Lecture Five-Elements Of Communication Process PDF

BJC1011 INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION MS. GLACIAL CHENG  Chapter 5 Elements of Communication Process 1. Communication - Components of Communication - Modeling Communication 2. Media - Print and Electronic Media 3. Future Trends  DEFINITION OF COMMU...

BJC1011 INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION MS. GLACIAL CHENG  Chapter 5 Elements of Communication Process 1. Communication - Components of Communication - Modeling Communication 2. Media - Print and Electronic Media 3. Future Trends  DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION ▪ Communication is a dynamic relationships, with different audiences, we can have different means & in different time to give information to them accordingly. ▪ The process of creating and exchanging meaning through symbolic interaction. ❖ As a process communication constantly moves and changes. It does not stand still. (ongoing process) ❖ Meaning involves thoughts, ideas, and understandings shared by communicators. ❖ Symbolic means that we rely on words (verbal) and nonverbal behaviours to communicate meaning and feelings. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Context provides the people, the occasion and the task. Physical environment is the actual place or space where communication occurs. Climate influences the emotional atmosphere. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Sender Encoding Channel Noise Message Barrier Feedback Channel Decoding Receiver FIVE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION ❑ Communication is transactional because it involves an exchange. ❑ Communication is unavoidable because it is impossible to not communicate. ❑ Communication is complex for several reasons. It is interactive because many processes are involved. It is symbolic because symbols are open to interpretation. It is personal & cultural because a person’s culture can add a new or different meaning to a phrase or gesture. It is irreversible because once a message is sent, it cannot be taken back. It is circular because it involves both original messages and feedback which is necessary to confirm communication. It is purposeful because there is always a reason behind a message and it helps meet our needs. It is impossible to duplicate because each interaction is unique. FIVE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION ❑Communication is continuous because it continues to impact and influence future interactions and shape our relationships. ❑Communication skills can be learned because they can always be improved.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Intrapersonal Communication One-Way and Two- Way Communication Interpersonal Communication Formal & Informal Group Communication Communication Public Communication Verbal & Nonverbal Communication Mass communication  FIVE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FORMING A COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communicator: ▪ also calls as “source”, or “message sender”, which refers to the initiator of the communication behaviour. ▪ One who use the format of message transmitting to interact with other people. ▪ A communicator can either be an individual, a group, or an organization. ▪ An “user” in digital communication Audience: ▪ also calls as “receiver”, which refers to the one who receive and/or response to the message. ▪ The target audience of the communicator ▪ It can be either an individual or a group or an organization. ▪ The role of sender and receiver is not fixed positions. ▪ Reciprocal role Message: ▪ combined with interrelated meaningful symbols, to represent or present a certain meaning of a message. ▪ The “medium” link between sender and receiver ▪ It differs from information, which may contain certain meaning but not exactly what the sender intended to transmit. ▪ In communication process, we will focus on the interaction of complete and meaningful content. Media: ▪ also term as path of communication, communication channel and tools. ▪ It is the “carrier” of messages ▪ It is also the platform to connect all elements in a communication process ▪ In the modern society, media can take place in different format, including mail system, telephone, printed materials, mass communication system, internet, etc… Feedback: ▪ refers to the responses and/or reaction of receiver after receiving certain messages. ▪ It can also be the reverse side of the communication. ▪ It is always the intention of the sender to expect response from the audience, which means the process of communication can “interact” with the receiver. (to ensure the effectiveness of the communication) ▪ The speed and extent of feedback will depend on the nature of different media. ▪ It should consider as “must” element in the process. Modeling Communication HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL (1948) ▪ It is an early verbal model by Harold Lasswell (1948). ▪ His model was criticized because it seems to imply the presence of a communicator and a purposive message. ▪ It has also been called oversimplified, even though it talks about the effect, but no “feedback”.  THE LINEAR MODEL ▪ The linear model of communication is an early communication model created by Shannon and Weaver which visualizes the transfer of information as an act being done to the receiver by the sender.  