๑ Oral Communication ( FULL ).pdf

๑ ORAL COMMS Encoding - conversion of messages into words, actions, etc. that the speaker understands. SEMESTER SUMMARY - PANIC REVIEWER PA RIN NG STEM 12 Decoding - interp...

๑ ORAL COMMS Encoding - conversion of messages into words, actions, etc. that the speaker understands. SEMESTER SUMMARY - PANIC REVIEWER PA RIN NG STEM 12 Decoding - interpreting the encoded message; — STUDY PLAYLIST understanding the meaning of the received Good luck with periodic exams. Don’t stress out, and take information. breaks when you can. :)) Context - refers to the environment where - NISE B. ♡ communication takes place. TOPIC OUTLINE ! Barrier - factors that affect the flow of the DEFINITION AND NATURE OF communication. COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION ✶ PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a process. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION A two-way process; it is reciprocal in nature. FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION Can be expressed through written, words ( BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION verbal ) and actions ( nonverbal ) or both. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS Deeply intertwined with human existence. 7 CS The end goal of communication is understanding. ✶ DEFINITION AND NATURE OF THE PROCESS COMMUNICATION - Speaker generates an idea ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING - Speaker encodes the idea into a LATIN WORD message whether through words or Communis (n) actions * Common - Speaker transmits / send the * Communality message to the receiver * Sharing - Receiver gets the message Communicare (v) - Receiver decodes the message in * Make something common accordance to how they interpreted the message OTHER MEANINGS - Receiver provides feedback McCornack, 2014 - is a process of sharing and conveying messages in which the ✶ MODELS OF COMMUNICATION message travels from one person to Linear models – looks at one-way another. communication. * Across channels, contexts, media, etc. Interactive models – looks at two-way Process wherein information travels through communication. a channel from sender to receiver. Transactional models – looks at two-way Communication is the act or process of communication where the message gets using words, signs, or behaviours to express more complex as the communication event and exchange information. (e.g. conversation) progresses. A two-way process. LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (1948) NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a process Occurs between two or more people Can be expressed through words, actions, or time. Lasswell’s model is a basic framework for ✶ ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION analysing one-way communication by Speaker - the source; sender of the information. asking five questions: Who, said what, Message - the information conveyed by the speaker through which channel, to whom, with what ( both nonverbal and verbal.) effects? Channel - the medium or means in which the LINEAR MODEL encoded message is transmitted. PROPONENT: Harold Dwight Lasswell Receiver - the one who decodes the message. Feedback - reactions, responses or information given by the receiver after decoding the message. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION WESTLEY AND MACLEAN’S MODEL OF ( 1948 ) COMMUNICATION ( 1957 ) The Shannon-Weaver model is the first to highlight the role of ‘noise’ in communication, which can disrupt or alter a message between sender and receiver. The Westley and Maclean model shows that Mother of all Models our communication is influenced by Used for Mass Communication environmental, cultural and personal TRANSACTIONAL MODEL factors. PROPONENTS: Claude Elwood Shannon and INTERACTIVE MODEL. Warren Weaver PROPONENT: Bruce Westley and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr. BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL ( 1960 ) ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ( Before 300 BC ) Berlo’s S-M-C-R model explains communication in four steps: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. Aristotle argues that we should look at five LINEAR MODEL elements of a communication event to PROPONENT: David Kenneth Berlo analyse how best to communicate: speaker, speech, occasion, target audience and OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION effect. ( 1954 ) PROPONENT: Aristotle BARNLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ( 1970 ) The Osgood-Schramm model looks at reciprocal communication, showing how we have to encode, decode, and interpret information in real-time during a conversation. INTERACTIVE MODEL PROPONENT: Charles E. Osgood and Wilbur Lang Schramm Highlights the role of private and public cues that impact our messages. TRANSACTIONAL PROPONENT: Dean C. Barnlund DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ( MOTIVATIONAL - inspires, encourages, and 1967 ) urges the reader to make positive changes REGULATION / CONTROL - management and directing SOCIAL INTERACTION - goal is to build relationships and interact AESTHETIC - entertainment; all about creativity, arts, and inspiration. ✶ BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION refer to the obstacles and hindrances that disrupt communication between two or more people. Dance’s Helical Model sees communication TYPES OF BARRIERS as a circular process that gets more and PHYSICAL BARRIERS - refer to the external more complex as communication occurs, disruptions; environmental noises that which can be represented by a helical spiral. interrupt conversations. TRANSACTIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS - internal PROPONENT: Frank E. X. Dance blockage that becomes a hindrance when communicating; lack of attention, PTSD, GERBNER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION ( 1956 ) trauma, etc. CULTURAL BARRIERS - barriers that are found when people disagree due to their beliefs in terms of religion, culture, etc. LINGUISTIC BARRIERS - refer to the barrier wherein two people are unable to understand each other due to language differences. - Dialects - Idioms - Pronunciation SEMANTIC - under linguistic barriers; this refers to double meanings in languages and words. EXTERNAL - Noise outside; physical barriers INTERNAL - Noise inside; cultural, psychological ✶ INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION What is intercultural communication This communication model specifically - Intercultural communication involves emphasises the dynamic nature of human interactions between individuals from communication and the various factors that diverse cultural backgrounds. influence communication reliability. - Difference impacts understanding and In addition, the model emphasises the expression. importance of context in communication. HIGHLIGHTS PROPONENT: George Gerbner Involves diverse backgrounds High context cultures rely on nonverbal ✶ FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION cues. INFORMATION - states facts, knowledge; Low context cultures prefer explicit provides information. communication. INSTRUCTIVE - teaches, guides, instructs Sequential cultures view time as a PERSUASIVE - convinces; its goal is to commodity. make a reader change their mind Synchronic cultures have a flexible view of THERAPEUTIC - providing of emotional time. support Neutral cultures show limited emotions. High affect cultures express emotions freely. ✶ 7 Cs PROPONENT: BROOM CUTLIP AND CENTRE IMPORTANCE OF THE 7 CS - The seven ( 7 ) Cs are a list of principles for written and spoken communication to ensure that they are effective. - These principles are important when it comes to ensuring that the message is transmitted and well-understood by the receiver. It involves the following C’s: Completeness - refers to giving full information about something rather than just saying it in bits and pieces. Correctness - the legitimacy of the factual information, the language used and grammar are some of the aspects of correctness amongst others. Conciseness - to keep the speech short and crisp. Lack of conciseness will lead to the loss of essence in the content. Make sure to keep your speech brief and precise. Courtesy - respect; refers to communicating with politeness, genuineness and respect for the person on the other side of the conversation. It will naturally scale up the value of communication. Courtesy is a tendency which stems out of empathy for people. Clarity - is to transfer accurate and easily comprehensible messages to the receiver. Consideration - it means to consider the other person and to address them putting you in their place. In other words, you talk to someone in a way you would want someone to talk to you. Concreteness - denotes your message being specific, meaningful and focused. You don’t beat around the bush to get to a point. Rather it is solid and concise. You avoid vague and ambiguous messages and only strive toward making your information well received by the recipient.