Study Guide [Oral Communication].pdf

ORAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION 2. Communication does not always solve conflict. a. It depends on the...

ORAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION 2. Communication does not always solve conflict. a. It depends on the speaker how they will use - Exchange of information, concepts, and opinions between communication. or among two or more people within the same or of 3. No single person or event causes another’s reaction. different contexts. a. Communication does not occur in a vacuum. LESSON 1: NATURES OF COMMUNICATION b. Factors influence one’s response towards a message. 4. Communication is not simple. Communication is a process. a. Communicating is an ability and being a good communicator does not require practice and training. - Communication is continuous and constantly changing b. Even best communicators experience confusion and process which is influenced by a lot of factors. misunderstandings. - Does not happen in isolation Communication is systemic. LESSON 2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION - System is an organization of interdependent elements or component parts that form a complex whole and achieve a Linear Models of Communication certain purpose. - Each system has its own patterns of communication that - One-way process of communication depend on elements such as behavior and shared - Message moves towards one single direction experiences of its members. - Speaker to listener A. Aristotelian Model Communication involves communicators. a. It has 3 elements: speaker, message, and audience. b. Designed by Greek Philosopher Aristotle - Both communicators actively and simultaneously c. Usually observed in public speaking construct meaning out of conversation. d. Speaker-centered because the speaker controls the - Listener’s facial expressions, gestures, or eye contact also communication process. communicate a message to the speaker. e. Aristotle’s Modes of Persuasion Communication is irreversible. i. Ethos – refers to personal character or credibility of the speaker - It is impossible for one to actually take back what was ii. Logos – logical appeal based on reasoning said. iii. Pathos – appeals to the emotions - The consequences of a statement uttered has already left an impression. Communication is proactive. - People actively evaluate the content and purpose of the B. Laswell Model message and the credibility of the speaker. a. Developed by Harold Laswell - the listener is also involved in the active construction of b. Used five components that could be answered by the meaning. questions: i. Who? – Communicator Communication is symbolic. ii. Says what? – Message - Symbols are representations used to communicate and iii. In What Channel? – Medium interpret one’s thoughts and feelings. iv. To Whom? – Receiver - People can communicate through non-verbal symbols v. With what effect? – Effect (nodding, smiling, gestures, etc.) c. Includes channel which is medium of communication - Meaning of the symbol in a particular context must be in the form of print media and broadcast media. considered. Meaning is communication is individually construed. - Meanings are taken from experiences or phenomena. - Communicators can use their schema, knowledge, principles, or attitudes. CORRECTING COMMUNICATION MISCONCEPTIONS 1. Communication occurs even without complete understanding. a. Communication doesn’t always require a serious intention to transfer information on the part of the communicators. b. Phatic communication – serves as a means to establish rapport or maintain connections.  ORAL COMMUNICATION C. Shannon-Weaver Model Interactive Models of Communication a. Refined nu Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver - Researchers took notice of the receiver’s role in the (1949) communication process. b. Five elements: Information source, Transmitter, - Two-way process Receiver, Destination, and Noise. - Has feedback c. An important addition to this model is the element of noise. A. Schramm’s Model d. Noise – any interference which affects the meaning of a. Developed by Wilbur Schramm (1955) disrupts the flow of communication. b. Communicators take on the roles of an encoder, i. External or Physical Noise – any factor interpreter, and decoder. outside of the receiver that may distract the c. Field of experience of the communicators should listener from understanding the speaker’s overlap intended meaning. d. Field of Experience is the thing that influences the ii. Physiological Noise – interference related understanding and interpretation of messages like to the communicators’ biological functions. culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, iii. Psychological Noise – mental or values, and rules. emotional distractions that affect the e. People with various knowledge, experience, and accuracy of the message. cultural practices interpret messages in a different way iv. Semantic Noise – involves ambiguous use than others. of language, incorrect use of grammar, or the use of unfamiliar words. CHANNEL B. White’s Model a. Designed by Eugene White D. Berlo’s Model b. Recognizes feedback as a part of the communication a. Developed by David Berlo (1960) c. Communication process is sequential and cyclical b. Known as the SMCR Model of Communication d. Follows 8 stages of oral communication c. Comprised of 4 basic elements: source, message, channel, and receiver d. Added a human dimension in channel because he added 5 senses (sight, taste, hear, smell, and touch) to decode the message. e. Source and receiver are influenced by their skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, and culture. ENCODES DECODES Transactional Models of Communication - Communicators exchange message simultaneously - Most accurate A. Wood’s Transactional Model of Communication a. Developed by Julia Wood b. Portrayed communication as dynamic process which changes over time. c. Sender and receiver are labeled as communicators. d. Feedback may be verbal or non-verbal.  ORAL COMMUNICATION B. Speech Communication Transaction Model D. Emotional Expression – allows the people express their a. Proponents: Raymie McKerrow, Bruce Gronbeck, thoughts and feelings. This helps in creating a positive Douglas Ehninger, Alan Monroe atmosphere among a group of people. b. It comprises 7 elements: the speaker, listeners, E. Information Dissemination – communication facilitates message feedback, channel, situation, and cultural decision-making through sharing and gathering of information. context. This helps in identifying problems and thinking of possible c. The situation element refers to the physical solutions to resolve them. environment and social context in which communication occurs, while the cultural context 7 C’s of Effective Communication (Broom, Cutlip, and Center deals with the rituals, rules, and norms imposed by a (2012)) particular culture. a. Completeness - communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear. b. Conciseness - Direct or straight to the point. c. Consideration - Receiver’s mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs. d. Concreteness - Supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. e. Courtesy - Respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of the receivers. f. Clearness - Simple and specific words to express ideas. g. Correctness - Correct grammar usage. LESSON 3: ELEMENTS, FUNCTIONS, AND FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Speaker – produces and sends the message 2. Message – information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver 3. Encoding – putting thoughts and ideas into perceivable form 4. Context – setting or situation in which the communication takes place 5. Channel – medium used by the sender to transmit the message 6. Barriers - things that get in the way of a message being received. 7. Receiver – recipient of the message 8. Decoding – process of interpreting and comprehending the message received 9. Feedback – response of the receiver in connection with the message sent FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION - Researchers: Stephen Robbins, Timothy Judge, Bruce Millet, and Michael Jones A. Control – communication is used to control the behavior of an organization’s individual members. Leaders communicate certain rules and policies that people should follow to ensure that the group functions well. B. Social Interaction – people communicate to establish rapport or maintain relationships. Communication is used to meet and know other people better. C. Motivation – people must communicate to point what they want to achieve and the points of improvement. We use communication to inspire or motivate others.