SHANNON & WEAVER’S GENERAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (THE LINEAR MODEL) ▪ An information source: Presumably, a person who creates a message. ▪ The message: which is both sent by the information source and received by the destination. ▪ A transmitter: The simplest transmission system, that associated with face-to-face communication, has at least two layers of transmission. (the mouth (sound) and body (gesture) & a channel, is built of the air (sound) and light (gesture)) ▪ The signal: which flows through a channel. ▪ A carrier or channel: which is represented by the small unlabeled box in the middle of the model. (include air, light, electricity, radio waves, paper, and postal systems) ▪ Noise: in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the signal carried. ▪ A receiver: In Shannon's conception, the receiving telephone instrument. ▪ A destination: Presumably, a person who consumes and processes the message. ▪ Sender: the message creator. ▪ Encoding: the process of putting thoughts into messages through the creation of content and symbols. ▪ Decoding: the process of interpreting and assigning meaning to a message. ▪ Message: the transmitted information. ▪ Channel: the medium through which the message passes. ▪ Receiver: the target of the sender and collector of the message. ▪ Noise: those distractions which interfere with the transmission of the message.  PROBLEMS ❖ Conversations with your friends and others are never one way, but rather they are back-and-forth, which is a problem with the linear model. ❖ A second problem is that encoding is typically done unconsciously. ❖ A third problem is that other factors like culture, environment, and relational history often come in play to affect the message. ▪ Due to these problems, a better model was created: the interactive and transactional model of communication.  CRITICISM ▪ The assumption that a person is either the sender or a receiver of messages. Actually, we perform both roles simultaneously. ▪ The suggestion that communication involves only one message. Actually, there are as many messages as there are communicators involved, and the message the sender intends is never identical to the one received. ▪ However, Shannon’s model is a linear model which provide nothing on the feedback, the process is fine with the electronic transmission but cannot explain the real picture of human communication.  THE INTERACTIVE MODEL ▪ The interactive model views communication as a circular process involving feedback. ▪ The interactive model emphasizes the role of context. ▪ The interactive model recognizes that feedback is often simultaneous. It does not include the element of noise. SCHRAMM’S INTERACTIVE MODEL (1954) Background ▪ Wilbur Schramm (1954) was one of the first to alter the mathematical model of Shannon and Weaver. ▪ He conceived of decoding and encoding as activities maintained simultaneously by sender and receiver; he also made provisions for a two-way interchange of messages. ▪ Notice also the inclusion of an “interpreter” as an abstract representation of the problem of meaning. ▪ Sender (transmitter) is the person who sends the message. ▪ Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent into codes. ▪ Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which has been sent by the encoder and converts it into the language understandable by the person. ▪ Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and analyze the message. Message is received after interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same person. ▪ Receiver is the person who gets the message. He/she decodes and interprets the actual message. ▪ Message is the data sent by the sender and information that the receiver gets. ▪ Feedback is the process of responding to the received message by the receiver. ▪ Medium or media is the channel used to send the message. ▪ Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the process. It is also created when the intended meaning of the message sent by the sender and the meaning interpreted by the receiver is different which is known as Semantic Noise. ▪ Schramm believed that the background of the individual who is involved plays an important role in communication. ▪ People with various knowledge, experience and cultural practices interpret message in a different way. ▪ A sender passes on the information to the receiver. The receiver interprets it according to his/her knowledge, experiences and gives feedback to the sender. Field of experience ▪ Field of experience are the things that influences the understanding and interpretation of message like culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules. ▪ Same message can be interpreted differently by different people. ▪ If the words and signs they both (sender and receiver) use are common, they communicate more efficiently. Context of the relationship ▪ The people involved must have things in common to talk about. The message must be something important to both. Communication will be easier if the relationship between the sender and receiver is close. Context of social environment influencing the field of reference Strengths Circular communication gives Weaknesses opportunity to both parties to give This model cannot deal with their opinion. As it is dynamic and ever changing multiple levels of model, it is helpful in general practice. communication and Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active. complex communication Semantic noise included as a concept helps in understanding processes. problems that can occur during interpretation of message. There can only be two Feedback makes it easier to know if the message is interpreted by the sources communicating, receiver as intended or not. Concept of interpretation makes many sources complicates the communication effective. Field of experience (psychological the process, and the model effect) helps to understand the communication process in many cannot be implemented. other ways than the traditional ones. Message sent and received Concept of context makes the environmental factor be included might be interpreted in interpretation of message and brings change in the message differently than intended. value.  TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION The transactional model, unlike the linear, recognizes that communication is a simultaneous process and therefore switched both the terms “sender” and “receiver” to “communicator.” It also adds “environment”, which embraces not only physical location, but also personal experiences and cultural backgrounds. These changes can be seen in the model. ▪ Another change you will notice in the transactional model is the overlap between each communicator. ▪ This recognizes similarities between each communicator’s environment. ▪ The model displays how communication becomes more difficult when communicators have less in common. ▪ In addition, the transactional model recognizes how the type of channel can affect meaning.  NOISE ▪ Physical noise - distractions originating in the communication environment. ▪ Physiological noise - distractions originating in the bodies of communicators - cold, headache, hunger, fatigue. ▪ Psychological noise - distractions originating in the thoughts of communicators - anxiety, daydreaming, worry.  TRANSACTIONAL MODEL (THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATION MODEL) ▪ The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. ▪ Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages. ▪ There are three implications in the transactional model: “Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. In any transactional process, each element exists in relation to all the other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source. Each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self-esteem. ▪ Overall, the transactional model realizes that it is not what we do to each other as senders and receivers, but it is what we do with each other as communicators.  Strengths Weaknesses Simultaneous and Encourages non-verbal instant feedback communication No discrimination More noise due to between sender and communicators talking receiver at the same time  DEFINITION OF MEDIA ▪ Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. ▪ Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. ▪ Media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the sense intended. ▪ Media refer to different channels that are used to transmit, store and deliver data or some information from one place to other, one person to other as well as to the masses. (mass media)  PRINT MEDIA ▪ Contain materials that are available to us in printed form and they are portable. ▪ Books, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, posters, brochures, press releases etc. ▪ Books are the oldest medium. ▪ Magazines and newspapers are relatively new form of print media which gained popularity and became common in the 20th century all over the world, thus becoming leading medium of mass communication. ▪ The advent of newspapers and magazines greatly helped in the communication at the local, national as well as global levels during the last two centuries. ▪ It can also be said that these acted as agents of globalization to a large extent.  TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA Newspapers Books Magazines Newsletters Brochures Posters  TRENDS IN PRINT MEDIA ▪ Proliferation of news media ▪ Changes in news media audience ▪ Convergence of media (in a single platform) ▪ Business Values (for public good/profit-oriented) ▪ Overdependence on advertising revenue ▪ Paid news system ▪ Corporation of the media (concentration of ownership and conglomeration)- to cut down cost and maximize their profits)  ELECTRONIC MEDIA ▪ Can only be accessed by an electronic device. ▪ Radio, television and internet. ▪ Radio is no doubt the oldest of electronic media. ▪ Radio was also used as an effective medium to transmit messages during the world wars. ▪ The mid-20th century saw the rise of television as an electronic media and it very quickly became the most fascinating all over the world. ▪ The reason for the success of television is very simple. It appeals to our visual as well as hearing senses. ▪ With the introduction of World Wide Web (www) the internet also developed into a dynamic force in communication. ▪ It is also a two-way communication medium as it helps interacting face to face by the use of appropriate instruments and internet connection. ▪ Both print and electronic media have contributed greatly to the process of mass communication. ▪ However, it would become difficult for old media to survive in the new "digital" age. ▪ So, for its survival the old media must make use of new techniques and technologies to upgrade itself and also try to keep intact its genuineness which by no way is an easy task. TYPES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Film Radio Television New Media  TRENDS OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ▪ Radio 1. Community radio 2. Specialization 3. Newer radio formats 4. New broadcasting on private FM stations ▪ TV 1. Lean-back (sit down and watch) and interaction (engagement) go hand in hand 2. TV viewing behaviour (more flexible) 3. Emerging consumer experience (placement advertising) ▪ Film 1. Worldwide release 2. Large scale organized piracy 3. Media hype 4. Multi format simultaneous releasing 5. Social Networking 6. Strong narrative e.g., This development of the narrative movie is relative new, resulting from the need for shorter-than-short movies that download fast over the Internet or to phones.  NEW MEDIA Definition: 1. New media can be defined as interactive forms of communication that use the Internet, including podcasts, blogs, vlogs, social networks, text messaging, wikis, virtual worlds and all other computer aided communication formats available online. 2. New media makes it possible for anyone to create, modify, and share content and share with it with others, using relatively simple tools that are often free or inexpensive. 3. New media requires a computer or mobile device with Internet access.  New Media Citizen Internet News Portals Journalism Online Social Media Blog Networks newspapers