional LINEAR MODELS INTERACTIVE MODELS TRANSACTION MODELS One-way Two-way process Participants are the ○ One-way means ○ The source and source and receiver that there is non the receiver simultaneously Feedback assume Continues and changes interchanging at any point roles Ever-changing roles that depends on prior experiences, culture, and context. Aristotle - 300 BC Osgood-Schramm Barlund - 1970 Laswell - 1948 Circular Model - 1954 Foulger - 2004 Shannon-Weaver - 1949 Dance’s Helical Model - Wood - 2009 1967 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (300BC) 1st ever known model of communication Linear flow, one-way Focuses on the linear flow from the speaker to the audience in an event LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1948) Traces the flow of communication from the source to the receiver Linear flow, one-way Understand communication through questions that when answered then provide the communication process SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1949) Safi Lava 11E 10  Known as the mother of all communication models, the Shannon-Weaver model depicts communication as a linear or one-way process. Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver Linear, one-way Five elements: (1) Source, (2) Tansmitter, (3) Channel, (4) Receiver, and (5) Destination Proposes that communication is complete when a message has been sent and received and that is it. LIMITATIONS: Feedback (Not included in the model), Interpretation, and Non-Verbal Channels OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S CIRCULAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1954) 1st ever model where the source encodes the message which is decoded by the receiver ○ The receiver then encodes the feedback, which the source decodes Encoding and decoding processes are informed by previous experiences that help the participants interpret their messages DANCE HELICAL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1967) A spiral, helical model The elements of communication aren’t evident as the model tells us that communication is interactive. BARLUND’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION/TRANSACTIONAL MODEL (1970) Dean C. Barlund Two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element Also called the transactional model Models a collaborative exchange of messages between communications with the aim of understanding each other. FOULGER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (2004) Emphasizes and gives details on the relationship established among participants Participants are regarded as creators and consumers, not receivers or sender The interaction between messages and the channel is emphasized and linked by the use of language WOOD’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (2009) Safi Lava 11E 10  Process is always continuous and occurs across time The model changes among the communicators’ worldviews due to symbolic interactions. ○ Symbols that both participants have accepted as a result of their communication FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. REGULATORY Communication in this perspective involves rules and protocols usually AND CONTROL based on social structures and corresponding soci-cultural positons. Usually observed in social groups or insitutions such as family, school, among friends, in Church. EXAMPLES: The teacher reads and discusses classroom policies to her students. 2. SOCIAL This refers to our inherent need to establish social interpersonal INTERACTION relationships. There are two kinds: (1) Those who are born into/compelled to join ○ Ex: Family and (2) those in which we choose to belong to such as friendships/romantic relationships ○ Ex: Friendships, relationships EXAMPLES: Ross greets Rachel; then, they start talking about their plans for the holidays. 3. MOTIVATION This stems from our psychological predisposition to influence others and be influenced. This includes engaging in negotiations. EXAMPLES: Sheila delivers her valedictory speech. 4. INFORMATION This function refers to our propensity to acquire and disseminate information. EXAMPLES: The geometry teacher lectures about mathematical concepts. 5. EMOTIONAL This refers to our disposition to express feelings and emotions. EXPRESSION Being open to the variety of emotions and sentiments that has helped us become effective communicators. Being attuned and aware of our emotions and their consequent expressions makes us easily relate to the other communicator’s feelings. EXAMPLES: Monica shares her personal frustration with Chandler. Safi Lava 11E 10  BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION TYPES OF BARRIERS There are instances when communication breaks down and misunderstanding occurs because of certain barriers. To become an effective communicator, you should recognize these barriers that hinder the communication process. This enables you to control the situation, reset conditions, and start anew. BARRIER EXAMPLE SOLUTION 1. EMOTIONAL You are having a bad day or Recognize these kinds of emotions and politely BARRIERS you feel frustrated. ask the other person to give you a moment so you can calm down. You sit in a meeting or class Recognize this kind of attitude, then reset and where you think the speaker reflect on how you can be interested in what is boring. the speaker is pointing out. 2. USE OF JARGON You are a scientist discussing Jargon refers to the set of specialized a certain weather vocabulary in a certain field. To avoid phenomenon with your communication breakdown due to lack of neighbor, who does not know clarity, adjust your language by using layman’s much about the topic. terms or simple words that are commonly used. 3. LACK OF You are asked to share Develop self-confidence by joining CONFIDENCE something about your day or organizations where you can share and weekend, but you are hesitant develop your interests. Look for opportunities because you are shy. in your school or community that will help you find your strengths and improve your abilities. 4. NOISY You are having a conversation Recognize that noise is a common barrier. ENVIRONMENT with some friends when a Make some adjustments by asking someone to song was played loudly. minimize the volume or by looking for a quiet area where you can resume the conversation. VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION This refers to communcation that does not make use of language to communicate. Other than words, nonverbal communication involves body language, tone, gestures, apperance, and silence. Why is tone considered a form of nonverbal communication? Tone is considered part of nonverbal communication because it conveys meaning and emotions beyond the actual words spoken. While words make up the verbal message, the tone of voice—the pitch, volume, pace, and inflection— adds a layer of interpretation to that message. Since tone involves vocal qualities rather than the content of speech, it falls under the category of nonverbal communication, along with other cues like facial expressions, gestures, and body language. TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 5. PROXEMICS The signs and signals we convey to others using our personal and social space are referred to as proxemics in nonverbal communication. We determine these signs and signals based on the situation, such as work or school, or how close the relationships are to us. 6. KINESICS This refers to the use of body parts, such as hands, arms, body, and face movements, in communicating ideas or emotions. Safi Lava 11E 10  We interpret a great deal of meaning through body movement. However, communication through body language might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. 7. CHRONEMICS It looks at how people use time. It enables us to comprehend how people conceptualize and organize time in their interactions and interpersonal relationships. Another example is that punctuality reveals a lot about someone's interest, so if you arrive late for an interview, you know what the interviewer will think of you. 8. HAPTICS It refers to the use of the sense of touch in communication. It is a type of nonverbal communication in which people communicate through touch. In interpersonal interactions, haptics play a key role in expressing physical intimacy. But similar to kinesics, communication through touch might be interpreted differently in different settings and cultures, so be cautious. VERBAL COMMUNICATION This refers to communication that makes use of language in expressing ideas or emotions. Communicators utilize speech to express or communicate what they wish to say or communicate. Although spoken communication is frequently thought of when the phrase "verbal communication" is used, written communication is also a form of verbal communication. When using verbal communication, why is it important to observe appropriateness, brevity, clarity, and vividness? ○ When we talk, it’s important to be appropriate, brief, clear, and vivid because it helps people understand us better and have overall better communication. Being appropriate means thinking about who we're talking to and what’s happening so we don’t say the wrong thing. Being brief keeps it short and to the point. Being clear makes sure people easily understand, and being vivid makes our words more interesting and memorable. This way, our message gets across in the best way possible and our communication with others becomes more effective. Safi Lava 11E 10